臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

隨選視訊串流系統能夠提供使用者立即地影像存取，許多針對熱門電影所設計的隨選之廣播協定已被證實是有效率的。然而，這些技術只針對正規播放作最佳化。互動式的功能，如往前或往後跳躍，被留作困難的選項。為了迎向此一挑戰，在本論文中提出了一個新的廣播協定。在我們的設計下，使用者只需要同時接收三個廣播串流，而伺服端則短暫地修補送出未能由廣播中接收的資料。此一性質能讓使用者所需的通訊以及儲存頻寬達到極小。除此之外，一小部份的伺服端頻道被保留來增加影片段落的廣播頻率，以顯著地降低修補串流所需的頻寬。是故，有效益的互動式媒體串流服務就能在廣大的群眾中被實現。我們用分析的方式計算了本方法的付出，並且對於所有可能的互動服務情形做了全面性的模擬。效能分析顯示出此一方法能在要求較少使用者頻寬的條件下提供具有競爭力的服務。另一方面，我們也研究了媒體資料隨時間而改變熱門程度的現象。特別地，我們揭示了週期性廣播協定中，用固定數量的伺服頻道來傳遞每一筆媒體資料的謬處。我們在論文中提出了一個動態廣播協定。伺服頻道的分配可以在空中被動態地調整，以反映最近的媒體熱門程度分佈情況。在頻道轉換的過程中，使用者不會經歷額外的等待時間，媒體的播放亦不會中斷。效能分析顯示出此一設計可以進一步改善平均的伺服起始時間。

On-demand media streaming can offer users instantly access of videos, many on-demand broadcasting protocols for popular videos have been shown to be efficient. However, these techniques were optimized only for normal playback. Interactive services, such as fast-forward or rewind, are left intact as hard options. To meet this challenge, a novel broadcasting protocol is proposed in this thesis. In our design, users only need to accumulate three broadcast streams, while the server patches the unavailable momentarily. With this feature, the demands on the communication and storage bandwidth of all clients are minimized. Besides, a few server channels are reserved to increase the broadcast frequency of the video segments to significantly reduce the patch bandwidth. As such, cost-effective interactive media streaming services can be realized over a large population of users. The overhead of the proposed scheme is evaluated analytically, and an overall emulation over all the situations of interactive services is performed. Performance study shows that our scheme can provide comparable services only demanding much less client bandwidth. On the other hand, we also investigate the time-variant popularity of media titles. Specifically, we reveal the credulous superstition of using fixed number of service channels to deliver each media title in periodic broadcast protocols. We propose in this thesis a dynamic broadcast protocol. The service channels allocation can be dynamically adjusted on the fly to reflect the most recent popularity distribution. Users will not experience additional waiting time or any disruption on media playback during the channel transition. Performance study shows that the design can further improve the average service latency.

CONTENTS I
LIST OF FIGURES II
LIST OF TABLES III
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER 2 RELATED WORKS 4
2.1 PERIODIC BROADCASTING PROTOCOL 4
2.2 INTERACTIVE SUPPORT 5
2.3 DYNAMIC BROADCAST 6
CHAPTER 3 INTERACTIVE SUPPORT: COST-EFFECTIVE BROADCAST 8
3.1 ORIGINAL STRIPING BROADCASTING PROTOCOL 8
3.2 THE COST-EFFECTIVE INTERACTIVE BROADCASTING PROTOCOL 11
3.3 ANALYTICAL STUDY 16
CHAPTER 4 DYNAMIC CHANNEL ALLOCATION: DYNAMIC BROADCAST 19
4.1 RE-DISTRIBUTION 19
4.2 RE-SEGMENTATION 20
4.3 RE-SCHEDULING 21
CHAPTER 5 PERFORMANCE STUDY 25
5.1 THE PERFORMANCE OF CB 25
5.2 THE PERFORMANCE OF CB-M 28
5.3 THE PERFORMANCE OF DB 32
5.3.1 The Effect of M & Z 34
5.3.2 The Effect of N 35
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE WORKS 37
BIBLIOGRAPHY 39

[1] D. L. Eager, M. K. Vernon, and J. Zahorjan, “Bandwidth Skimming: A Technique for Cost-Effective Video-on-Demand,” In Proc. of the Multimedia Computing and Networking Conf., pages 25-27, San Jose, CA, January 2001.
