臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘 要
UPFC (Unified Power Flow Controller)是所有FACTS(Flexible AC Transmission Systems)設備中最多元化、功能最完整的電力潮流控制器，近年來，於電力系統中談論裝設UPFC以控制負載潮流，已成為一個熱門話題，尤其以電力自由化市場為甚。UPFC為一高速、低成本之電力電子裝置，可藉其控制原理來改變傳輸線之潮流不至於超出傳輸線物理上下限、減少傳輸損失、增加穩定度、符合契約規定等等，進而達到機組調度的目的。配合控制信號以達到多樣化控制功能，它不但能控制輸電線上的實功與虛功，亦能控制裝置UPFC之匯流排的電壓。
本論文著重於UPFC之潮流靜態模型的建立與應用，首先簡介UPFC之基本功能並利用諾頓等效定理與等效電流注入法，對現有文獻中有關UPFC之等效模型進行改良。提出的UPFC改良模型，可以很容易的加入電流注入法負載模型中，比已有的UPFC模型具有更佳的收斂性。
本文提出應用進化規劃法求解UPFC控制參數最佳解；進化規劃法是一種人工智慧方法，其最佳演算法主要分為四個程序¾複製、突變、競爭及選取，進化過程中是一種機率性的搜尋方式，因此可避免傳統最佳演算法收斂於局部最佳解，而能到達整體最佳解或接近整體最佳解。同時使用了五個匯流排的測試系統與台電系統進行測試與模擬，其程式測試模擬結果之負載潮流解驗證此UPFC新模型不但能控制輸電線上的實功與虛功線路潮流，亦能控制裝置UPFC之匯流排的電壓，更證明出此UPFC新模型的可行性。

The unified power controller (UPFC) is, the most comprehensive device emanated so far from the FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) initiative. Installation of UPFC to control power flow has become an emerging topic in today’s power industry, especially the deregulated market. By the use of UPFC, a high-speed and low-cost power electronic device, the line flows can be controlled in such a way that thermal limits are kept, losses minimized, stability increased, and contractual requirements fulfilled without violating the economic generation dispatch. To coupe with control signals to attain various control capabilities, it can be used to control both the active and reactive powers and voltage magnitudes altogether.
This thesis aims to study static UPFC models for power flow calculations. Basic operation of UPFC will be briefly reviewed. A new UPFC current-based model is proposed in this paper to improve existing power-based model by using the Norton Equivalent Theorem. The proposed model can be integrated with the ECI power flow model easily. The equivalent relationships between the new model and the traditional model will also be investigated. And the proposed current-based UPFC model will provide better convergent characteristics.
The Evolutionary Programming (EP) method was also proposed in this research to solve the UPFC control parameters to attain a global optimum. EP is an artificial intelligence process including reproduction, mutation, competition, and selection. Being a stochastic method, EP can avoid the local convergence problem and provide a better opportunity to reach the global or near global optimum. Using the test cases of 5-bus and Taipower systems, the test results proves that the new UPFC new model can successfully control active power and reactive power, and voltage magnitudes simultaneously with an effective process and a feasible solution.

目 錄
摘要I
AbstractIII
目錄V
圖目錄VII
表目錄VIII
第一章 緒論1
1-1 研究背景與動機1
1-2 論文架構3
1-3 論文主要貢獻4
第二章 電流注入為基礎之負載潮流模型5
2-1 電流注入為基礎的輸電系統負載潮流5
2-2 具常數亞可比矩陣之負載潮流模型介紹9
2-3 電壓控制匯流排模型介紹15
第三章 電流注入觀念之UPFC模型研究21

3-1 UPFC模型簡介22
3-2 UPFC模型之等效電路25
3-2-1 UPFC電壓源為基礎的模型25
3-2-2 UPFC 之潮流方程式27
3-2-3 UPFC亞可比矩陣29
3-3 推導出以電流注入為基礎之UPFC模型30
3-3-1 模型推導30
3-3-2 UPFC的電流注入整合模型33
第四章 進化規劃法之應用34
4-1 簡介34
4-2 進化規劃法之原理35
4-3 進化規劃法與其它隨機搜尋方法之比較39
4-3-1 進化規劃法與模擬退火法之比較40
4-3-2 進化規劃法與遺傳演繹法之比較41
4-4 進化規劃法求解UPFC新模型最佳參數解43
第五章 整合UPFC之負載潮流程式模擬與測試46
5-1 測試系統介紹46
5-2 五個匯流排之負載潮流解49
5-2-1五個匯流排未放置UPFC之負載潮流解49
5-2-2五個匯流排放置UPFC之負載潮流解51
5-3 台電電力系統之負載潮流解58
5-3-1 台電系統未放置UPFC之負載潮流解58
5-3-2 台電系統放置UPFC之負載潮流解59
第六章 結論與未來的研究方向61
6-1 測試結果討論與結論61
6-2 未來研究的方向62
參考文獻64
附錄69
圖 目 錄
圖2-1 Bus i、j間的輸電線路模型7
圖2-2 電流注入法之負載潮流程式流程圖
(未考慮電壓控制匯流排)14
圖2-3 電流注入法之負載潮流程式流程圖
(考慮電壓控制匯流排)20
圖3-1 UPFC電路結構23
圖3-2 UPFC電壓源模型等效電路圖26
圖3-3 UPFC電壓源模型之電壓源轉換成電流源(I)31
圖3-4 UPFC電壓源模型之電壓源轉換成電流源(II)31
圖3-5 UPFC電壓源模型之電壓源轉換成電流源(III)32
圖4-1 以進化規劃法求解UPFC參數值之流程圖45
圖5-1 五個匯流排測試系統47
圖5-2 五個匯流排放置2個UPFC測試系統47
圖5-3 台電系統簡化單線圖48
圖5-4 五個匯流排測試系統之負載潮流50
圖5-5 五個匯流排測試系統置入UPFC之負載潮流
(降低線路潮流)52
圖5-6 進化規劃法求解UPFC參數解的收斂情形(I)52
圖5-7 五個匯流排測試系統置入UPFC之負載潮流
(提高線路潮流)54
圖5-8 進化規劃法求解UPFC參數解的收斂情形(II)55
圖5-9 五個匯流排測試系統放置兩個UPFC之潮流解56
圖5-10 進化規劃法求解UPFC參數解的收斂情形(III)57
表 目 錄
表4-1 各種方法執行100次的結果比較(負載為850MW)40
表5-1 五個匯流排測試系統之潮流解50
表5-2 五個匯流排測試系統置入UPFC之潮流解
(降低線路潮流)51
表5-3 五個匯流排測試系統置入UPFC之潮流解
(提高線路潮流)53
表5-4 台電系統33匯流排之潮流解(負載改變)58
表5-5 台電系統未加入UPFC與加入UPFC之潮流解60

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