臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘 要
半導體廠中作業人員因為長時間的站立及頻繁的搬運作業，小腿及足部的負荷相當大。長時間的累積，造成小腿、足部不舒適的情形。因此本研究即針對作業員人員小腿、足部不舒適的問題，分為兩個階段來探討。第一階段是進行問卷調查與工作抽查，問卷調查主要是確認半導體廠中不舒適情形較嚴重的區域及造成不舒適的原因。再透過工作抽查，掌握作業員一天中從事各種作業的時間及行走步伐數。第二階段是針對無塵鞋設計部分進行的實驗評估，利用EMG、心搏量測儀、壓力片等儀器，藉以找出降低作業員小腿工作負荷及足底壓力的無塵鞋設計型式。
綜合研究結果，提出三個針對作業員小腿、足部不舒適問題的改善建議。1. 整體無塵鞋的設計，在評估了三種無塵鞋之後，找出了一種較佳的無塵鞋設計特性。至於鞋墊方面，首先必須要考慮作業員走路及站立的時間很長；為了降低足跟的負荷，有必要加強鞋底的吸震設計。另外，為了增加舒適性，建議考慮提供對足弓能有效支撐的鞋墊。2.鼓勵作業員多利用推車來搬運晶圓，以減少徒手搬運晶圓的次數、距離。3.在不影響生產動線的前提下，可考慮增設座椅，提供暫時性的休息，降低小腿及足部不舒適。

Ergonomic Evaluation and Improvement of Lower Extremities Fatigue and Plantar Pressure
Abstract
In semi-conductor fabrication, operators had a lot of workload in their shank and foot because of long-term standing and frequency handling operation. As a result, for a long term, operators in fabrication felt uncomfortable in their shank, ankle, and foot. Thus, this research proposed a serial studies on problems of uncomfortable lower extremities, and separated all process in two parts. Firstly, proposed investigation with questionnaire, and it could confirm what work sections that have the most serious problems and its causes through such investigation. Besides that, the work sampling study would be proposed in the next in fabrication. That could help to know well how much time do they spent and how many steps in all kinds of work types in their whole day working. An experiment was conducted to compare different cleanroom shoes and insoles with EMG, Polar heart rate detector , Fuji pressure film and so on, and it would find out the appropriate design of cleanroom shoes to avoid or decline workload or fatigue of the lower extremities.
Research results indicated that operators should use trolley as possible as they could to move wafer, and it would be better to provide a short break for they with more chairs if possible. Statistical results also indicated that cleanroom shoes and its insole were critical factors. According to experimental results, one of experimental cleanroom shoes had higher performance than the others, so its design concept would be recommended. About insole design, there was a lot of loading on heel considered with long-term standing and walking, so it would be recommended to add absorbing design like running shoes. To increase foot comfort, the arch support design of cleanroom shoes would be a great idea.

目 錄
摘 要………………………………………………………………………Ⅰ
誌 謝………………………………………………………………………Ⅱ
目 錄………………………………………………………………………Ⅲ
圖目錄………………………………………………………………………Ⅵ
表目錄………………………………………………………………………Ⅸ
第一章 緒論……………………………………………………………1
1.1 研究背景…………………………………………………………1
1.2 研究動機……………………………………………………………1
1.3 研究目的……………………………………………………………2
1.4 研究步驟……………………………………………………………2
第二章 文獻探討……………………………………………………3
