臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

幽門螺旋桿菌（幽菌）為生長在人類胃黏膜之微需氧革蘭氏陰性菌，在流行病學上發現腸胃疾病與感染幽菌有密切關係。液胞毒素（VacA）是一個由幽菌分泌的細胞外毒素，亦是主要與病理相關的毒性因子。然而，液胞毒素對細胞毒害作用與致病機轉並不清楚。在第一章，我們從不同角度介紹幽菌的背景資料與其主要的毒性因子，並特別著重於液胞毒素之作用機制。
在第二章，我們首先比較取自55對台灣夫婦的臨床菌株之基因歧異度，以探討幽菌在配偶間傳染的情形。利用兩種核酸鑑定法發現25對夫妻中只有1對出現共同感染的情形。此外，比較40個病患胃內兩個部位的分離株發現9個病人胃內存有不同的菌株。感染相異菌株者有77.8%有腸胃道潰瘍的症狀，比例顯著高於感染同一菌株者(29%) (P = 0.025)。進一步以RAPD與核酸序列分析法對兩株取自同個病人且相當類近的菌株之檢驗結果支持如下假說：幽菌基因的變異性可能源自不同菌群在胃內長時間繁殖時所進行的橫向基因交換。
在第三章，為瞭解幽菌三種毒性因子在幽菌相關致癌機轉中所扮演的角色，我們從189株臨床病菌中分析比較cagA基因狀態、尿素酶的活性、以及液胞毒素的基因與功能特性。尿素酶活性在胃癌(GC)、消化性潰瘍(PU)、以及非潰瘍性消化不良(NUD)三種臨床菌株中並無出現統計上的顯著差異。此外，可能由於高達98 %的台灣菌株具有cagA基因與vacA s1a基因型，這兩者亦無法與臨床結果相關。然而，我們發現約45%的胃癌菌株為vacA m1T型，而消化性潰瘍菌株則主要為m2 (~72%)，顯示胃癌與vacA m1T型之間的關聯性 (P < 0.01)。進一步分析m1T與m2液胞毒素的功能特性發現m1T菌株的液胞毒素活性顯著高於m2，但兩者液胞毒素產量卻無統計學上的差異。利用流式細胞儀分析液胞毒素對人類胃表皮細胞的附著能力發現m1型與m2型液胞毒素分別具有高以及中高的吸附活性。另一方面，比較不同臨床疾病菌株的液胞毒素功能特性發現：GC菌株相較於PU菌株顯然具有更高的液胞毒素活性，同時GC病人的m1T菌株液胞毒素活性與產量亦明顯高於PU的m1T菌株 (P < 0.05)。據此，我們確認液胞毒素與胃癌之間的關聯性，並且推測高活性的液胞毒素可能加深細胞退化性傷害而驅動病程往癌化的方向發展。感染m1型菌株或帶有高毒性液胞毒素之菌株可視為胃癌化的高風險指標。
儘管glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-APs)、與脂微單元（lipid microdomain 或簡稱 raft）被猜測在液胞毒素毒化作用中扮演一定角色，然而目前對相關機制之瞭解仍相當缺乏。在第四章，我們探討了液胞毒素、GPI-APs、以及脂微單元在液胞毒素毒化過程中的位置以及彼此互動關係，以瞭解液胞毒素之細胞作用機轉與生物性意義。表現fasciclin I (一種GPI-AP)的CHO細胞比正常CHO細胞對液胞毒素呈現更高的感度；以PI-PLC除去CHO細胞、AGS、與MDCK細胞表面的GPI-APs皆大幅降低液胞毒素的活性。利用流式細胞儀分析液胞毒素之細胞附著能力發現表現fasciclin I並不會增加液胞毒素之吸附活性；而藉由蛋白酶保護分析法與共軛焦顯微鏡觀察則發現液胞毒素進入細胞內的能力會因fasciclin I的存在而增加。進入細胞內的液胞毒素會被暫時送到細胞核周圍充滿fasciclin I的區域，該區域進一步被鑑定為高基氏體或者為recycling endosome (RE)；在作用2-4小時後，接著液胞毒素會再分佈到液胞周圍，此時核周圍的fasciclin I會從原處散開然後重新聚集於液胞周圍而成點狀分佈。在毒化作用過程中，我們發現液胞毒素從開始進入細胞時即一直與fasciclin I的位置有所重疊。此外，將細胞的膽固醇去除後會造成fasciclin I部分流失並使液胞毒素之附著能力與毒性顯著降低。以介面活性劑差別萃取與蔗糖濃度梯度分離法發現液胞毒素與fasciclin I兩者皆主要分佈於脂微單元中，並且液胞毒素會促使更多的fasciclin I移到脂微單元。根據以上結果，我們認為GPI-APs並非液胞毒素的一級受體而液胞毒素乃經由GPI-APs之途徑進入細胞內；脂微單元提供液胞毒素黏附與後來液胞毒素及GPI-APs在胞內傳遞之平台。此外，液胞毒素可能藉由與脂微單元的互動來發揮其細胞作用以增進幽菌之存活能力。

Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a spiral microaerophilic Gram-negative bacterium which colonizes the gastric mucosa of the human stomach. Infection with H. pylori is epidemiologically associated with development of gastrointestinal diseases. Vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA) is the major disease-related virulence factor of H. pylori, whose molecular mechanisms in cellular damages and gastric diseases are obscure. In Chapter 1, the background regarding H. pylori in aspects of microbiology, epidemiology, and clinical investigations are described, followed by introduction of major virulence factors of H. pylori with emphasis on VacA.
In Chapter 2, H. pylori strain diversity was investigated in 55 couples in Taiwan. Only one of 25 couples had the same strain in both partners as characterized by two DNA typing methods. Comparison of isolates from the antrum and corpus in each of 40 patients showed that 9 pairs were distinct but might be related. Peptic ulcer occurred in 77.8% of these 9 patients compared with 29% of 31 patients with the same predominant strain in two biopsies (P = 0.025). RAPD and sequence analysis of two very closely related isolates from one patient supports the hypothesis that development of genetic diversity results from horizontal genetic exchange during long-term colonization of mixed bacterial populations.
In Chapter 3, we determined and analyzed cagA status, urease activities, and VacA genetic-functional properties from 189 clinical isolates to investigate the roles of virulence factors in H. pylori-involved carcinogenesis. Undifferentiated urease activities were detected among gastric cancer (GC), peptic ulcer (PU), and non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD) groups. The presences of cagA gene and s1a genotype of vacA gene were regardless of clinical outcomes due to their extremely high prevalence (~ 98%), whereas GC isolates were significantly associated with higher frequency of vacA m1T genotype (44.7 %) as compared with 71.8 % of m2 strains in PU (P < 0.01). Extensive screening of VacA functional properties showed that m1T isolates displayed comparable production of exotoxins but apparently higher specific vacuolating activities as compared with m2 strains. Flow cytometric examination of VacA-binding on human gastric epithelial cells showed high and moderate-to-high binding competence for m1 and m2 form, respectively. Functional analyses of VacA in different clinical groups revealed that GC was associated with higher cytotoxicities as compared with PU; m1T isolates in GC group possessed significantly higher vacuolating activities and VacA productions than did those in PU (P < 0.05). We thus collectively verified the association of VacA with gastric carcinoma and suggested that high VacA activities might propel the pathogenic progress toward GC by worsening degenerative damages. Infection with either m1 strains or strains carrying high VacA cytotoxicity could both be regarded as the high-risk indicator for developing gastric malignancy.
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) and the lipid microdomain (lipid raft) are speculated to play roles in the process of VacA intoxication, despite that comprehension of the relevant mechanism is largely in absence. In Chapter 4, the interactions among VacA, GPI-APs, and the lipid raft were investigated with an aim to understand the molecular action and biological denotation of VacA. Transfected CHO cells expressing fasciclin I, a GPI-AP, displayed higher VacA sensitivity as compared with parental cells. PI-PLC removal of GPI-APs impaired vacuolating activities on AGS, MDCK, and both CHO cell lines. Flow cytometric binding analysis showed independence of VacA cell-binding from the presence of fasciclin I, whereas internalization of VacA was increased by fasciclin I-expression as detected by protease protection assay and confocal microscope. Internalized VacA was transiently delivered to fasciclin I-enriched perinuclear compartments identified as Golgi complex and/or recycling endosome (RE), followed by redistribution to the membrane of large vacuoles. Perinuclear fasciclin I dispersed from Golgi/RE and subsequently re-clustered around the vacuoles at 2-4 h after VacA intoxication. Colocalization of VacA with fasciclin I could be detected as internalization of VacA began. Cholesterol-depletion led to partial loss of fasciclin I and to significantly reduced VacA binding as well as impaired vacuolating activities. Differential detergent extraction and fractionation in sucrose density gradient showed both VacA and fasciclin I were mainly co-resided in the lipid microdomain and more fasciclin I was recruited to the raft after VacA treatment. We proposed that GPI-APs are not primary receptors of VacA and that VacA is internalized via the endocytosis pathway of GPI-APs. Lipid rafts serve as the platform for VacA binding and for further intracellular conveyance of GPI-APs and VacA. VacA may coordinate with lipid rafts to exert cellular functions for assisting H. pylori survivability.

