臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘要
道歉語行(the speech act of apology)是日常生活中常被使用的語言行為，因此，本文擬就漢語中道歉語行之運用情形，進行探討與分析。
Austin (1962)和Searle (1969)都曾在其對語言行為(speech act)的研究當中，提到道歉的語行，但卻都沒有對它進行詳細地分析。而後，Jenny Thomas (1995)曾參照 Searle (1969)對『應允語行』(the speech act of promise)的分析模式，對道歉語行的適切條件(felicity conditions)，提出如下的分析(1995: 99):
命題條件 說者為其過去的某一行為A表示遺憾
先備條件 說者相信行為A不符合聽者之最大利益
誠信條件 說者對行為A表示遺憾
緊要條件 被認定為對行為A的道歉
緊接著，Thomas舉出實例來指出這些適切條件有必要做調整與修正。但Thomas的論證在我們的重新檢視與檢討之後，發現其中仍有一些可議之處，因此在本文中，乃對其所做的修正提出再修正。
此外，本文藉由觀察日常生活上的多方面語料，對漢語中道歉之策略進行分類，並檢視不同道歉策略的結合情形，結果我們發現，漢語使用者對道歉所使用的策略非常多樣化，而且道歉策略的組合也十分自由。
另一方面，Brown and Levinson (1978, 1987)認為語言行為的表現，會受到社會因素(social factors)的影響，這些因素包含了行為本身的冒犯程度(ranks of imposition)、談話者間的地位高低(relative power)以及親疏遠近(social distance)，因此本文欲參照Brown and Levinson所提出的社會因素，來探討其對道歉者策略之選擇以及策略分佈情形之影響，結果我們發現，行為本身的冒犯程度愈高，或是聽者的地位愈高，說者就愈會選擇形式化(formal)且精緻(elaborate)的道歉策略組合，反之，則傾向選擇非形式化(informal)且簡單(simple)的方式；至於談話者的親密度(intimacy)方面，結果顯現對陌生人(strangers)比較會使用單一的道歉形式語(a single apologetic formula)，對親密的人(intimates)則常會使用非形式化(informal)之道歉策略，而對朋友(friends)，則偏向選擇形式化(formal)且精緻(elaborate)的道歉策略組合。最後，本文對漢語中最常見的三個道歉語：『對不起』、『抱歉』、『不好意思』進行觀察與分析，我們發現它們在用法及分佈上有很大的重疊，但其中仍有些微妙的差異。
本文最後做一總結，並對未來可能的研究發展提出進一步的說明與討論。

Abstract
In daily life, apology is a speech act we often use. For this, I attempt to explore and analyze the uses of apology in Mandarin Chinese in this study.
Austin (1962) and Searle (1969) once mentioned the speech act of apology in their researches into speech acts. However, they didn’t offer any further analysis. Later, Jenny Thomas (1995) followed Searle’s model of the speech act of promise, and proposed the felicity conditions of apology. The analysis is shown as follows (1995: 99):
Propositional act The speaker (S) expresses regret for a past act (A) of S.
Preparatory condition S believes that A was not in the hearer’s (H) best interest.
Sincerity condition S regrets A.
Essential condition Counts as an apology for A.
Then, Thomas took some examples to point out that these felicity conditions must be revised. However, after re-examining Thomas’ claim, we find that her revision may still be modified further.
Besides, by observing the data collected from various origins, I intend to categorize the strategies of apology, and examine the combinations of apology strategies. Then, we find that the strategies of apology used by the speakers in Mandarin Chinese are quite various, and the combinations of apology strategies are also in very free order.
On the other hand, Brown and Levinson (1978, 1987) claimed that the performance of the speech act would be influenced by social factors. These social factors include ranks of imposition, relative power and social distance between participants. Therefore, in this thesis, I attempt to make use of Brown and Levinson’s social factors to explore the influence of the apologizer’s choice of strategies and the distribution of apology strategies. Then, we find that if the seriousness of offence is heavier or the power of the addressee is higher, the apologizer tends to use more formal and more elaborate combinations of strategies. On the contrary, the apologizer would be inclined to using more informal and simpler combinations if the severity of offence is lighter or the power of the addressee is lower. As for the intimacy between interlocutors, the result is shown that the speakers in Mandarin Chinese tend to use a single apologetic formula to the strangers, the more informal strategies to the intimates, and the more formal and more elaborate combinations to the friends. Finally, in this study, I intend to observe and analyze the three apologetic formulae most often used in Mandarin Chinese: duibuqi 對不起 “sorry”, baoqian 抱歉 “sorry” and buhaoyisi 不好意思 “excuse me”. Then, we find that their usages and distributions are overlapped very much, but there are still some differences among them.
At the end of this thesis, I give a conclusion and offer some suggestions of the further studies.

Table of Contents
Chinese Abstract……………………………………………………..………Ⅰ
English Abstract……………………………………………………………..Ⅱ
Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………Ⅳ
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………….Ⅴ
List of Figures………………………………………………………………..Ⅶ
List of Tables…………………………………………………………………Ⅷ
1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………1
1.1 Background……………………………………………………………………..1
1.2 Motivation………………………………………………………………………2
1.3 Objective………………………………………………………………………..2
1.4 The Method and Origin of the Data in this Thesis………………………...……2
1.5 Outline of this Thesis…………………………………………………………...3
2. Literature Review…………………………………………………………..4
2.1 Speech Act Theory……………………………………………………………...4
2.1.1 J. L. Austin…………………………………………………………………4
2.1.2 J. R. Searle………………………………………………………………….6
2.2 Politeness Theory……………………………………………………………….7
2.2.1 The Face-Saving View……………………………………………………..8
2.2.2 The Conversational-Maxim View………………………………………...12
2.2.3 Politeness in Chinese……………………………………………………...15
2.3 Related Works…………………………………………………………………16
2.4 Discussion……………………………………………………………………..22
3. Apology Defined…………………………………………………………...23
3.1 The Definition of Apology…………………………………………………….23
3.2 The Factors of Apology……………………………………………………….37
4. Strategies of Apology……………………………………………………...41
4.1 Strategies of Apology………………………………………………………….41
4.1.1 Categorization of Apology Strategies………………………………….42
4.1.1.1 Direct Apologies ( = Apologetic Formulae (IFID) )……………45
4.1.1.1.1 Sub-strategies of Apologetic Formulae………………….46
4.1.1.2 Indirect Apologies………………………………………………47
4.1.2 Modifications…………………………………………………………..53
4.1.3 Discussion……………………………………………………………...54
4.2 Responses to Apologies in Mandarin Chinese………………………………...59
4.3 Distribution of Apology Strategies……………………………………………64
4.3.1 Seriousness of Offence…………………………………………………68
4.3.2 Power…………………………………………………………………...70
4.3.3 Social Distance…………………………………………………………72
5. The Comparison between duibuqi對不起 “sorry”, baoqian抱歉 “sorry”, and buhaoyisi不好意思 “excuse me”………………………….76
5.1 Similarities…………………………………………………………………….76
5.2 Differences…………………………………………………………………….77
5.2.1 Functions of duibuqi對不起 “sorry”, baoqian抱歉 “sorry”, and buhaoyisi不好意思 “excuse me”………………………………………81
5.3 The comparison of duibuqi對不起, baoqian抱歉, buhaoyisi不好意思 in Mandarin Chinese and ‘I’m sorry’, ‘excuse me’ in English…………………..88
5.4 Summary………………………………………………………………………90
6. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………93
6.1 Summary of this Thesis………………………………………………………..93
6.2 Suggestions for Further Study…………………………………………………95
References…………………………………………………………………….97

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