2.1 引言………………………………………………………………3
2.2 長久站立及行走…………………………………………………3
2.3 長久站立及行走所產生的問題…………………………………4
2.4 關於長久站立及行走的改善建議………………………………5
2.5 足部疾病之探討……………………………………………………6
2.6 鞋子對下肢的影響………………………………………………8
2.7 鞋墊設計及對下肢的影響………………………………………9
2.8 評估不同鞋子對下肢肌肉骨骼的方法………………………12
第三章 實驗流程與方法………………………………………………………….14
3.1 受試者………………………………………………………...16
3.2 實驗設備……………………………..……………………….17
3.3 研究流程……………………………………..……………….22
3.3.1 實驗前問卷調查……………………..…………………..22
3.3.2 工作抽查…………………..……………………………...22
3.3.3 實驗評估…………………………………………………..25
3.3.4 實驗流程圖……………………………...……………….25
3.4 實驗設計………………………………...…………………….27
第四章 研究結果………………………………………………………29
4.1 實驗前問卷……………………………...……………………29
4.1.1 作業員每日晶圓搬運次數、距離、須經樓層數…………30
4.1.2 工作後感覺精疲力竭之頻率………………...…………31
4.1.3 一年內曾感覺不舒適的部位…………….…………..…31
4.1.4 足部不舒適……………..…………………….…………32
4.1.5 無塵鞋……………………………………………...……33
4.1.6 第一階段問卷結果討論………………………...………38
4.2 工作抽查………………………...……………………………39
4.2.1不同區域各種作業所佔的時間比例及平均總步伐數……40
4.2.2不同作業員間的比較………………………………………41
4.2.3不同作業員三十分鐘內步伐數比較………………………43
4.2.4不同時段行走步伐數比較…………………………………45
4.2.5 工作抽查結果討論………………………………………47
4.3實驗結果…………………………………………………………48
4.3.1 壓力片…………………………………………………………48
4.3.2 小腿肌電訊號分析結果…………………………………53
4.3.3 心搏率分析結果…………………………………………57
4.3.4 主觀問卷分析結果……………………………………………60
第五章 結論………………………………………………………………………65
參考文獻………………………………………………………………68
附件一(實驗前問卷調查)…………………………………………….72
附件二(實驗問卷)……………………………………………………75
圖目錄
圖2-1 鞋子的基本結構…………………………………………………8
圖3-1 工作區域人數分佈圖…………………………………………14
圖3-2 無線肌電訊號傳送器配戴情形………………………………17
圖3-3 無線肌電儀接收設備…………………………………………17
圖3-4 心搏率量側儀…………………………………………………17
圖3-5 富士壓力感應片---感應前…………………………………17
圖3-6 富士壓力感應片---感應後…………………………………18
圖3-7 跑步機………………………………………………………18
圖3-8 晶圓盒及鐵塊…………………………………………………19
圖3-9 三種無塵鞋……………………………………………………19
圖3-10 三種鞋的鞋底…………………………………………………20
圖3-11 紐巴倫(New balance)……………………………………….20
圖3-12 伯肯(Birken)…………………………………………………21
圖3-13 主觀問卷中劃分的足部區域…………………………………21
圖3-14 實驗流程圖……………………………………………………23
圖4-1 各工作區域的人數分佈圖…………………………...……27
圖4-2 各區域作業員每日平均晶圓搬運次數…..………………28
圖4-3 作業員每日平均晶圓搬運次數…………………...………28
圖4-4 各區域平均每次搬運距離……………………………………29
圖4-5 作業員平均每次搬運距離……………………………………30
圖4-6 各區域每次晶圓搬運須經樓層數………...…………………30
圖4-7 工作後感覺精疲力竭之頻率…………………...……………31
圖4-8 一年內曾感覺不舒適的位……………………………………32
圖4-9 足部不舒適部位之平均分數……………………………….33
圖4-10 無塵鞋造成的不舒適感覺…………………………………34
圖4-11 無塵鞋造成的不舒適感覺…………………………………35
圖4-12 穿著無塵鞋時可能發生的問題……………………………36
圖4-13 無塵鞋不舒適的可能原因…………………………………37
圖4-14 無塵鞋應改善的部位………………………………………38
圖4-15 不同區域各種作業所佔的時間比例………………………40
圖4-16 不同區域平均總步伐數……………………………………40
圖4-17 不同作業員在各種作業下所佔的時間比例(1)…………41
圖4-18 不同作業員在各種作業下所佔的時間比例(2)…………42
圖4-19 不同作業員在各種作業下所佔的時間比例(3)…………42
圖4-20 不同作業員在各種作業下所佔的時間比例(4)…………43
圖4-21 不同作業員三十分鐘內平均總步伐數(1)………………44
圖4-22 不同作業員三十分鐘內平均總步伐數(2)………………44
圖4-23 不同作業員三十分鐘內平均總步伐數(3)………………45
圖4-24 各時段行走平均總步伐數(1)……………………………45
圖4-25 各時段行走平均總步伐數(2)……………………………46
圖4-26 各時段行走平均總步伐數(3)……………………………46
圖4-27 各時段行走平均總步伐數(4)……………………………47