摘要 1
ABSTRACT 3
誌謝 6
目錄 7
CHAPTER 1 9
INTRODUCTION 10
DISCOVERY OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI 10
MICROBIOLOGICAL BACKGROUND OF H. PYLORI 11
CLINICAL INVESTIGATIONS 12
Epidemiology 12
Histopathology of H. pylori Infection 13
Diagnosis of H. pylori infection 13
Therapy 14
Vaccine 15
VIRULENCE FACTORS 16
Urease 17
Neutrophil-activating protein 18
CagA and cag pathogenicity island 18
VacA 19
CHAPTER 2 25
ABSTRACT 26
INTRODUCTION 27
MATERIALS AND METHODS 28
RESULTS 30
DISCUSSION 33
CHAPTER 3 38
ABSTRACT 39
INTRODUCTION 41
MATERIALS AND METHODS 44
RESULTS 49
DISCUSSION 60
CHAPTER 4 73
ABSTRACT 74
INTRODUCTION 76
I. Review of the lipid microdomain 76
II. GPI—APs and fasciclin I 80
III. Specific aims in this study 82
MATERIALS AND METHODS 86
RESULTS 94
CHO cells expressing GPI-anchored proteins are more sensitive to VacA 94
CHO and CHO-f1 lines have comparable VacA binding activities 95
Fasciclin I distributes mainly in the cell surface and peri-nuclear compartments 96
Both fasciclin I and VacA are located in lipid rafts 97
More VacA is internalized in CHO-f1 cells as compared with parental cells 99
Internalized VacA initially reaches perinuclear compartments and is subsequently redistributed to the surrounding of vacuoles 100
Perinuclear fasciclin I is dramatically redistributed after VacA treatment 100
Raft-association of fasciclin I is more profound after VacA intoxication 101
Cholesterol depletion reduces raft formation and protects CHO cells from VacA intoxication 102
DISCUSSION 104
Summary of the results 104
Roles of GPI molecules in intoxication of VacA 105
Subcellular distributions of VacA 106
Roles of rafts in VacA intoxication 107
H. pylori survival and functions of VacA 107
Association between GPI-APs and sphingolipids 108
Pharmaceutical potential and application of VacA 109
REFERENCES 140

Abrami, L., M. Fivaz, P.E. Glauser, R.G. Parton, and F.G. van der Goot. 1998. A pore-forming toxin interacts with a GPI-anchored protein and causes vacuolation of the endoplasmic reticulum. J Cell Biol. 140:525-40.
Abrami, L., and F.G. van Der Goot. 1999. Plasma membrane microdomains act as concentration platforms to facilitate intoxication by aerolysin. J Cell Biol. 147:175-84.
Akopyanz, N., N.O. Bukanov, T.U. Westblom, S. Kresovich, and D.E. Berg. 1992. DNA diversity among clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori detected by PCR-based RAPD fingerprinting. Nucleic Acids Res. 20:5137-5142.
Alfsen, A., P. Iniguez, E. Bouguyon, and M. Bomsel. 2001. Secretory IgA specific for a conserved epitope on gp41 envelope glycoprotein inhibits epithelial transcytosis of HIV-1. J Immunol. 166:6257-65.
Anderson, R.G. 1998. The caveolae membrane system. Annu Rev Biochem. 67:199-225.
Appelmelk, B.J., R. Negrini, A.P. Moran, and E.J. Kuipers. 1997. Molecular mimicry between Helicobacter pylori and the host. Trends Microbiol. 5:70-3.
Asahi, M., T. Azuma, S. Ito, Y. Ito, H. Suto, Y. Nagai, M. Tsubokawa, Y. Tohyama, S. Maeda, M. Omata, T. Suzuki, and C. Sasakawa. 2000. Helicobacter pylori CagA protein can be tyrosine phosphorylated in gastric epithelial cells. J Exp Med. 191:593-602.
Ashorn, M., F. Cantet, K. Mayo, and F. Megraud. 2000. Cytoskeletal rearrangements induced by Helicobacter pylori strains in epithelial cell culture: possible role of the cytotoxin. Dig Dis Sci. 45:1774-80.
Atherton, J.C., P. Cao, R.M. Peek, Jr., M.K. Tummuru, M.J. Blaser, and T.L. Cover. 1995. Mosaicism in vacuolating cytotoxin alleles of Helicobacter pylori. Association of specific vacA types with cytotoxin production and peptic ulceration. J Biol Chem. 270:17771-7.
Atherton, J.C., R.M. Peek, Jr., K.T. Tham, T.L. Cover, and M.J. Blaser. 1997. Clinical and pathological importance of heterogeneity in vacA, the vacuolating cytotoxin gene of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology. 112:92-9.
Atherton, J.C., P.M. Sharp, T.L. Cover, G. Gonzalez-Valencia, R.M. Peek, Jr., S.A. Thompson, C.J. Hawkey, and M.J. Blaser. 1999. Vacuolating cytotoxin (vacA) alleles of Helicobacter pylori comprise two geographically widespread types, m1 and m2, and have evolved through limited recombination. Curr Microbiol. 39:211-8.
Ballam, L.D., M.A. Mendall, M. Asante, J. Morris, D.P. Strachan, P.H. Whincup, and D.G. Cook. 2000. Western blotting is useful in the salivary diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. J Clin Pathol. 53:314-7.
Baorto, D.M., Z. Gao, R. Malaviya, M.L. Dustin, A. van der Merwe, D.M. Lublin, and S.N. Abraham. 1997. Survival of FimH-expressing enterobacteria in macrophages relies on glycolipid traffic. Nature. 389:636-9.
Barman, S., A. Ali, E.K. Hui, L. Adhikary, and D.P. Nayak. 2001. Transport of viral proteins to the apical membranes and interaction of matrix protein with glycoproteins in the assembly of influenza viruses. Virus Res. 77:61-9.
Baron, G.S., K. Wehrly, D.W. Dorward, B. Chesebro, and B. Caughey. 2002. Conversion of raft associated prion protein to the protease-resistant state requires insertion of PrP-res (PrP(Sc)) into contiguous membranes. Embo J. 21:1031-40.
Bastiani, M.J., A.L. Harrelson, P.M. Snow, and C.S. Goodman. 1987. Expression of fasciclin I and II glycoproteins on subsets of axon pathways during neuronal development in the grasshopper. Cell. 48:745-55.
Bauerfeind, P., R. Garner, B.E. Dunn, and H.L. Mobley. 1997. Synthesis and activity of Helicobacter pylori urease and catalase at low pH. Gut. 40:25-30.
Bavari, S., C.M. Bosio, E. Wiegand, G. Ruthel, A.B. Will, T.W. Geisbert, M. Hevey, C. Schmaljohn, A. Schmaljohn, and M.J. Aman. 2002. Lipid raft microdomains: a gateway for compartmentalized trafficking of Ebola and Marburg viruses. J Exp Med. 195:593-602.
Beil, W., M.L. Enss, S. Muller, B. Obst, K.F. Sewing, and S. Wagner. 2000. Role of vacA and cagA in Helicobacter pylori inhibition of mucin synthesis in gastric mucous cells. J Clin Microbiol. 38:2215-8.
Beji, A., F. Megraud, P. Vincent, F. Gavini, D. Izard, and H. Leclerc. 1988. GC content of DNA of Campylobacter pylori and other species belonging or related to the genus Campylobacter. Ann Inst Pasteur Microbiol. 139:527-34.
Bi, K., Y. Tanaka, N. Coudronniere, K. Sugie, S. Hong, M.J. van Stipdonk, and A. Altman. 2001. Antigen-induced translocation of PKC-theta to membrane rafts is required for T cell activation. Nat Immunol. 2:556-63.
Blanchard, T.G., S.J. Czinn, and J.G. Nedrud. 1999. Host response and vaccine development to Helicobacter pylori infection. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 241:181-213.
Blaser, M.J. 1990. Helicobacter pylori and the pathogenesis of gastroduodenal inflammation. J Infect Dis. 161:626-33.
Blaser, M.J. 1995. The role of Helicobacter pylori in gastritis and its progression to peptic ulcer disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 9:27-30.
Blaser, M.J. 1997. Heterogeneity of Helicobacter pylori. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 9 Suppl 1:S3-S6.
Blaser, M.J., G.I. Perez-Perez, H. Kleanthous, T.L. Cover, R.M. Peek, P.H. Chyou, G.N. Stemmermann, and A. Nomura. 1995. Infection with Helicobacter pylori strains possessing cagA is associated with an increased risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Cancer Res. 55:2111-2115.
Bode, G., F. Mauch, and P. Malfertheiner. 1993. The coccoid forms of Helicobacter pylori. Criteria for their viability. Epidemiol Infect. 111:483-90.
Brown, D.A., B. Crise, and J.K. Rose. 1989. Mechanism of membrane anchoring affects polarized expression of two proteins in MDCK cells. Science. 245:1499-501.
Brown, D.A., and E. London. 2000. Structure and function of sphingolipid- and cholesterol-rich membrane rafts. J Biol Chem. 275:17221-4.
Brown, D.A., and J.K. Rose. 1992. Sorting of GPI-anchored proteins to glycolipid-enriched membrane subdomains during transport to the apical cell surface. Cell. 68:533-44.
Brown, R.E. 1998. Sphingolipid organization in biomembranes: what physical studies of model membranes reveal. J Cell Sci. 111:1-9.
Bumann, D., W.G. Metzger, E. Mansouri, O. Palme, M. Wendland, R. Hurwitz, G. Haas, T. Aebischer, B.U. von Specht, and T.F. Meyer. 2001. Safety and immunogenicity of live recombinant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi Ty21a expressing urease A and B from Helicobacter pylori in human volunteers. Vaccine. 20:845-52.
Campbell, S.M., S.M. Crowe, and J. Mak. 2001. Lipid rafts and HIV-1: from viral entry to assembly of progeny virions. J Clin Virol. 22:217-27.
Cave, D.R. 1997. Section I: Epidemiology and transmission of Helicobacter pylori infection-How is Helicobacter pylori transmitted? Gastroenterol. 113:S9-S14.
Censini, S., C. Lange, Z. Xiang, J.E. Crabtree, P. Ghiara, M. Borodovsky, R. Rappuoli, and A. Covacci. 1996. cag, a pathogenicity island of Helicobacter pylori, encodes type I- specific and disease-associated virulence factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 93:14648-53.
Chan, E.C., K.T. Chen, and Y.L. Lin. 1996. Vacuolating toxin from Helicobacter pylori activates cellular signaling and pepsinogen secretion in human gastric adenocarcinoma cells. FEBS Lett. 399:127-30.