[2] D. L. Eager, M. K. Vernon, and J. Zahorjan, “Optimal and Efficient Merging Schedules for Video-on-Demand Servers,” In Proc. of the ACM Multimedia Conf., pages 199-202, Orlando, FL, October 1999.
[3] L. Xu, “Efficient and Scalable On-Demand Data Streaming Using UEP Codes,” In Proc. of the ACM Multimedia Conf., Ottawa, Ontario, October 2001.
[4] A. Hu, “Video-on-Demand Broadcasting Protocols: A Comprehensive Study,” In Proc. of the IEEE INFOCOM Conf., Anchorage, Alaska, April 2001.
[5] Jehan-Francois Pâris, “An Interactive Broadcasting Protocol for Video-on-Demand,” In Proc. of the IEEE International Performance, Computing, and Communication Conf., pages 347-353, Phoenix, AZ, April 2001.
[6] Sue-Zhe Weng, Simon Sheu, and Jun-Yi Lee, “A Cost-Effective Interactive Broadcasting Protocol for Media Streaming,” In Proc. of the National Computer Symposium Conf., pages 115-122, Taipei, Taiwan, December 2001.
[7] Simon Sheu, Sue-Zhe Weng, San-Fong Chien, and Jeng-Ming Wu, “A Novel Streaming Protocol for Scalable Interactive Services,” In Proc. of the ICACT Conf., Seoul, Korea, February 2002.
[8] S. Sheu, K.A. Hua and Y. Cai, “A Novel Broadcast Technique for Theaters in the air,” In Proc. of the WVUME Conf., pages 218-225, Chicago, IL, July 2000.
[9] Simon Sheu, Jun-Yi Lee, and Sue-Zhe Weng, “Dynamic Broadcast: An Adaptive Low-Latency Streaming Technique,” submitted to IEEE Globecom 2002 for publication.
[10] L. Juhn and L. Tseng, “Harmonic Broadcasting for Video-on-Demand Service,” IEEE Trans. on Broadcasting, 43(3):268--271, September 1997.
[11] J.-F. Pâris, S. W. Carter, and D. D. E. Long, “Efficient Broadcasting Protocols for Video-on-Demand,” In Proc. of the MASCOTS Conf., pages 127-132, Montreal, Canada, July 1998.
[12] J.-F. Pâris, Steven W. Carter, and Darrell D. E. Long, “A Low Bandwidth Broadcasting Protocol for Video-on-Demand,” In Proc. of the Computer Communications and Networks Conf., 690-697, Lafayette, LA, October 1998.
[13] S. Viswanathan and T. Imielinski, “Pyramid Broadcasting for Video-on-Demand Service,” In Proc. of the SPIE Multimedia Computing and Networking Conf., pages 66-77, San Jose, CA, February 1995.
[14] C. C. Aggarwal, J. L. Wolf, and P. S. Yu, “A Permutation-based Pyramid Broadcasting Scheme for Video-on-Demand Systems,” In Proc. of the IEEE Multimedia Systems Conf., Hiroshima, Japan, June 1996.
[15] A. Mahanti, D. L. Eager, M. K. Vernon, and D. Sundaram-Stukel, “Scalable On-demand Media Streaming with Packet Loss Recovery,” In Proc. of the ACM SIGCOMM Conf., pages 97-108, San Diego, CA, August 2001.
[16] L. Juhn and L. Tseng, “Fast Data Broadcasting and Receiving Scheme for Popular Video Service,” IEEE Trans. on Broadcasting, 44(1):100--105, March 1998.
[17] Kien A. Hua and Simon Sheu, “Skyscraper Broadcasting: A New Broadcasting Scheme for Metropolitan Video-on-Demand Systems,” In Proc. of the ACM SIGCOMM Conf., pages 89-100, Cannes, France, Sept. 1997.
[18] Jehan-Francois Pâris, Darrell D. E. Long, and Patrick E. Mantey, “Zero-Delay Broadcasting Protocols for Video-on-Demand,” In Proc. of the ACM Multimedia Conf., pages 189-197, Orlando, FL, October 1999.
[19] Jehan-Francois Pâris, Steven W. Carter, and Darrell D. E. Long, “A Hybrid Broadcasting Protocol for Video-on-Demand,” In Proc. of the SPIE Multimedia Computing and Networking Conf., pages 317-326, San Jose, CA, January 1999.