圖4-28 壓力片中搬運動作的效應………………………………50
圖4-29 壓力片中無塵鞋因子的效應……………………………50
圖4-30 壓力片中鞋墊因子的效應………………………………51
圖4-31 壓力片加總後無塵鞋效應………………………………52
圖4-32 壓力片加總後鞋墊的效應………………………………53
圖4-33 EMG中搬運作業的效應…………………………………54
圖4-34 EMG中無塵鞋的效應……………………………………55
圖4-35 EMG中鞋墊的效應………………………………………55
圖4-36 EMG中無塵鞋與鞋墊的交互作用………………………56
圖4-37 心搏率中搬運作業的效應………………………………58
圖4-38 心搏率中無塵鞋的效應…………………………………58
圖4-39 心搏率中鞋墊的效應……………………………………59
圖4-40 主觀問卷中搬運作業的效應……………………………62
圖4-41 主觀問卷中無塵鞋的效應………………………………62
圖4-42 主觀問卷中鞋墊的效應…………………………………63
表目錄
表3-1 實驗變項…………………………………………………………25
表4-1 壓力片ANOVA分析………………………………………………49
表4-2 壓力片加總ANOVA分析…………………………………………51
表4-3 EMG ANOVA分析…………………………………………….…53
表4-4 EMG中鞋墊的Duncan test……………………………………54
表4-5 心搏率ANOVA分析………………………………………….…57
表4-6 心搏率中無塵鞋之Duncan test……………..………………59
表4-7 主觀問卷 ANOVA 分析…………………………………………61
表4-8 主觀問卷中無塵鞋之Duncan test……………………………63
表4-9 主觀問卷中鞋墊之Duncan test……………………...……64
表4-10主觀問卷ANOVA加總分析……………………………………64

參考文獻
[1] 賴新喜, 劉怡君, 1997, 滿幫圓口女鞋其跟高與鞋內墊材質對腳底壓力分佈之研究, 國立成功大學工業設計學系, 成功大學大學學報第三十二卷科技˙醫學篇, P.153 - 167.
[2] 吳毓彬, 1999, 功能性鞋墊, 鞋技專刊, 財團法人鞋技中心.
[3] 林季雄, 吳致富, 楊坤明, 1998, 鞋墊材質與足弓支撐高度對不同足型影響之研究, 大同工學院工業設計研究所, 大同期刊第二十八期.
[4] 李開偉, 陳慶忠, 陳依萍, 林彥輝, 葉文裕, 2002, 無塵鞋與無塵室地板之環境下腿部肌肉活動之調查, 中華民國人因工程學會2002年會暨研討會論文集, P.17 - 20.
[5] Ahluwallia, P., Layne, C., Rys, M., Konz, S. 1991, Advences in Industrial Ergonomics and Safety Ⅲ, P.366- 371.
[6] Bergmann, G., Kniggendorf, H., Graichen, F., Rohlmann, A. 1995, Influnce of shoes and heel strike on the loading of the hip joint, Biomechanics, Volume: 28, Number: 7, P.817- 827.
[7] Borg, G., 1970, Perceived exertion as an indicator of somatic stress, Scand J Rehab Med, P.92- 98.
[8] Boulton, A., Hardisty. C., Betts. R., Franks, C., Worth, R., Ward, J., Duckworth, T., 1983, Dynamic foot pressure and other studies as diagnostic and management aids in diabetic neuropathy, Diabetes Care 6, P.26- 33.
[9] Brodsky, W., Mooney, V. 1988, Objective Evaluation of Inser Material for Diabetic and Athletic Footwear, Foot & Ankle, Volume: 9, Number: 3, P.111-116.
[10] Cavanagh, P.R., Lingg, C. 1987, The Arch Index: A Useful Measurement From Footprints, Journal of Biomechanics, Volume: 20, P.547- 551.
[11] Chen, H., Nigg, B.M., Koning, J. 1994, Relationship between plantar pressure distribution under the foot and insole comfort, Clinical Biomechanics, Volume: 9, Number: 6, P.335- 341.
[12] .Clarke, T., 1980, The pressure distribution under the foot during barefoot walking, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.
[13] .Fiebert, M., Spielholz, I., Applegate, E., Gonzalez, G., Gorack, M. 1998, Integrated EMG study of the medial and lateral heads of the gastrocnemius during isometric plantar flexion with varying cuff weight loads, Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, Volume: 11, P.19- 26.
