臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究旨在探討以國語為母語者(華語人士)相對於以英語為母語者，及不同性別人士對英語「類」母音，如/ i /，/ u /及「新」母音如/I / ，/ U /，在發音及感知方面是否有困難；是「類」母音較難發音或感知，或是「新」母音較難掌握◦ 本研究包含兩個實驗：在發音的實驗中，研究者將受試者所錄的音以聲譜儀測量母音的長度(L)，第一共振峰(F1)及第二共振峰(F2)；感知的實驗為一聽力測驗◦
實驗結果顯示1) 華語人士主要以長度來區分類/新母音而英語人士則從長度，F1及F2各方面來區分；2) 華語人士不僅不區分/ i /和/ I /的F1及/ u / 和/ U /的F1，尚且和英語人士相反，發出F1比/ U /還高的/u /；3) 英語人士所發的/ U / F2比/ u /高而華語人士則不區分/ u / 和/ U /的F2；4)女性受試者所發的/ i /和/ I /比男性長；5) 女性所發/ i /和/ I /的F1及F2皆比男性高；6) 華語人士的聽力測驗顯示其對英語高母音的感知能力非常好◦
上述結果對相關外語習得的理論或有支持或有反證，並對語音的顯著性之研究有所貢獻◦

The purposes of this study are to understand the effects of language (Mandarin vs. English) and sex (male vs. female) on the production of English similar and new vowels as analyzed by acoustic measurement of vowel length (L), first formant frequency (F1), and second formant frequency (F2), and to explore the relation between production and perception by comparing a production experiment and a listening task on Mandarin speakers.
The results indicated that a) Mandarin speakers mainly contrast the similar/new pairs of vowels by length while the English speakers contrast these pairs by all the parameters, L, F1 and F2; b) in addition to not contrasting F1 between / u / and / U /, Mandarin speakers, contrary to English speakers, produce higher F1 for / u / than / U /; c) English speakers produce significantly higher F2 for / U / than / u / while Mandarin speakers do not contrast significantly by F2 for the pair / u , U /; d) females produce longer / i / and / I / than males; e) females produce higher F1 and higher F2 for / i / and / I / than males; and f) the Mandarin subjects show excellent perception of the English high vowels.
Our subjects demonstrated difficulty in the production of new vowels and showed better perception than production. These results supported the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis, Markedness Differential Hypothesis and Desensitization Hypothesis, but failed to support Trubetzkoy’s phonological filtering and Speech Learning Model of Flege et al. The findings of this study also contributed to the research concerning the markedness of sounds by denoting the difficulties shown by our subjects in producing the tense and lax vowels.

Table of Contents
Page
Acknowledgments…………………………………………………………………. i
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………….. iii
List of Tables………………………………………………………………………. v
List of Figures……………………………………………………………………… vii
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………. ix
CHAPTERS
1. INTRODUCTION………..……………………………………………………... 1
1.1 Production and perception…………………………………………………... 5
1.2 “Similar” and “new” vowels………………………………………………… 7
1.3 Acoustic features of English vowels………………………………………… 9
1.4 Acoustic features of Mandarin vowels……………………………………… 12
2. LITERATURE REVILEW……………………………………………………… 16
2.1 Contrastive Analysis Theory………………………………………………... 16
2.2 Second language acquisition phonology……………….…………………… 20
2.3 Speech Learning Model……………………………………………………... 23
2.4 Desensitization Hypothesis…………………………………………………. 27
2.5 Vowel production in Mandarin speakers of English………………………… 29
2.6 Vowel perception in Mandarin speakers of English…………………………. 32
2.7 Issues in similar and new sounds……………………………………………. 34
3 METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………………….. 38
3.1 The production experiment………………………………………………….. 39
3.1.1 Subjects…………...…………………………………………………….. 39 3.1.2 Materials and data collection procedures……………………...………... 39
3.1.3 Data analysis procedures……………………………………………… 40
