臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在這個論文裡有一個新的具階層式的二次相減計量方法被提出，主要是要與傳統的絕對誤差和計量方法比較，讓這個具有箝入式編碼認知的計量方法在多重解析位移預測的架構之下能夠同時結合空間與時間上的位移比對，具有空間跟時間上比對的觀念的計量方法將可以使得位移補償後的所呈現的金字塔形狀更為良好，主要的原因是我們減少了要用來表示獨立點的資訊，而比較出來的結果顯示新的方法比它的對手要來的好，尤其是在較高壓縮比的情形之。

In this paper a novel Hierarchical Sum of Double Difference metric, HSDD, was introduced. It was shown, as opposed to conventional Sum of Absolute Difference (SAD) metric, how this embedded-coding aware metric can jointly constrain the motion vector searching in both temporal and spatial (quad-tree) directions under multiresolution motion estimation (MRME) framework. The temporal-spatial co-optimization concept from HSDD brings us the motion compensation pyramid with better shape. The reward is that fewer bits are spent later for describing the isolated zeros. The compression performance of HSDD easily exceeds the performance of its competitors, especially when high compression ratios are used.

目錄
一、研究動機及背景知識3
1.1 研究動機3
1.2背景知識3
1.2.1 Wavelet Transform3
1.2.2 SAD6
1.2.3 MRME8
1.2.3 Bit-Level Coding(位元平面編碼)11
1.2.4 動態影像壓縮流程12
二、相關研究探討15
2.1 MAX-TREE 與 WAVELET的關係15
2-2Alisaing16
2-3 Energy Distribution16
三、問題定義18
四、研究方法與步驟19
4.1 HSDD的Metric19
4.2 方塊比對的步驟20
4.3內插方法21
五 實驗成果與貢獻24
六、結論34
七、參考文獻35