Chatterjee, S., and S. Mayor. 2001. The GPI-anchor and protein sorting. Cell Mol Life Sci. 58:1969-87.
Chen, M., A. Lee, and S. Hazell. 1992. Immunisation against gastric helicobacter infection in a mouse/Helicobacter felis model. Lancet. 339:1120-1.
Chen, Y., and L.C. Norkin. 1999. Extracellular simian virus 40 transmits a signal that promotes virus enclosure within caveolae. Exp Cell Res. 246:83-90.
Cheong, K.H., D. Zacchetti, E.E. Schneeberger, and K. Simons. 1999. VIP17/MAL, a lipid raft-associated protein, is involved in apical transport in MDCK cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 96:6241-8.
Conference, N.C. 1994. NIH Consensus Conference. Helicobacter pylori in peptic ulcer disease. NIH Consensus Development Panel on Helicobacter pylori in Peptic Ulcer Disease. Jama. 272:65-9.
Correa, P. 1992. Human gastric carcinogenesis: a multistep and multifactorial process-- First American Cancer Society Award Lecture on Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. Cancer Res. 52:6735-40.
Correa, P., W. Haenszel, C. Cuello, S. Tannenbaum, and M. Archer. 1975. A model for gastric cancer epidemiology. Lancet. ii:58-59.
Covacci, A., S. Censini, M. Bugnoli, R. Petracca, D. Burroni, G. Macchia, A. Massone, E. Papini, Z. Xiang, N. Figura, and et al. 1993. Molecular characterization of the 128-kDa immunodominant antigen of Helicobacter pylori associated with cytotoxicity and duodenal ulcer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 90:5791-5.
Covacci, A., and R. Rappuoli. 2000. Tyrosine-phosphorylated bacterial proteins: Trojan horses for the host cell. J Exp Med. 191:587-92.
Covacci, A., J.L. Telford, G. Del Giudice, J. Parsonnet, and R. Rappuoli. 1999. Helicobacter pylori virulence and genetic geography. Science. 284:1328-33.
Cover, T.L. 1997. Genetic diversity in Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter. 2:108-9.
Cover, T.L., and M.J. Blaser. 1992. Purification and characterization of the vacuolating toxin from Helicobacter pylori. J Biol Chem. 267:10570-5.
Cover, T.L., Y. Glupczynski, A.P. Lage, A. Burette, M.K. Tummuru, G.I. Perez-Perez, and M.J. Blaser. 1995. Serologic detection of infection with cagA+ Helicobacter pylori strains. J Clin Microbiol. 33:1496-500.
Cover, T.L., S.A. Halter, and M.J. Blaser. 1992. Characterization of HeLa cell vacuoles induced by Helicobacter pylori broth culture supernatant. Hum Pathol. 23:1004-10.
Cover, T.L., P.I. Hanson, and J.E. Heuser. 1997. Acid-induced dissociation of VacA, the Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin, reveals its pattern of assembly. J Cell Biol. 138:759-69.
Cover, T.L., M.K. Tummuru, P. Cao, S.A. Thompson, and M.J. Blaser. 1994. Divergence of genetic sequences for the vacuolating cytotoxin among Helicobacter pylori strains. J Biol Chem. 269:10566-73.
Cowell, S., W. Aschauer, H.J. Gruber, K.L. Nelson, and J.T. Buckley. 1997. The erythrocyte receptor for the channel-forming toxin aerolysin is a novel glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein. Mol Microbiol. 25:343-50.
Crabtree, J.E., J.I. Wyatt, G.M. Sobala, G. Miller, D.S. Tompkins, J.N. Primrose, and A.G. Morgan. 1993. Systemic and mucosal humoral responses to Helicobacter pylori in gastric cancer. Gut. 34:1339-43.
Cuenca, R., T.G. Blanchard, S.J. Czinn, J.G. Nedrud, T.P. Monath, C.K. Lee, and R.W. Redline. 1996. Therapeutic immunization against Helicobacter mustelae in naturally infected ferrets. Gastroenterology. 110:1770-5.
Czinn, S.J. 1997. What is the role for vaccination in Helicobacter pylori? Gastroenterology. 113:S149-53.
Czinn, S.J., A. Cai, and J.G. Nedrud. 1993. Protection of germ-free mice from infection by Helicobacter felis after active oral or passive IgA immunization. Vaccine. 11:637-42.
Danon, S.J., B.J. Luria, R.E. Mankoski, and K.A. Eaton. 1998. RFLP and RAPD analysis of in vivo genetic interactions between strains of Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter. 3:254-259.
de Bernard, M., D. Burroni, E. Papini, R. Rappuoli, J. Telford, and C. Montecucco. 1998a. Identification of the Helicobacter pylori VacA toxin domain active in the cell cytosol. Infect. Immun. 66:6014-6016.
de Bernard, M., M. Moschioni, G. Napolitani, R. Rappuoli, and C. Montecucco. 2000. The VacA toxin of Helicobacter pylori identifies a new intermediate filament-interacting protein. Embo J. 19:48-56.
de Bernard, M., M. Moschioni, E. Papini, J. Telford, R. Rappuoli, and C. Montecucco. 1998b. Cell vacuolization induced by Helicobacter pylori VacA toxin: cell line sensitivity and quantitative estimation. Toxicol Lett. 99:109-15.
de Bernard, M., E. Papini, V. de Filippis, E. Gottardi, J. Telford, R. Manetti, A. Fontana, R. Rappuoli, and C. Montecucco. 1995. Low pH activates the vacuolating toxin of Helicobacter pylori, which becomes acid and pepsin resistant. J Biol Chem. 270:23937-40.
Diep, D.B., K.L. Nelson, S.M. Raja, E.N. Pleshak, and J.T. Buckley. 1998. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors of membrane glycoproteins are binding determinants for the channel-forming toxin aerolysin. J Biol Chem. 273:2355-60.
Dixon, M.F. 1995. Histological responses to Helicobacter pylori infection: gastritis, atrophy and preneoplasia. Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol. 9:467-86.
Dixon, M.F., R.M. Genta, J.H. Yardley, and P. Correa. 1996. Classification and grading of gastritis. The updated Sydney System. International Workshop on the Histopathology of Gastritis, Houston 1994. Am J Surg Pathol. 20:1161-81.
Doering, T.L., and R. Schekman. 1996. GPI anchor attachment is required for Gas1p transport from the endoplasmic reticulum in COP II vesicles. Embo J. 15:182-91. abs.html.
Doidge, C., I. Crust, A. Lee, F. Buck, S. Hazell, and U. Manne. 1994. Therapeutic immunisation against Helicobacter infection. Lancet. 343:914-5.
Dore, M.P., A.R. Sepulveda, H. El-Zimaity, Y. Yamaoka, M.S. Osato, K. Mototsugu, A.M. Nieddu, G. Realdi, and D.Y. Graham. 2001. Isolation of Helicobacter pylori from sheep-implications for transmission to humans. Am J Gastroenterol. 96:1396-401.
Dubois, A., N. Fiala, L.M. Heman-Ackah, E.S. Drazek, A. Tarnawski, W.N. Fishbein, G.I. Perez-Perez, and M.J. Blaser. 1994. Natural gastric infection with Helicobacter pylori in monkeys: a model for spiral bacteria infection in humans. Gastroenterology. 106:1405-17.
Dundon, W.G., H. Nishioka, A. Polenghi, E. Papinutto, G. Zanotti, P. Montemurro, G.G. Del, R. Rappuoli, and C. Montecucco. 2002. The neutrophil-activating protein of Helicobacter pylori. Int J Med Microbiol. 291:545-50.
Dunn, B.E., N.B. Vakil, B.G. Schneider, M.M. Miller, J.B. Zitzer, T. Peutz, and S.H. Phadnis. 1997. Localization of Helicobacter pylori urease and heat shock protein in human gastric biopsies. Infect Immun. 65:1181-8.
Eaton, K.A., C.L. Brooks, D.R. Morgan, and S. Krakowka. 1991. Essential role of urease in pathogenesis of gastritis induced by Helicobacter pylori in gnotobiotic piglets. Infect Immun. 59:2470-5.
Eaton, K.A., D.R. Morgan, and S. Krakowka. 1989. Campylobacter pylori virulence factors in gnotobiotic piglets. Infect Immun. 57:1119-25.
Elkins, T., M. Hortsch, A.J. Bieber, P.M. Snow, and C.S. Goodman. 1990a. Drosophila fasciclin I is a novel homophilic adhesion molecule that along with fasciclin III can mediate cell sorting. J Cell Biol. 110:1825-32.
Elkins, T., K. Zinn, L. McAllister, F.M. Hoffmann, and C.S. Goodman. 1990b. Genetic analysis of a Drosophila neural cell adhesion molecule: interaction of fasciclin I and Abelson tyrosine kinase mutations. Cell. 60:565-75.
Engstrand, L., A.M. Nguyen, D.Y. Graham, and F.A. el Zaatari. 1992. Reverse tanscription and polymerase chain reaction amplification of rRNA for detection of Helicobacter species. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:2295-2301.
Ermak, T.H., P.J. Giannasca, R. Nichols, G.A. Myers, J. Nedrud, R. Weltzin, C.K. Lee, H. Kleanthous, and T.P. Monath. 1998. Immunization of mice with urease vaccine affords protection against Helicobacter pylori infection in the absence of antibodies and is mediated by MHC class II-restricted responses. J Exp Med. 188:2277-88.
Evans, D.J., Jr., D.G. Evans, T. Takemura, H. Nakano, H.C. Lampert, D.Y. Graham, D.N. Granger, and P.R. Kvietys. 1995. Characterization of a Helicobacter pylori neutrophil-activating protein. Infect Immun. 63:2213-20.
Feldman, R.A., A.J. Eccersley, and J.M. Hardie. 1998. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori: acquisition, transmission, population prevalence and disease-to-infection ratio. Brit. Med. Bull. 54:39-53.