[20] J. F. Pâris, “A Simple Low-Bandwidth Broadcasting Protocol for Video-on-Demand,” In Proc. of the Computer Communications and Networks Conf., pages 690-697, October 1999.
[21] Ming-Syan Chen and Dilip D. Kandlur, “Stream Conversion to Support Interactive Video Playout,” IEEE Multimedia Magazine, 3(2):51--58, June 1996.
[22] Chia-Wen Lin, Jian Zhou, Jeongnam Youn, and Ming-Ting Sun, “MPEG Video Streaming with VCR Functionality,” IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 11(3):415--425, March 2001.
[23] Chia-Wen Lin, Jeongnam Youn, Jian Zhou, Ming-Ting Sun and Iraj Sodagar, “MPEG Video Streaming with VCR Functionality,” In Proc. of the IEEE Multimedia Software Engineering Conf., pages 146-153, Taipei, Taiwan, December 2000.
[24] B. Vasudev, “Compressed-domain Reverse Play of MPEG Video Streams,” In Proc. of the SPIE Multimedia Systems and Applications Conf., pages 237-248, San Jose, CA, November 1998.
[25] S. Wee, “Reversing Motion Vector Fields,” In Proc. of the IEEE Image Processing Conf., Chicago, IL, October 1998.
[26] W. Tavanapong, K. A. Hua, and J. Z. Wang, “A Framework for Supporting Previewing and VCR Operations in a Low Bandwidth Environment,” In Proc. of the ACM Multimedia Conf., pages 303-312, Seattle, Washington, November 1997.
[27] J.-F. Pâris, S. W. Carter, and D. D. E. Long, “Bandwidth Allocation Issues in Near Video on Demand Services,” In Proc. of the Multimedia Technology and Applications Conf., pages 196-200, Anaheim, CA, September 1998.
[28] Derek L. Eager and Mary K. Vernon, “Dynamic Skyscraper Broadcast for Video-on-Demand,” In Proc. of the Multimedia Information Systems Conf., pages 18-32, Istanbul, Turkey, September 1998.
[29] Jehan-Francois Paris, Steven W. Carter, and Darrell D. E. Long, “A Universal Distribution Protocol for Video-on-Demand,” In Proc. of the IEEE Multimedia and Expo Conf., pages 49-52, NY, USA, July 2000.
[30] Scott R. Carter and Jehan-Francois Paris, “A Dynamic Heuristic Broadcasting Protocol for Video-on-Demand,” In Proc. of the Distributed Computing Systems Conf., pages 657-664, Mesa, AZ, April 2001.
[31] Pei-Fen You and Jehan-Francois Paris, “A Better Dynamic Broadcasting Protocol for Video-on-Demand,” In Proc. of the IEEE International Performance, Computing, and Communications Conf., pages 84-89, Phoenix, AZ, April 2001.
[32] Li-Shen Juhn and Li-Ming Tseng, “Adaptive Fast Data Broadcasting Scheme for Video-on-Demand Service,” IEEE Trans. on Broadcasting, 44(2):182--185, June 1998.
[33] Hung-Chang Yang, Hsiang-Fu Yu, Li-Ming Tseng and Yi-Ming Chen, “Adaptive Live Broadcasting for Highly-Demanded Videos,” In Proc. of the National Computer Symposium Conf., pages 106-114, Taipei, Taiwan, December 2001.
[34] Y. C. Tseng, C. M. Hsieh, M .H. Yang, W. H. Liao, and J. P. Sheu, “Data Broadcasting and Seamless Channel Transition for Highly-Demanded Vodeos,” In Proc. of the IEEE INFOCOM Conf., pages 727-736, Tel-Aviv, Israel, 2000.
[35] Y. C. Tseng, M. H. Yang, C. M. Hsieh, W. H. Liao, and J. P. Sheu, “Data Broadcasting and Seamless Channel Transition for Highly-Demanded Videos,” IEEE Trans. on Communications, 49(5):863-874, May 2001.
[36] Wanjiun Liao and Victor O. K. Li, “The Split and Merge (SAM) Protocol for Interactive Video-on-Demand Systems,” In Proc. of the IEEE INFOCOM Conf., pages 1349-1356, Kobe, Japan, April 1997.
[37] Emmanuel L. Abram-Profeta, and Kang G. Shin, “Providing Unrestricted VCR Functions in Multicast Video-on-Demand Servers,” In Proc. of the IEEE Multimedia Computing and Systems Conf., pages 66-75, Austin, Texas, June 1998.