[14] Fischman, M. 1995, The Health Effects of Prolonged Standing, Standing & Health Effects.
[15] Gardner, L.I., Dziados, J.E., Jones, B.h. 1988, Prevention of lower Extremity Stress Fractures: A controlled Trial of A Shock Absorbent Insole, American Journal of Public Health, Volume: 78, P.1563- 1567.
[16] Hansen, L., Winkel, J., Jorgensen, K, 1998, Significance of mat and shoe softness during prolonged work in upright position:based on measurement of low back muscle EMG, foot volume changes, discomfort and ground force reaction, Applied Ergonomics, Volume: 29, Number: 3, P.217- 224.
[17] Hoaglund, J. 1990, Musculoskeletal Injuries, Occupational Medicine, 69- 70.
[18] Johnson, A. 1996, Running shoes and orthoses: a practical approach, Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, Volume: 6, P.71- 80.
[19] Jordan, C., and Bartlett, R. 1995, Pressure distribution and perceived comfort in casual footwear, Gait & Posture, Volume: 3, P.215- 220.
[20] Koler, G.F., Solomonidis, S.E., Paul J.P. 1995, Biomechanics of longitudinal arch support mechanisms in foot orthoses and their effect on plantar aponeurosis strain, Clinical Biomechanics, Volume: 11, number: 5, P.243- 252.
[21] Milani, L., Hennig, M., Lafortune, A. 1997, Perceptual and biomechanical variables for running in identical shoe constructions with varying midsole hardness, Clinical Biomechanics, Volume: 12, Number: 5, P.294- 300.
[22] Minns, R., Craxford, A., 1984, Pressure under the forefoot in rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related research 187, P. 235- 242.
[23] Myerson, M., Shereff, M., 1989, The pathological anatomy of claw and hammer toes, Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 71A, P.45- 49.
[24] Nigg, B., Segesser, B., 1992, Biomechanical and orthopedic concepts in sport shoes construction, Med Sci Sport Exerc 24, P.595- 602.
[25] Rogers, M., 1985, Plantar pressure distribution measurement during barefoot walking: normal values and predictive equations, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.
[26] Rogers, M., 1995, Dynamic foot biomechanics, Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 21, P.306- 316.
[27] Rozema, A.,Ulbrecht, J.S., Pammer, S.E., Cavanagh, P.R. 1996, In-shoe Plantar Pressure During Activities of Daily Living: Implications for Therapeutic Footwear Design, Foot & Ankle, Volume: 17, Number: 6, P.352-359.
[28] Rys, M., Konz, S. 1988, Standing work: carpet vs concrete, Proceedings of the Human Factors Society, P.522- 526.
[29] Rys, M., Konz, S. 1989, Standing with one foot forward, Advenced in Industrial Ergonomics and Safety, P.189- 193.
[30] Rys, M., Konz, S. 1989, An evaluation of floor surfaces, Proceedings of the Human Factors Society, P.517- 520.
[31] Rys, M., Konz, S. 1990, Floor mats, Proceedings of the Human Factors Society, P.575- 579.
[32] Sarrafian, S., 1987, Funtional characteristics of the foot and plantar aponeurosis under tibiotalar loading, Foot Ankle 8, P.4- 18.
[33] Stokes, I., 1975, An analysis of the forces on normal and pathological human feet, The polytechnic of Central London.
[34] Veves, A., Murray, H., Young, M., Boulton, A., 1992, The risk of foot ulceration in diabetic patients with high foot pressure : a prospective study, Diabetologia 35, P. 660- 663.
[35] Voloshin, A., Wosk, J., 1982, An in vivo study of low back pains and shock absorption in the human locomotor system, Biomechanics 15, P.21- 27.
[36] Winkel, J., Jorgensen, k., Noddeland, H. 1988, Significance of ambient temperature forfoot swelling and oedema-preventing effect of meodest leg activity while seated, Ergonomics, Volume: 88, P.140- 142.
[37] Wright, D., Rennels, B., 1964, A study of the elastic properties of plantar fascia, J Bone Joint Surg 46, P.482- 492.
[38] Zacharkow, D. 1988, Posture: Sitting, Standing, Chair Design and Exercise.