Ferguson, M.A. 1992. Colworth Medal Lecture. Glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol membrane anchors: the tale of a tail. Biochem Soc Trans. 20:243-56.
Ferguson, M.A., J.S. Brimacombe, J.R. Brown, A. Crossman, A. Dix, R.A. Field, M.L. Guther, K.G. Milne, D.K. Sharma, and T.K. Smith. 1999. The GPI biosynthetic pathway as a therapeutic target for African sleeping sickness. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1455:327-40.
Ferrero, R.L., J.M. Thiberge, I. Kansau, N. Wuscher, M. Huerre, and A. Labigne. 1995. The GroES homolog of Helicobacter pylori confers protective immunity against mucosal infection in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 92:6499-503.
Figura, N. 1997. Helicobacter pylori factors involved in the development of gastroduodenal mucosal damage and ulceration. J Clin Gastroenterol. 25:S149-63.
Figura, N., P. Guglielmetti, A. Rossolini, A. Barberi, G. Cusi, R.A. Musmanno, M. Russi, and S. Quaranta. 1989. Cytotoxin production by Campylobacter pylori strains isolated from patients with peptic ulcers and from patients with chronic gastritis only. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27:225-226.
Fox, J.G. 1995. Non-human reservoirs of Helicobacter pylori. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 9:93-103.
Fox, J.G., M. Batchelder, R. Marini, L. Yan, L. Handt, X. Li, B. Shames, A. Hayward, J. Campbell, and J.C. Murphy. 1995. Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis in the domestic cat. Infect Immun. 63:2674-81.
Galmiche, A., J. Rassow, A. Doye, S. Cagnol, J.C. Chambard, S. Contamin, V. de Thillot, I. Just, V. Ricci, E. Solcia, E. Van Obberghen, and P. Boquet. 2000. The N-terminal 34 kDa fragment of Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin targets mitochondria and induces cytochrome c release. Embo J. 19:6361-70.
Garner, J.A., and T.L. Cover. 1996. Binding and internalization of the Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin by epithelial cells. Infect Immun. 64:4197-203.
Gatfield, J., and J. Pieters. 2000. Essential role for cholesterol in entry of mycobacteria into macrophages. Science. 288:1647-50.
Gaulton, G.N., and J.C. Pratt. 1994. Glycosylated phosphatidylinositol molecules as second messengers. Semin Immunol. 6:97-104.
Genta, R.M., and D.Y. Graham. 1994. Helicobacter pylori: the new bug on the (paraffin) block. Virchows Arch. 425:339-47.
Georgopoulos, S.D., A.F. Mentis, C.A. Spiliadis, L.S. Tzouvelekis, E. Tzelepi, A. Moshopoulos, and N. Skandalis. 1996. Helicobacter pylori infection in spouses of patients with duodenal ulcers and comparison of ribosomal RNA gene patterns. Gut. 39:634-638.
Gerhard, M., N. Lehn, N. Neumayer, T. Boren, R. Rad, W. Schepp, S. Miehlke, M. Classen, and C. Prinz. 1999. Clinical relevance of the Helicobacter pylori gene for blood-group antigen-binding adhesin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 96:12778-83.
Go, M.F., V. Kapur, D.Y. Graham, and J.M. Musser. 1996. Population genetic analysis of Helicobacter pylori by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis: extensive allelic diversity and recombinational population structure. J Bacteriol. 178:3934-8.
Goodwin, C.S., and J.A. Armstrong. 1990. Microbiological aspects of Helicobacter pylori (Campylobacter pylori). Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 9:1-13.
Gordon, V.M., K.L. Nelson, J.T. Buckley, V.L. Stevens, R.K. Tweten, P.C. Elwood, and S.H. Leppla. 1999. Clostridium septicum alpha toxin uses glycosylphosphatidylinositol- anchored protein receptors. J Biol Chem. 274:27274-80.
Graham, D.Y., H.M. Malaty, D.G. Evans, D.J. Evans, Jr., P.D. Klein, and E. Adam. 1991. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori in an asymptomatic population in the United States. Effect of age, race, and socioeconomic status. Gastroenterology. 100:1495-501.
Halpern, J.L., and E.A. Neale. 1995. Neurospecific binding, internalization, and retrograde axonal transport. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 195:221-41.
Harder, T., and K. Simons. 1997. Caveolae, DIGs, and the dynamics of sphingolipid-cholesterol microdomains. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 9:534-42.
Herreros, J., T. Ng, and G. Schiavo. 2001. Lipid rafts act as specialized domains for tetanus toxin binding and internalization into neurons. Mol Biol Cell. 12:2947-60.
Honda, S., T. Fujioka, M. Tokieda, R. Satoh, A. Nishizono, and M. Nasu. 1998. Development of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric carcinoma in Mongolian gerbils. Cancer Res. 58:4255-4259.
Hori, Y., Y. Takeyama, M. Shinkai, T. Ueda, M. Yamamoto, T. Sugiyama, and Y. Kuroda. 1999. Inhibitory effect of vacuolating toxin of Helicobacter pylori on enzyme secretion from rat pancreatic acini. Pancreas. 18:324-7.
Ilver, D., A. Arnqvist, J. Ogren, I.M. Frick, D. Kersulyte, E.T. Incecik, D.E. Berg, A. Covacci, L. Engstrand, and T. Boren. 1998. Helicobacter pylori adhesin binding fucosylated histo-blood group antigens revealed by retagging. Science. 279:373-7.
Ito, S., Y. Kohli, T. Kato, H. Murakita, Y. Ohotaki, M. Hirai, T. Azuma, and M. Kuriyama. 1995. Differences in urease activity in live Helicobacter pylori cultured from patients with gastroduodenal diseases. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 7 Suppl 1:S83-8.
Ito, Y., T. Azuma, S. Ito, H. Miyaji, M. Hirai, Y. Yamazaki, F. Sato, T. Kato, Y. Kohli, and M. Kuriyama. 1997. Analysis and typing of the vacA gene from cagA-positive strains of Helicobacter pylori isolated in Japan. J Clin Microbiol. 35:1710-4.
Iwamoto, H., D.M. Czajkowsky, T.L. Cover, G. Szabo, and Z. Shao. 1999. VacA from Helicobacter pylori: a hexameric chloride channel. FEBS Lett. 450:101-4.
Janes, P.W., S.C. Ley, and A.I. Magee. 1999. Aggregation of lipid rafts accompanies signaling via the T cell antigen receptor. J Cell Biol. 147:447-61.
Janes, P.W., S.C. Ley, A.I. Magee, and P.S. Kabouridis. 2000. The role of lipid rafts in T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signalling. Semin Immunol. 12:23-34.
Jay, D.G., and H. Keshishian. 1990. Laser inactivation of fasciclin I disrupts axon adhesion of grasshopper pioneer neurons. Nature. 348:548-50.
Jones, D.M., A.M. Lessells, and J. Eldridge. 1984. Campylobacter like organisms on the gastric mucosa: culture, histological, and serological studies. J Clin Pathol. 37:1002-6.
Kamisago, S., M. Iwamori, T. Tai, K. Mitamura, Y. Yazaki, and K. Sugano. 1996. Role of sulfatides in adhesion of Helicobacter pylori to gastric cancer cells. Infect Immun. 64:624-8.
Kato, S., T. Tachikawa, K. Ozawa, M. Konno, M. Okuda, T. Fujisawa, Y. Nakazato, H. Tajiri, and K. Iinuma. 2001. Urine-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of Helicobacter pylori infection in children. Pediatrics. 107:E87.
Katsuragi, K., A. Noda, T. Tachikawa, A. Azuma, F. Mukai, K. Murakami, T. Fujioka, M. Kato, and M. Asaka. 1998. Highly sensitive urine-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibody to Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter. 3:289-95.
Keller, G.A., M.W. Siegel, and I.W. Caras. 1992. Endocytosis of glycophospholipid-anchored and transmembrane forms of CD4 by different endocytic pathways. Embo J. 11:863-74.
Keller, P., and K. Simons. 1998. Cholesterol is required for surface transport of influenza virus hemagglutinin. J Cell Biol. 140:1357-67.
Kelly, S.M., M.C. Pitcher, S.M. Farmery, and G.R. Gibson. 1994. Isolation of Helicobacter pylori from feces of patients with dyspepsia in the United Kingdom. Gastroenterology. 107:1671-4.
Kenworthy, A.K., N. Petranova, and M. Edidin. 2000. High-resolution FRET microscopy of cholera toxin B-subunit and GPI- anchored proteins in cell plasma membranes. Mol Biol Cell. 11:1645-55.
Kersulyte, D., H. Chalkauskas, and D.E. Berg. 1999. Emergence of recombinant strains of Helicobacter pylori during human infection. Mol. Microbiol. 31:31-43.
Kilsdonk, E.P., P.G. Yancey, G.W. Stoudt, F.W. Bangerter, W.J. Johnson, M.C. Phillips, and G.H. Rothblat. 1995. Cellular cholesterol efflux mediated by cyclodextrins. J Biol Chem. 270:17250-6.
Kobayashi, H., S. Kamiya, T. Suzuki, K. Kohda, S. Muramatsu, T. Kurumada, U. Ohta, M. Miyazawa, N. Kimura, N. Mutoh, T. Shirai, A. Takagi, S. Harasawa, N. Tani, and T. Miwa. 1996. The effect of Helicobacter pylori on gastric acid secretion by isolated parietal cells from a guinea pig. Association with production of vacuolating toxin by H. pylori. Scand J Gastroenterol. 31:428-33.
Korty, P.E., C. Brando, and E.M. Shevach. 1991. CD59 functions as a signal-transducing molecule for human T cell activation. J Immunol. 146:4092-8.
Kostrzynska, M., J.D. Betts, J.W. Austin, and T.J. Trust. 1991. Identification, characterization, and spatial localization of two flagellin species in Helicobacter pylori flagella. J Bacteriol. 173:937-46.
