臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在這近十年來，可攜式的無線通訊產品已快速大量的成長及應用。而在高資料傳輸率的無線區域網路(WLAN)通訊系統之中，有IEEE802.11a與HIPERLAN兩個系統規格。這兩個系統均操作於5.15-5.35 GHz和5.47-5.725 GHz的5Ghz頻帶上。此外，為了達到高度積體化與低價的需求，射頻前端接收機的電路設計早已被鎖定在以互補式金氧半電晶體的積體電路製程來實現。而在此射頻接收機中，須要一個良好特性的低雜訊放大器。在此篇論文中，我們將其操作的中心頻率設定在5.2GHz。
在此低雜訊放大器的設計中，我們使用 RF/Mixed 0.18μm的互補式金氧半積體電路製程，在模擬工具上，使用安捷倫公司(Aligent)的ADS 1.5版進行高頻電路摸擬。首先，在一個單級的疊接(cascode)低雜訊放大器中，經由小訊號的公式推導，我們發現在無基體效應(body effect)之下會比在有基體效應的影響下，功率增益(S21)會較大而其雜訊指數(NF)會較小。然後，在經由軟體的摸擬驗證，在1.8V的電壓供應中，有基體效應的單級疊接低雜訊放大器，其NF=2.3 dB, S21=12.506dB, 輸入三次方交點(IIP3)=1dBm；然而在無基體效應影響下，其NF=1.939dB, S21=16.061dB, IIP3=-9.7 dBm。
除此之外，我們以單級疊接方式的低雜訊放大器為基礎，提出其拓撲架構來改善基體效應及提高其他操作特性。一個較低雜訊的疊接低雜訊放大器中，其NF=1.989dB，S21=15.206dB，IIP3=-3dBm；而一個極低功率消耗的疊接低雜訊放大器中，只有4.914mW的功率消耗，S21=15.167dB，NF=2.443dB；另一個低供應電壓的疊接低雜訊放大器中，其操作電壓只須一伏特，而其NF=2.079dB，S21=15.030dB。

In the recent ten years, the rapid growth of wireless portable communication products has led to numerous developments. There are two high speed data rate wireless local area network (WLAN) communication systems which are the IEEE802.11a and HIPERLAN. They are operated in the 5-GHz frequency band (5.15-5.35/5.47-5.725 GHz). In order to achieve the high integrated density and low cost, the radio frequency (RF) front-end has caught the attention in standard CMOS technology. A CMOS RF receiver needs a high performance low noise amplifier (LNA) and we set the center frequency at 5.2GHz, in this thesis.
The LNAs designed in this thesis, used a RF/Mixed Mode 0.18μm CMOS process technology. The simulation tool is ADS 1.5 of Aligent. Firstly, we provide the equations of single stage cascode LNA voltage gain with and without body effect. We found that the gain is higher and noise figure is lower without body effect. Secondly, assume at the same power consumption, in the cascode circuit with body effect, at 1.8V supply voltage, the noise figure is 2.3dB, power gain is 12.506 dB, and IIP3=1dBm; the noise figure is 1.939dB, power gain is 16.061dB, but the IIP3=-9.7dBm.
In addition, we propose some other cascode LNA topologies to improve the body effect and enhance the performances. A lower noise cascode LNA which has NF=1.989dB, S21=15.206dB, and IIP3=-3dBm; an ultra low power dissipation LNA which has just 4.914mW, and NF=2.443dB, S21=15.167dB; and a low supply voltage cascode LNA which has just only 1V, and NF=2.079dB, S21=15.030dB.

Contents
Chapter1 Introduction..............................................................................1
1.1 Motivation.................................................................................................1
1.2 Organization..............................................................................................3
Chapter2 The Fundamentals of LNA in RF Design................................4
2.1 The Role of LNA in Front-end Receiver...................................................4
2.1-1 Heterodyne Front-end Receiver................................................................4
2.1-2 Direction Conversion Front-end Receiver................................................6
2.1-3 Image-Reject Front-end Receiver.............................................................6
2.2 Design Parameters of LNA........................................................................8
2.2-1 S-parameters.............................................................................................8
2.2-2 Noise Figure (NF).....................................................................................9
2.2-3 Linearity (P-1db, IIP3)............................................................................11
2.2-4 Sensitivity................................................................................................14
2.2-5 Dynamic Range (DR).............................................................................15
2.2-6 Stability Factor (K).................................................................................16
2.2-7 Power Gain & Power Dissipation...........................................................17
2.3 The Input Impedance Matching Architectures of LNA...........................18
2.3-1 Resistive Termination.............................................................................18
2.3-2 1/gm Termination....................................................................................19
2.3-3 Shunt-Series Feedback............................................................................20
2.3-4 Inductive Degeneration...........................................................................20
2.4 Summary of Recent LNA Research........................................................22
Chapter3 Noise Analysis in LNA Design.............................................23
3.1 Fundamental Noise Concepts..................................................................23
3.1-1 Noise Definition......................................................................................23
3.1-2 Noise Characteristics Description...........................................................24
3.1-3 Noise Transformation..............................................................................25
3.1-4 Noise Correlation and Un-correlation.....................................................25
3.1-5 Input-referred Noise................................................................................26
3.2 Noise Source............................................................................................27
3.2-1 Thermal Noise.........................................................................................27
3.2-2 Flicker Noise (1/f Noise) .......................................................................33
3.2-3 Shot Noise...............................................................................................34
3.2-4 Burst Noise (Popcorn Noise) .................................................................35
3.3 Noise Performance of Inductive Degeneration LNA..............................36
3.4 Noise Optimization Method....................................................................40
Chapter4 The Analysis and Design of Cascode LNA...........................44
4.1 The First Order Small Signal Analysis....................................................44
4.2 The Second Order Small Signal Analysis...............................................50
4.3 Analysis of the Gain and Noise of the Circuit with Body effect.............56
4.4 The Cascode LNA Circuit Design with Body effect #1..........................60
4.4-1 Design Considerations of Cascode LNA with Body effect....................60
4.4-2 Simulation Results of Cascode LNA with Body effect..........................63
4.5 The Cascode LNA Circuit Design with no Body effect #2.....................67
4.6 The Discussions of Cascode LNA...........................................................72
4.7 Effect of the Q value of Inductor on Cascode LNA................................76
Chapter5 The Topological Structures of Cascode LNA........................79
5.1 Reduced Channel Resistance Noise of Cascode LNA............................79
5.2 Low Noise of Cascode LNA-Circuit #3..................................................81
5.3 Low Power of Cascode LNA-Circuit #4.................................................88
5.4 Low Voltage of Cascode LNA-Circuit #5...............................................95
Chapter6 Conclusions..........................................................................104
References..............................................................................................106

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