七、參考文獻[1]A. N. Akansu and R. A. Haddad, Multiresolution Signal Decomposition, Transform , Subbands and Wavelet.[2]R. A. Devore, B. Jawerth and B. J. Lucier, ”Image Compression through Wavelet coding,”IEEE Trans. On Information Theory, Vol.38, No.12, pp.719-746 March 1992.[3]M. Antonini,M.Barlaud,P.Mathieu,AND I.Daubechies,”Image coding using wavelet transform,”IEEE trans.Image Processing,Vol. 5,pp.205-220,Apr 1992.[4]William Pennebaker and Joan Mitchell. “JPEG: Still image Data Compression Standard.”.Van Nostrand Reinhold,1992.[5]J. M. Shapiro, “Embedded Image Coding Using Zerotrees of Wavelet Coefficients,” IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, Vol. 41, No. 12, pp. 3445-3462, Dec. 1993.[6]Amir Said and William A. Pearlman, “A New Fast and Efficient Image Codec Based on Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees,” IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol. 6, pp. 243-250, Jun. 1996.[7]Generic Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio,ISO/IEC Standard JTC1 IS 13818,1994.[8]Z.Xiong, K. Ramchandran, and M.T. Orchard,”Space-Frequency quantization for wavelet image coding,”IEEE Trans. Image Processing, Vol.6 pp.677-693 May 1997.[9]K. Tsunsashima, J.B. Stampleman, and V.M.Bove,”A scalable Motion compensated subband image coder,” IEEE Trans. Commun., Vol 42,pp.1894-1901, Apr. 1994.[10]C. L. Huang and C.Y. Hsu ,”A new Motion compensation method for image sequence coding using hierarchical grid interpolation,”IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., Vol.4, pp.42-52,Feb 1994.[11]A. Gersho and R. Gray, “Vector Quantization and Signal Compression.”Norwell,MA:Kluwer,1995.[12]Y. Q. Zhang and S., "Motion-Compensated Wavelet Transform Coding for Color Video Compression," IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 285-296, Sep. 1992.[13]T. Naveen and J. W. Woods, "Motion Compensated Multiresolution Transmission of High Definition Video," IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 29-41, Feb. 1994.[14]T. Naveen and J. W. Woods, "Rate Constrained Multiresolution Transmission of Video," IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 193-206, Jun. 1995.[15]M. K. Mandal, E. Chan, X. Wang and S. Panchanathan, "Multiresolution Motion Estimation Techniques for Video Compression," Optical Engineering, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 128-136, Jan. 1996.[16]Gregory J. Conklin, Sheila S. Hemami, "Multi-Resolution Motion Estimation," ICASSP, 1997.[17]H-W Park and H-S Kim, “Motion Estimation Using Low-Band-Shift Method for Wavelet-Based Moving-Picture Coding,” IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, Vol. 9 No.4 , p577 —587, Apr. 2000.[18]ITU-T Recommendation H.263 (1998).[19]ISO/IEC 14496-2:2001 Information technology -- Coding of audio-visual objects -- Part 2: Visual[20]S. G. Mallat, "A Theory for Multiresolution Signal Representation: The Wavelet Decomposition," IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 11, No. 7, pp. 674-693, Jul. 1989.[21]I. H. Witten, R. M. Neal and J. G. Cleary, “Arithmetic Coding for Data Compression,”Communications of the ACM, Vol 30,No.6, pp 520-540 June 1987.[22]A. Cohen, I. Daubechies, and J.C. Feauveau, “Biorthogonal bases of compactly supported wavelets,” Comm. Pure & Appl. Math 45, pp. 485--560, 1992.[23]M. Vettereli and J. Kovacevic, “Wavelets and Subband Coding,” Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1995.[24]S. Martucci,I. Sodagar, T.Chiang, and Y.Zhang,”A zerotree wavelet video coder,”IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol.,Vol.7 ,pp.109-118,Feb 1997.[25]S.Kim, T. Aboulnasr, and S.Panchanathan, “Adaptive Multiresolution motion estimation techniques for wavelet —based video coding.”Proc.SPIE Visual Communications Image Processing .Vol.3309, PP.965-974, Jan 1998.[26] Joonas Lehtinen, "Limiting Distortion of a Wavelet Image Codec," Acta Cybernetica 14, 1999.[27]Xuguang Yang, Kannan Ramchandran,”Scalable Wavelet Video Coding Using Aliasing-Reduced Hierarchical Motion Compensation”,IEEE Trans on Image Processing,Vol 9,NO. 5 May 2000.[28]F.Meyer,A. Averbush, and R. Coifman,”Motion compensation of wavelet coefficients for very low bit rate video coding,”in Proc IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol.8,pp.399-410 ,Aug. 1998.[29]A. Nosratinia and M. T. Orchard, “Multi-resolution backward video coding,”in Proc.IEEE Int.Conf. Image Processing. Washington, DC, Oct.1995, pp.563-566.[30] M. K. Mandal, S. Panchanathan and T. Aboulnasr, “Wavelet s for Image Compression,”Proc. Of IEEE International Symposium on Time-Frequence and Time-scale Analysis,pp. 338-341(Oct 1994).[31]S. Zafar and Y. Q. Zhang,” Multiscale video representation using multi-resolution motion compensation and wavelet decomposition,”IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol. 11. 24-35 1993.[32] M. Bierling, “Displacement estimation by hierarchical block matching,”in Proc. SPIE, Visual Commun. Image Processing, Cambridge, MA, Nov.1988, Vol. 1001, pp. 942-951.[33] Y. Nakaya and H. Harashima, “Motion compensation based on spatial transformations,” IEEE Trans. CAS Video Tech., vol.3 pp. 339-356, June 1994.[34] L. Winger and A.N. Venetsanopoulos, “Biorthogonal modified coiflet filters for image compression,” in ICASSP 98, Seattle, May 1998, vol. V, pp. 2681-2684.[35]M. Orchard and G.Sullivan, “Overlapped block motion compensation:An estimation-theoretic approach.,”IEEE Trans. Image Processing, vol.3 pp.693-699, Sept 1994.[36]Y. Nakaya and H. Harashima, “An iterative motion estimation method using triangular patches for motion compensation,”Proc. SPIE Visual Communication Image Processing, vol. 1605, pp. 546-557, Nov. 1991.[37] S. M. Lopresto, K. Ramchandran, and M. Orchard, “Image coding based on mixture modeling of wavelet coefficients and a fast estimation-quantization framework,” in Proc. Data Compression Conf., Snowbird, UT, Mar. 1997.[38]M.D.Adams and F. Kossentini,”Low-complexity reversible integer—to -integer wavelet transforms for image coding.,” in Proc.IEEE Pacific.Rim.Conf.Communication,Computers,Signal Processing, Victoria, B.C.Canada, Aug. 1999, pp177-180.[39] J. Villasenor, B. Belzer, and J. Liao, “Wavelet filter evaluation for image compression,”IEEE Trans. Image Processing, vol. 4, pp. 1053-1060, Aug 1995.[40]M. Ohta and S. Nogaki, “Hybrid picture coding with wavelet transform and overlapped motion-compensated inter frame preduction coding,”IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol.41 pp.3416-3424, Dec.1993.[41]C. Caffario, C. Guaragnella, F. Bellifemine, A. Chimienti, and R. Picco, “Motion compensation and multiresolution coding,”Signal Process.,Image Commun., vol.6 , pp. 123-142, May 1994.[42]I. Daubechies, “Orthonormal bases of compactly supported wavelets,”Commun. Pure Appl. Math., vol. XLI, pp.909-996,1988.[43]F. Dufaux and M. Kunt, “Multigrid block matching motion estimation with an adaptive local mesh refinement,”in Proc. SPIE,Visual Commun. Image Processing, Boston, MA, Nov. 1992, vol. 1818, pp.97-109.[44]H. Samet,” A top-down quadtree traversal algorithm,”IEEE Trans Pattern Anal. Machine Intell., vol. PAMI-7, Jan 1985.