Kuipers, E.J., D.A. Israel, J.G. Kusters, and M.J. Blaser. 1998. Evidence for a conjugation-like mechanism of DNA transfer in Helicobacter pylori. J Bacteriol. 180:2901-5.
Kuo, C.H., S.K. Poon, Y.C. Su, R. Su, C.S. Chang, and W.C. Wang. 1999. Heterogeneous Helicobacter pylori isolates from H. pylori-infected couples in Taiwan. J. Infect. Dis. 180:2064-2068.
Kupiers, E.J. 1999. Review article: exploring the linke between Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer. Aliment Pharmacol. Ther. 13 (Suppl. 1):3-11.
Labenz, J. 2001. Current role of acid suppressants in Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 15:413-31.
Labigne, A., V. Cussac, and P. Courcoux. 1991. Shuttle cloning and nucleotide sequences of Helicobacter pylori genes responsible for urease activity. J Bacteriol. 173:1920-31.
Laine, L., K. Bartizal, L. Kong, P. Scott, and G. Neil. 1995. Evidence against oral-oral transmission of H. pylori: lack of salivary H. pylori detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Gastroenterology. 108:A142.
Lamaze, C., A. Dujeancourt, T. Baba, C.G. Lo, A. Benmerah, and A. Dautry-Varsat. 2001. Interleukin 2 receptors and detergent-resistant membrane domains define a clathrin-independent endocytic pathway. Mol Cell. 7:661-71.
Langenberg, M.L., T.G.N. J., M.E.I. Schipper, P.J.G.M. Rietra, and H.C. Zanen. 1984. Campylobacter-like organisms in the stomach of patients and healthy individuals. Lancet. 1:1348-9.
Lanzavecchia, S., P.L. Bellon, P. Lupetti, R. Dallai, R. Rappuoli, and J.L. Telford. 1998. Three-dimensional reconstruction of metal replicas of the Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin. J Struct Biol. 121:9-18.
Leal-Herrera, Y., J. Torres, G. Perez-Perez, A. Gomez, T. Monath, R. Tapia-Conyer, and O. Munoz. 1999. Serologic IgG response to urease in Helicobacter pylori-infected persons from Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 60:587-92.
Lee, C.K., K. Soike, J. Hill, K. Georgakopoulos, T. Tibbitts, J. Ingrassia, H. Gray, J. Boden, H. Kleanthous, P. Giannasca, T. Ermak, R. Weltzin, J. Blanchard, and T.P. Monath. 1999. Immunization with recombinant Helicobacter pylori urease decreases colonization levels following experimental infection of rhesus monkeys. Vaccine. 17:1493-505.
Lee, C.K., R. Weltzin, W.D. Thomas, Jr., H. Kleanthous, T.H. Ermak, G. Soman, J.E. Hill, S.K. Ackerman, and T.P. Monath. 1995. Oral immunization with recombinant Helicobacter pylori urease induces secretory IgA antibodies and protects mice from challenge with Helicobacter felis. J Infect Dis. 172:161-72.
Lemansky, P., S.H. Fatemi, B. Gorican, S. Meyale, R. Rossero, and A.M. Tartakoff. 1990. Dynamics and longevity of the glycolipid-anchored membrane protein, Thy- 1. J Cell Biol. 110:1525-31.
Leunk, R.D., P.T. Johnson, B.C. David, W.G. Kraft, and D.R. Morgan. 1988. Cytotoxic activity in broth-culture filtrates of Campylobacter pylori. J Med Microbiol. 26:93-9.
Leying, H., S. Suerbaum, G. Geis, and R. Haas. 1992. Cloning and genetic characterization of a Helicobacter pylori flagellin gene. Mol Microbiol. 6:2863-74.
Li, C., P.R. Musich, T. Ha, D.A. Ferguson, Jr., N.R. Patel, D.S. Chi, and E. Thomas. 1995. High prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in saliva demonstrated by a novel PCR assay. J Clin Pathol. 48:662-6.
Lin, J.T., J.T. Wang, T.H. Wang, M.S. Wu, T.K. Lee, and C.J. Chen. 1993. Helicobacter pylori infection in a randomly selected population, healthy volunteers, and patients with gastric ulcer and gastric adenocarcinoma. A seroprevalence study in Taiwan. Scand J Gastroenterol. 28:1067-72.
Lisanti, M.P., I.W. Caras, M.A. Davitz, and E. Rodriguez-Boulan. 1989. A glycophospholipid membrane anchor acts as an apical targeting signal in polarized epithelial cells. J Cell Biol. 109:2145-56.
Logan, R.P. 1996. Adherence of Helicobacter pylori. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 10 Suppl 1:3-15.
Lupetti, P., J.E. Heuser, R. Manetti, P. Massari, S. Lanzavecchia, P.L. Bellon, R. Dallai, R. Rappuoli, and J.L. Telford. 1996. Oligomeric and subunit structure of the Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin. J Cell Biol. 133:801-7.
Maeda, S., K. Ogura, H. Yoshida, F. Kanai, T. Ikenoue, N. Kato, Y. Shiratori, and M. Omata. 1998. Major virulence factors, VacA and CagA, are commonly positive in Helicobacter pylori isolates in Japan. Gut. 42:338-43.
Manie, S.N., S. Debreyne, S. Vincent, and D. Gerlier. 2000. Measles virus structural components are enriched into lipid raft microdomains: a potential cellular location for virus assembly. J Virol. 74:305-11.
Marchetti, M., B. Arico, D. Burroni, N. Figura, R. Rappuoli, and P. Ghiara. 1995. Development of a mouse model of Helicobacter pylori infection that mimics human disease. Science. 267:1655-8.
Marchetti, M., M. Rossi, V. Giannelli, M.M. Giuliani, M. Pizza, S. Censini, A. Covacci, P. Massari, C. Pagliaccia, R. Manetti, J.L. Telford, G. Douce, G. Dougan, R. Rappuoli, and P. Ghiara. 1998. Protection against Helicobacter pylori infection in mice by intragastric vaccination with H. pylori antigens is achieved using a non-toxic mutant of E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) as adjuvant. Vaccine. 16:33-7.
Marchini, A., M. d''Apolito, P. Massari, M. Atzeni, M. Copass, and R. Olivieri. 1995. Cyclodextrins for growth of Helicobacter pylori and production of vacuolating cytotoxin. Arch Microbiol. 164:290-3.
Marshall, B.J., L.J. Barrett, C. Prakash, R.W. McCallum, and R.L. Guerrant. 1990. Urea protects Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori from the bactericidal effect of acid. Gastroenterology. 99:697-702.
Marshall, B.J., D.B. McGechie, P.A. Rogers, and R.J. Glancy. 1985. Pyloric Campylobacter infection and gastroduodenal disease. Med J Aust. 142:439-44.
Marshall, D.G., W.G. Dundon, S.M. Beesley, and C.J. Smyth. 1998. Helicobacter pylori-a conundrum of genetic diversity. Microbiol. 144:2925?939.
Martin-Belmonte, F., P. Arvan, and M.A. Alonso. 2001. MAL mediates apical transport of secretory proteins in polarized epithelial Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. J Biol Chem. 276:49337-42.
Martin-Belmonte, F., R. Puertollano, J. Millan, and M.A. Alonso. 2000. The MAL proteolipid is necessary for the overall apical delivery of membrane proteins in the polarized epithelial Madin-Darby canine kidney and fischer rat thyroid cell lines. Mol Biol Cell. 11:2033-45.
Matsui, T., Y. Matsukawa, T. Sakai, K. Nakamura, A. Aoike, and K. Kawai. 1997. Ammonia inhibits proliferation and cell cycle progression at S-phase in human gastric cells. Dig Dis Sci. 42:1394-9.
Matsukura, N., M. Onda, S. Kato, H. Hasegawa, K. Okawa, T. Shirakawa, A. Tokunaga, K. Yamashita, and A. Hayashi. 1997. Cytotoxin genes of Helicobacter pylori in chronic gastritis, gastroduodenal ulcer and gastric cancer: an age and gender matched case- control study. Jpn J Cancer Res. 88:532-6.
Mayor, S., S. Sabharanjak, and F.R. Maxfield. 1998. Cholesterol-dependent retention of GPI-anchored proteins in endosomes. Embo J. 17:4626-38.
McClain, M.S., W. Schraw, V. Ricci, P. Boquet, and T.L. Cover. 2000. Acid activation of Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA) results in toxin internalization by eukaryotic cells. Mol Microbiol. 37:433-42.
McConville, M.J., and A.K. Menon. 2000. Recent developments in the cell biology and biochemistry of glycosylphosphatidylinositol lipids (review). Mol Membr Biol. 17:1-16.
McConville, M.J., P. Schneider, L. Proudfoot, C. Masterson, and M.A. Ferguson. 1994. The developmental regulation and biosynthesis of GPI-related structures in Leishmania parasites. Braz J Med Biol Res. 27:139-44.
Meyer-ter-Vehn, T., A. Covacci, M. Kist, and H.L. Pahl. 2000. Helicobacter pylori activates mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades and induces expression of the proto-oncogenes c-fos and c-jun. J Biol Chem. 275:16064-72.
Miehlke, S., C. Kirsch, K. Agha-Amiri, T. Gunther, N. Lehn, P. Malfertheiner, M. Stolte, G. Ehninger, and E. Bayerdorffer. 2000. The Helicobacter pylori vacA s1, m1 genotype and cagA is associated with gastric carcinoma in Germany. Int J Cancer. 87:322-7.
Millan, J., J. Cerny, V. Horejsi, and M.A. Alonso. 1999. CD4 segregates into specific detergent-resistant T-cell membrane microdomains. Tissue Antigens. 53:33-40.
Mobley, H.L., M.J. Cortesia, L.E. Rosenthal, and B.D. Jones. 1988. Characterization of urease from Campylobacter pylori. J Clin Microbiol. 26:831-6.
Mobley, H.L., R.M. Garner, and P. Bauerfeind. 1995. Helicobacter pylori nickel-transport gene nixA: synthesis of catalytically active urease in Escherichia coli independent of growth conditions. Mol Microbiol. 16:97-109.
Molinari, M., C. Galli, N. Norais, J.L. Telford, R. Rappuoli, J.P. Luzio, and C. Montecucco. 1997. Vacuoles induced by Helicobacter pylori toxin contain both late endosomal and lysosomal markers. J Biol Chem. 272:25339-44.
Molinari, M., M. Salio, C. Galli, N. Norais, R. Rappuoli, A. Lanzavecchia, and C. Montecucco. 1998. Selective inhibition of Ii-dependent antigen presentation by Helicobacter pylori toxin VacA. J Exp Med. 187:135-40.
Montecucco, C., E. Papini, M. de Bernard, and M. Zoratti. 1999. Molecular and cellular activities of Helicobacter pylori pathogenic factors. FEBS Lett. 452:16-21.
Montixi, C., C. Langlet, A.M. Bernard, J. Thimonier, C. Dubois, M.A. Wurbel, J.P. Chauvin, M. Pierres, and H.T. He. 1998. Engagement of T cell receptor triggers its recruitment to low-density detergent-insoluble membrane domains. Embo J. 17:5334-48.
Moran, A.P. 1996. The role of lipopolysaccharide in Helicobacter pylori pathogenesis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 10 Suppl 1:39-50.
Moran, A.P., B. Lindner, and E.J. Walsh. 1997. Structural characterization of the lipid A component of Helicobacter pylori rough- and smooth-form lipopolysaccharides. J Bacteriol. 179:6453-63.
Morita, Y.S., K.S. Paul, and P.T. Englund. 2000. Specialized fatty acid synthesis in African trypanosomes: myristate for GPI anchors. Science. 288:140-3.
Muniz, M., P. Morsomme, and H. Riezman. 2001. Protein sorting upon exit from the endoplasmic reticulum. Cell. 104:313-20.
Naslavsky, N., H. Shmeeda, G. Friedlander, A. Yanai, A.H. Futerman, Y. Barenholz, and A. Taraboulos. 1999. Sphingolipid depletion increases formation of the scrapie prion protein in neuroblastoma cells infected with prions. J Biol Chem. 274:20763-71.
Naslavsky, N., R. Stein, A. Yanai, G. Friedlander, and A. Taraboulos. 1997. Characterization of detergent-insoluble complexes containing the cellular prion protein and its scrapie isoform. J Biol Chem. 272:6324-31.
Nelson, K.L., and J.T. Buckley. 2000. Channel formation by the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein binding toxin aerolysin is not promoted by lipid rafts. J Biol Chem. 275:19839-43.
Nelson, K.L., S.M. Raja, and J.T. Buckley. 1997. The glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored surface glycoprotein Thy-1 is a receptor for the channel-forming toxin aerolysin. J Biol Chem. 272:12170-4.
Neufeld, E.B., A.M. Cooney, J. Pitha, E.A. Dawidowicz, N.K. Dwyer, P.G. Pentchev, and E.J. Blanchette-Mackie. 1996. Intracellular trafficking of cholesterol monitored with a cyclodextrin. J Biol Chem. 271:21604-13.
Neugut, A.I., M. Hayek, and G. Howe. 1996. Epidemiology of gastric cancer. Semin Oncol. 23:281-91.
Nguyen, D.H., Z. Liao, J.T. Buckley, and J.E. Hildreth. 1999. The channel-forming toxin aerolysin neutralizes human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Mol Microbiol. 33:659-66.
Nichols, B.J., A.K. Kenworthy, R.S. Polishchuk, R. Lodge, T.H. Roberts, K. Hirschberg, R.D. Phair, and J. Lippincott-Schwartz. 2001. Rapid cycling of lipid raft markers between the cell surface and Golgi complex. J Cell Biol. 153:529-41.
Nomura, A., and G.N. Stemmermann. 1993. Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 8:294-303.
Nusrat, A., C.A. Parkos, P. Verkade, C.S. Foley, T.W. Liang, W. Innis-Whitehouse, K.K. Eastburn, and J.L. Madara. 2000. Tight junctions are membrane microdomains. J Cell Sci. 113:1771-81.
Nusrat, A., C. von Eichel-Streiber, J.R. Turner, P. Verkade, J.L. Madara, and C.A. Parkos. 2001. Clostridium difficile toxins disrupt epithelial barrier function by altering membrane microdomain localization of tight junction proteins. Infect Immun. 69:1329-36.
Odenbreit, S., J. Puls, B. Sedlmaier, E. Gerland, W. Fischer, and R. Haas. 2000. Translocation of Helicobacter pylori CagA into gastric epithelial cells by type IV secretion. Science. 287:1497-500.
Ono, A., and E.O. Freed. 2001. Plasma membrane rafts play a critical role in HIV-1 assembly and release. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 98:13925-30.
Orlandi, P.A., and P.H. Fishman. 1998. Filipin-dependent inhibition of cholera toxin: evidence for toxin internalization and activation through caveolae-like domains. J Cell Biol. 141:905-15.
Oyedeji, K.S., S.I. Smith, A.O. Arigbabu, A.O. Coker, D.A. Ndububa, E.A. Agbakwuru, and O.A. Atoyebi. 2002. Use of direct Gram stain of stomach biopsy as a rapid screening method for detection of Helicobacter pylori from peptic ulcer and gastritis patients. J Basic Microbiol. 42:121-125.
Padilla, P.I., A. Wada, K. Yahiro, M. Kimura, T. Niidome, H. Aoyagi, A. Kumatori, M. Anami, T. Hayashi, J. Fujisawa, H. Saito, J. Moss, and T. Hirayama. 2000. Morphologic differentiation of HL-60 cells is associated with appearance of RPTPbeta and induction of Helicobacter pylori VacA sensitivity. J Biol Chem. 275:15200-6.
Pagliaccia, C., M. de Bernard, P. Lupetti, X. Ji, D. Burroni, T.L. Cover, E. Papini, R. Rappuoli, J.L. Telford, and J.M. Reyrat. 1998a. The m2 form of the Helicobacter pylori cytotoxin has cell type-specific vacuolating activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 95:10212-7.
Pagliaccia, C., M. de Bernard, P. Lupetti, X. Ji, D. Burroni, T.L. Cover, E. Papini, R. Rappuoli, J.L. Telford, and J.M. Reyrat. 1998b. The m2 form of the Helicobacter pylori cytotoxin has cell type-specific vacuolating activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95:10212-10217.
Pai, R., T.L. Cover, and A.S. Tarnawski. 1999. Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA) disorganizes the cytoskeletal architecture of gastric epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 262:245-50.
Pai, R., E. Sasaki, and A.S. Tarnawski. 2000. Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA) alters cytoskeleton- associated proteins and interferes with re-epithelialization of wounded gastric epithelial monolayers. Cell Biol Int. 24:291-301.
Pan, Z.J., D.E. Berg, R.W. van der Hulst, W.W. Su, A. Raudonikiene, S.D. Xiao, J. Dankert, G.N. Tytgat, and A. van der Ende. 1998. Prevalence of vacuolating cytotoxin production and distribution of distinct vacA alleles in Helicobacter pylori from China. J. Infect. Dis. 178:220-226.
Papini, E., M. de Bernard, E. Milia, M. Bugnoli, M. Zerial, R. Rappuoli, and C. Montecucco. 1994. Cellular vacuoles induced by Helicobacter pylori originate from late endosomal compartments. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 91:9720-4.
Papini, E., B. Satin, N. Norais, M. de Bernard, J.L. Telford, R. Rappuoli, and C. Montecucco. 1998. Selective increase of the permeability of polarized epithelial cell monolayers by Helicobacter pylori vacuolating toxin. J Clin Invest. 102:813-20.
Papini, E., M. Zoratti, and T.L. Cover. 2001. In search of the Helicobacter pylori VacA mechanism of action. Toxicon. 39:1757-67.
Parsonnet, J., G.D. Friedman, N. Orentreich, and H. Vogelman. 1997. Risk for gastric cancer in people with CagA positive or CagA negative Helicobacter pylori infection. Gut. 40:297-301.
Parsonnet, J., G.D. Friedman, D.P. Vandersteen, Y. Chang, J.H. Vogelman, N. Orentreich, and R.K. Sibley. 1991. Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk of gastric carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 325:1127-31.
Patchett, S., S. Beattie, E. Leen, C. Keane, and C. O''Morain. 1992. Helicobacter pylori and duodenal ulcer recurrence. Am J Gastroenterol. 87:24-7.
Peek, R.M., Jr., S.A. Thompson, J.P. Donahue, K.T. Tham, J.C. Atherton, M.J. Blaser, and G.G. Miller. 1998. Adherence to gastric epithelial cells induces expression of a Helicobacter pylori gene, iceA, that is associated with clinical outcome. Proc Assoc Am Physicians. 110:531-44.
Pelicic, V., J.M. Reyrat, L. Sartori, C. Pagliaccia, R. Rappuoli, J.L. Telford, C. Montecucco, and E. Papini. 1999. Helicobacter pylori VacA cytotoxin associated with the bacteria increases epithelial permeability independently of its vacuolating activity. Microbiology. 145:2043-50.
Petersen, A.M., K. Sorensen, J. Blom, and K.A. Krogfelt. 2001. Reduced intracellular survival of Helicobacter pylori vacA mutants in comparison with their wild-types indicates the role of VacA in pathogenesis. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 30:103-8.
Phadnis, S.H., M.H. Parlow, M. Levy, D. Ilver, C.M. Caulkins, J.B. Connors, and B.E. Dunn. 1996. Surface localization of Helicobacter pylori urease and a heat shock protein homolog requires bacterial autolysis. Infect Immun. 64:905-12.
Pieters, J., and J. Gatfield. 2002. Hijacking the host: survival of pathogenic mycobacteria inside macrophages. Trends Microbiol. 10:142-6.
Razani, B., A. Schlegel, and M.P. Lisanti. 2000. Caveolin proteins in signaling, oncogenic transformation and muscular dystrophy. J Cell Sci. 113:2103-9.
Reyrat, J.M., S. Lanzavecchia, P. Lupetti, M. de Bernard, C. Pagliaccia, V. Pelicic, M. Charrel, C. Ulivieri, N. Norais, X. Ji, V. Cabiaux, E. Papini, R. Rappuoli, and J.L. Telford. 1999a. 3D imaging of the 58 kDa cell binding subunit of the Helicobacter pylori cytotoxin. J Mol Biol. 290:459-70.
Reyrat, J.M., V. Pelicic, E. Papini, C. Montecucco, R. Rappuoli, and J.L. Telford. 1999b. Towards deciphering the Helicobacter pylori cytotoxin. Mol Microbiol. 34:197-204.
Ricci, V., A. Galmiche, A. Doye, V. Necchi, E. Solcia, and P. Boquet. 2000. High cell sensitivity to Helicobacter pylori VacA toxin depends on a GPI-anchored protein and is not blocked by inhibition of the clathrin- mediated pathway of endocytosis. Mol Biol Cell. 11:3897-909.
Ricci, V., P. Sommi, R. Fiocca, M. Romano, E. Solcia, and U. Ventura. 1997. Helicobacter pylori vacuolating toxin accumulates within the endosomal- vacuolar compartment of cultured gastric cells and potentiates the vacuolating activity of ammonia. J Pathol. 183:453-9.
Rietveld, A., and K. Simons. 1998. The differential miscibility of lipids as the basis for the formation of functional membrane rafts. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1376:467-79.
Robinson, P.J. 1991. Signal transduction by GPI-anchored membrane proteins. Cell Biol Int Rep. 15:761-7.
Roper, K., D. Corbeil, and W.B. Huttner. 2000. Retention of prominin in microvilli reveals distinct cholesterol-based lipid micro-domains in the apical plasma membrane. Nat Cell Biol. 2:582-92.
Sabharanjak, S., P. Sharma, R.G. Parton, and S. Mayor. 2002. GPI-anchored proteins are delivered to recycling endosomes via a distinct cdc42-regulated, clathrin-independent pinocytic pathway. Dev Cell. 2:411-23.
Saitoh, T., H. Natomi, W.L. Zhao, K. Okuzumi, K. Sugano, M. Iwamori, and Y. Nagai. 1991. Identification of glycolipid receptors for Helicobacter pylori by TLC- immunostaining. FEBS Lett. 282:385-7.
Salama, N.R., G. Otto, L. Tompkins, and S. Falkow. 2001. Vacuolating cytotoxin of Helicobacter pylori plays a role during colonization in a mouse model of infection. Infect Immun. 69:730-6.
Sammar, M., E. Gulbins, K. Hilbert, F. Lang, and P. Altevogt. 1997. Mouse CD24 as a signaling molecule for integrin-mediated cell binding: functional and physical association with src-kinases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 234:330-4.
Sanghera, N., and T.J. Pinheiro. 2002. Binding of prion protein to lipid membranes and implications for prion conversion. J Mol Biol. 315:1241-56.
Satin, B., N. Norais, J. Telford, R. Rappuoli, M. Murgia, C. Montecucco, and E. Papini. 1997. Effect of Helicobacter pylori vacuolating toxin on maturation and extracellular release of procathepsin D and on epidermal growth factor degradation. J Biol Chem. 272:25022-8.
Schroeder, R., E. London, and D. Brown. 1994. Interactions between saturated acyl chains confer detergent resistance on lipids and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins: GPI- anchored proteins in liposomes and cells show similar behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 91:12130-4.
Schroeder, R.J., S.N. Ahmed, Y. Zhu, E. London, and D.A. Brown. 1998. Cholesterol and sphingolipid enhance the Triton X-100 insolubility of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins by promoting the formation of detergent-insoluble ordered membrane domains. J Biol Chem. 273:1150-7.
Segal, E.D., C. Lange, A. Covacci, L.S. Tompkins, and S. Falkow. 1997. Induction of host signal transduction pathways by Helicobacter pylori. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 94:7595-9.
Seto, K., Y. Hayashi-Kuwabara, T. Yoneta, H. Suda, and H. Tamaki. 1998. Vacuolation induced by cytotoxin from Helicobacter pylori is mediated by the EGF receptor in HeLa cells. FEBS Lett. 431:347-50.
Shimoyama, T., T. Yoshimura, T. Mikami, S. Fukuda, J.E. Crabtree, and A. Munakata. 1998. Evaluation of Helicobacter pylori vacA genotype in Japanese patients with gastric cancer. J Clin Pathol. 51:299-301.
Shin, J.S., Z. Gao, and S.N. Abraham. 2000. Involvement of cellular caveolae in bacterial entry into mast cells. Science. 289:785-8.
Shogomori, H., and A.H. Futerman. 2001. Cholesterol depletion by methyl-beta-cyclodextrin blocks cholera toxin transport from endosomes to the Golgi apparatus in hippocampal neurons. J Neurochem. 78:991-9.
Simons, M., E.M. Kramer, C. Thiele, W. Stoffel, and J. Trotter. 2000. Assembly of myelin by association of proteolipid protein with cholesterol- and galactosylceramide-rich membrane domains. J Cell Biol. 151:143-54.
Skretting, G., M.L. Torgersen, B. van Deurs, and K. Sandvig. 1999. Endocytic mechanisms responsible for uptake of GPI-linked diphtheria toxin receptor. J Cell Sci. 112:3899-909.
Smoot, D.T., J.H. Resau, M.H. Earlington, M. Simpson, and T.L. Cover. 1996. Effects of Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin on primary cultures of human gastric epithelial cells. Gut. 39:795-9.
Snow, P.M., K. Zinn, A.L. Harrelson, L. McAllister, J. Schilling, M.J. Bastiani, G. Makk, and C.S. Goodman. 1988. Characterization and cloning of fasciclin I and fasciclin II glycoproteins in the grasshopper. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 85:5291-5.
Solomon, K.R., C.E. Rudd, and R.W. Finberg. 1996. The association between glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins and heterotrimeric G protein alpha subunits in lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 93:6053-8.
Solomon, S., M. Masilamani, L. Rajendran, M. Bastmeyer, C.A. Stuermer, and H. Illges. 2002. The lipid raft microdomain-associated protein reggie-1/flotillin-2 is expressed in human B cells and localized at the plasma membrane and centrosome in PBMCs. Immunobiology. 205:108-19.
Sommi, P., V. Ricci, R. Fiocca, V. Necchi, M. Romano, J.L. Telford, E. Solcia, and U. Ventura. 1998. Persistence of Helicobacter pylori VacA toxin and vacuolating potential in cultured gastric epithelial cells. Am J Physiol. 275:G681-8.
Stefanova, I., V. Horejsi, I.J. Ansotegui, W. Knapp, and H. Stockinger. 1991. GPI-anchored cell-surface molecules complexed to protein tyrosine kinases. Science. 254:1016-9.
Stein, M., F. Bagnoli, R. Halenbeck, R. Rappuoli, W.J. Fantl, and A. Covacci. 2002. c-Src/Lyn kinases activate Helicobacter pylori CagA through tyrosine phosphorylation of the EPIYA motifs. Mol Microbiol. 43:971-80.
Stein, M., R. Rappuoli, and A. Covacci. 2000. Tyrosine phosphorylation of the Helicobacter pylori CagA antigen after cag-driven host cell translocation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 97:1263-8.
Stulnig, T.M., M. Berger, T. Sigmund, H. Stockinger, V. Horejsi, and W. Waldhausl. 1997. Signal transduction via glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins in T cells is inhibited by lowering cellular cholesterol. J Biol Chem. 272:19242-7.
Suerbaum, S., C. Josenhans, and A. Labigne. 1993. Cloning and genetic characterization of the Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae flaB flagellin genes and construction of H. pylori flaA- and flaB-negative mutants by electroporation-mediated allelic exchange. J Bacteriol. 175:3278-88.
Suerbaum, S., J.M. Smith, K. Bapumia, G. Morelli, N.H. Smith, E. Kunstmann, I. Dyrek, and M. Achtman. 1998. Free recombination within Helicobacter pylori. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95:12619-12624.
Sutterlin, C., T.L. Doering, F. Schimmoller, S. Schroder, and H. Riezman. 1997. Specific requirements for the ER to Golgi transport of GPI-anchored proteins in yeast. J Cell Sci. 110:2703-14.
Sutton, P., J. Wilson, T. Kosaka, I. Wolowczuk, and A. Lee. 2000. Therapeutic immunization against Helicobacter pylori infection in the absence of antibodies. Immunol Cell Biol. 78:28-30.
Szabo, I., S. Brutsche, F. Tombola, M. Moschioni, B. Satin, J.L. Telford, R. Rappuoli, C. Montecucco, E. Papini, and M. Zoratti. 1999. Formation of anion-selective channels in the cell plasma membrane by the toxin VacA of Helicobacter pylori is required for its biological activity. Embo J. 18:5517-27.
Talley, N.J., A.R. Zinsmeister, A. Weaver, E.P. DiMagno, H.A. Carpenter, G.I. Perez-Perez, and M.J. Blaser. 1991. Gastric adenocarcinoma and Helicobacter pylori infection. J Natl Cancer Inst. 83:1734-9.
Taylor, D.N., and M.J. Blaser. 1991a. The epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection. Epidemiol Rev. 13:42-59.
Taylor, D.N., and M.J. Blaser. 1991b. The epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection. Epidemiol. Rev. 13:42-59.
Taylor, D.N., and P. J. 1995. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori Infection. Proceedings from a roundtable meeting. Hertfordshire, United Kingdom, December 1994. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 9:1-110.
Telford, J.L., P. Ghiara, M. Dell''Orco, M. Comanducci, D. Burroni, M. Bugnoli, M.F. Tecce, S. Censini, A. Covacci, Z. Xiang, and et al. 1994. Gene structure of the Helicobacter pylori cytotoxin and evidence of its key role in gastric disease. J Exp Med. 179:1653-58.
Teneberg, S., I. Leonardsson, H. Karlsson, P.A. Jovall, J. Angstrom, D. Danielsson, I. Naslund, A. Ljungh, T. Wadstrom, and K.A. Karlsson. 2002. Lactotetraosylceramide, a novel glycosphingolipid receptor for Helicobacter pylori, present in human gastric epithelium. J Biol Chem. 25:25.
Thomas, J.E., G.R. Gibson, M.K. Darboe, A. Dale, and L.T. Weaver. 1992. Isolation of Helicobacter pylori from human faeces. Lancet. 340:1194-5.
Tomb, J.F., O. White, A.R. Kerlavage, R.A. Clayton, G.G. Sutton, R.D. Fleischmann, K.A. Ketchum, H.P. Klenk, S. Gill, B.A. Dougherty, K. Nelson, J. Quackenbush, L. Zhou, E.F. Kirkness, S. Peterson, B. Loftus, D. Richardson, R. Dodson, H.G. Khalak, A. Glodek, K. McKenney, L.M. Fitzegerald, N. Lee, M.D. Adams, J.C. Venter, and et al. 1997. The complete genome sequence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Nature. 388:539-47.
Tombola, F., C. Carlesso, I. Szabo, M. de Bernard, J.M. Reyrat, J.L. Telford, R. Rappuoli, C. Montecucco, E. Papini, and M. Zoratti. 1999. Helicobacter pylori vacuolating toxin forms anion-selective channels in planar lipid bilayers: possible implications for the mechanism of cellular vacuolation. Biophys J. 76:1401-9.
Tombola, F., L. Morbiato, G. Del Giudice, R. Rappuoli, M. Zoratti, and E. Papini. 2001. The Helicobacter pylori VacA toxin is a urea permease that promotes urea diffusion across epithelia. J Clin Invest. 108:929-37.
Tsuda, M., M. Karita, and T. Nakazawa. 1993. Genetic transformation in Helicobacter pylori. Microbiol Immunol. 37:85-9.
Tsujii, M., S. Kawano, S. Tsuji, K. Nagano, T. Ito, N. Hayashi, H. Fusamoto, T. Kamada, and K. Tamura. 1992. Ammonia: a possible promotor in Helicobacter pylori-related gastric carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett. 65:15-8.
Tummuru, M.K., T.L. Cover, and M.J. Blaser. 1993a. Cloning and expression of a high-molecular-mass major antigen of Helicobacter pylori: evidence of linkage to cytotoxin production. Infect Immun. 61:1799-809.
Tummuru, M.K.R., T.L. Cover, and M.J. Blaser. 1993b. Cloning and expression of a high-molecular-mass major antigen of Helicobacter pylori: evidence of linkage to cytotoxin production. Infect. Immun. 61:1799-1809.
Vaira, D., J. Holton, C. Ricci, M. Menegatti, L. Gatta, S. Berardi, A. Tampieri, and M. Miglioli. 2001. The transmission of Helicobacter pylori from stomach to stomach. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 15 Suppl 1:33-42.
van der Goot, F.G., and T. Harder. 2001. Raft membrane domains: from a liquid-ordered membrane phase to a site of pathogen attack. Semin Immunol. 13:89-97.
Van Doorn, L.J., C. Figueiredo, F. Megraud, S. Pena, P. Midolo, D.M. Queiroz, F. Carneiro, B. Vanderborght, M.D. Pegado, R. Sanna, W. De Boer, P.M. Schneeberger, P. Correa, E.K. Ng, J. Atherton, M.J. Blaser, and W.G. Quint. 1999. Geographic distribution of vacA allelic types of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology. 116:823-30.
van Doorn, L.J., C. Figueiredo, R. Sanna, S. Pena, P. Midolo, E.K. Ng, J.C. Atherton, M.J. Blaser, and W.G. Quint. 1998. Expanding allelic diversity of Helicobacter pylori vacA. J Clin Microbiol. 36:2597-603.
van Duynhoven, Y.T., and R. de Jonge. 2001. Transmission of Helicobacter pylori: a role for food? Bull World Health Organ. 79:455-60.
Villalba, M., K. Bi, F. Rodriguez, Y. Tanaka, S. Schoenberger, and A. Altman. 2001. Vav1/Rac-dependent actin cytoskeleton reorganization is required for lipid raft clustering in T cells. J Cell Biol. 155:331-8.
Viola, A., S. Schroeder, Y. Sakakibara, and A. Lanzavecchia. 1999. T lymphocyte costimulation mediated by reorganization of membrane microdomains. Science. 283:680-2.
Wang, H.J., C.H. Kuo, A.A. Yeh, P.C. Chang, and W.C. Wang. 1998. Vacuolating toxin production in clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori with different vacA genotypes. J Infect Dis. 178:207-12.
Wang, J.T., J.C. Sheu, J.T. Lin, T.H. Wang, and M.S. Wu. 1993a. Direct DNA amplification and restriction pattern analysis of Helicobacter pylori in patients with duodenal ulcer and their families. J. Infect. Dis. 168:1544-1548.
Wang, W.C., H.J. Wang, and C.H. Kuo. 2001. Two distinctive cell binding patterns by vacuolating toxin fused with glutathione S-transferase: one high-affinity m1-specific binding and the other lower-affinity binding for variant m forms. Biochemistry. 40:11887-96.
Wang, W.C., K. Zinn, and P.J. Bjorkman. 1993. Expression and structural studies of fasciclin I, an insect cell adhesion molecule. J Biol Chem. 268:1448-55.
Watanabe, T., M. Tada, H. Nagai, S. Sasaki, and M. Nakao. 1998. Helicobacter pylori infection induces gastric cancer in Mongolian gerbrils. Gastroenterol. 115:642-648.
Weise, F., Y.D. Stierhof, C. Kuhn, M. Wiese, and P. Overath. 2000. Distribution of GPI-anchored proteins in the protozoan parasite Leishmania, based on an improved ultrastructural description using high- pressure frozen cells. J Cell Sci. 113 Pt 24:4587-603.
Wolf, A.A., Y. Fujinaga, and W.I. Lencer. 2002. Uncoupling of the Cholera Toxin-GM1 Ganglioside Receptor Complex from Endocytosis, Retrograde Golgi Trafficking, and Downstream Signal Transduction by Depletion of Membrane Cholesterol. J Biol Chem. 277:16249-56.
Xavier, R., T. Brennan, Q. Li, C. McCormack, and B. Seed. 1998. Membrane compartmentation is required for efficient T cell activation. Immunity. 8:723-32.
Xiang, Z., S. Censini, P.F. Bayeli, J.L. Telford, N. Figura, R. Rappuoli, and A. Covacci. 1995. Analysis of expression of CagA and VacA virulence factors in 43 strains of Helicobacter pylori reveals that clinical isolates can be divided into two major types and that CagA is not necessary for expression of the vacuolating cytotoxin. Infect. Immun. 63:94-98.
Yahiro, K., T. Niidome, T. Hatakeyama, H. Aoyagi, H. Kurazono, P.I. Padilla, A. Wada, and T. Hirayama. 1997. Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin binds to the 140-kDa protein in human gastric cancer cell lines, AZ-521 and AGS. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 238:629-32.
Yahiro, K., T. Niidome, M. Kimura, T. Hatakeyama, H. Aoyagi, H. Kurazono, K. Imagawa, A. Wada, J. Moss, and T. Hirayama. 1999. Activation of Helicobacter pylori VacA toxin by alkaline or acid conditions increases its binding to a 250-kDa receptor protein-tyrosine phosphatase beta. J Biol Chem. 274:36693-9.
Yamaoka, Y., T. Kodama, M. Kita, J. Imanishi, K. Kashima, and D.Y. Graham. 1998. Relationship of vacA genotypes of Helicobacter pylori to cagA status, cytotoxin production, and clinical outcome. Helicobacter. 3:241-53.
Yang, H., and E.L. Reinherz. 2001. Dynamic recruitment of human CD2 into lipid rafts. Linkage to T cell signal transduction. J Biol Chem. 276:18775-85.
Yang, J.C., C.H. Kuo, H.J. Wang, T.C. Wang, C.S. Chang, and W.C. Wang. 1998. Vacuolating toxin gene polymorphism among Helicobacter pylori clinical isolates and its association with m1, m2, or chimeric vacA middle types. Scand J Gastroenterol. 33:1152-7.
Yang, J.C., T.H. Wang, H.J. Wang, C.H. Kuo, J.T. Wang, and W.C. Wang. 1997. Genetic analysis of the cytotoxin-associated gene and the vacuolating toxin gene in Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from Taiwanese patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 92:1316-21.
Ye, D., D.C. Willhite, and S.R. Blanke. 1999. Identification of the minimal intracellular vacuolating domain of the Helicobacter pylori vacuolating toxin. J Biol Chem. 274:9277-82.
Zhang, J., A. Pekosz, and R.A. Lamb. 2000. Influenza virus assembly and lipid raft microdomains: a role for the cytoplasmic tails of the spike glycoproteins. J Virol. 74:4634-44.
Zhang, W., R.P. Trible, and L.E. Samelson. 1998. LAT palmitoylation: its essential role in membrane microdomain targeting and tyrosine phosphorylation during T cell activation. Immunity. 9:239-46.
Zhuang, M., D.I. Oltean, I. Gomez, A.K. Pullikuth, M. Soberon, A. Bravo, and S.S. Gill. 2002. Heliothis virescens and Manduca sexta lipid rafts are involved in Cry1A toxin binding to the midgut epithelium and subsequent pore formation. J Biol Chem. 277:13863-72.