3.2 The perception experiment…………………………………………………... 41
3.2.1 Subjects…...…………………………………………………………….. 41
3.2.2 Materials and data collection procedures……………………………...... 41
3.2.3 Data analysis procedures……………………………………………..… 42
4. RESULTS…...…………………………………………………………………… 43
4.1 The production experiment…………………………………………………... 43
4.2 The perception experiment………………………………………………...… 71
5. DISCUSSION ……………...……………………………………………………. 72
5.1 Production and perception…………………………………………………… 72
5.2 Similar and new sound………………………………………………………. .79
5.3 Theoretical implications……………………………………………………... 84
5.4 Pedagogical implications……………………………………………….……. 88
6. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………….……. 91
6.1 Summary ……………………………………………………………………. 91
6.2 Limitations and suggestions…………………………………………………. 93
Appendices…………………………………………………………………………. 94
Bibliography…………………………………………………………………….…..102
List of Tables
Page
Table 1.1: Formant frequency (F1, F2)(in Hz) values of selected 6 vowels in Mandarin. Adapted from Wu (1964)………………………………… 15
Table 4.1a: Means of L (sec)……………………………………………………... 44
Table 4.1b: Means of F1 (Hz)……………………………………………………. 44
Table 4.1c: Means of F2 (Hz)……………………………………………………. 44
Table 4.2: Corrected Model I…………………………………………………….. 46
Table 4.3: The ANOVA test for the data………………………………………… 47
Table 4.4: Post hoc comparison for the effect of language on F1 (Hz)………….. 51
Table 4.5: Post hoc comparison for the effect of sex on F2 (Hz)………………... 53
Table 4.6: Post hoc comparison for the effect of language on F2 (Hz)………….. 54
Table 4.7: Post hoc comparison for the effect of sex and language on F2 (Hz)…. 56
Table 4.8: Corrected Model IIa & Iib…………………………………………….. 59
Table 4.9: ANOVA test for the effects of language, sex and similar/new vowel
on the responses L, F1, F2 respectively……………………...……….. 60
Table 4.10: Mean and Standard Deviation (SD) of all the subjects as grouped
by SEX………………………………………………………………… 62
Table 4.11: Mean and Standard Deviation (SD) of all the subjects as grouped
by LAN………………………………………………………………… 63
Table 4.12: Post hoc comparison for the effect of language on F1 of / i , I /……… 64
Table 4.13: Post hoc comparison for the factors sex and language on F1 of
/ u , U /………………………………………………………………...… 65
Table 4.14: Post hoc comparison for paired vowels by Mandarin speakers………. 69
Table 4.15: Post hoc comparison for paired vowels by English speakers……..…. 70
Table 5.1: The means of F1 in the case of / i , I / in comparison with the means obtained by Ladefoged (1975)……………………………………….. 74
Table 5.2: The means of F1 in the case of /u , U/ vs. the mean obtained by
Peterson and Barney (1952)………………….………………………. 75
Table 5.3: The means of F1 in the case of /u , U/ vs. the means obtained by
Ladefoged (1975)……...……………………………………………… 75
List of Figures
Page
Figure 1.1: / I / as produced by a native speaker (synchronized waveform
And spectrogram)……………………………………………………… 10
Figure 1.2: Plot of the first formant (F1) against the second formant (F2) for
Eight English vowels (cf. Ladefoged, 1993:197.)…………………..… 12
Figure 4.1: Frequency of the second formant versus frequency of the first, for
10 vowels spoken by 76 speakers. (Adapted from G. E. Perterson
and H. L. Barney, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 24,
1952, 182)…………………………………………………………….. 45
Figure 4.2a: Means of L produced by Mandarin speakers……………………… 48
Figure 4.2b: Means of L produced by English speakers…………………...…… 49
Figure 4.2c: Means of L produced by male and female subjects……...…...…… 49
Figure 4.2d: Means of L produced by Mandarin and English subjects.…....…… 50
Figure 4.3a: Means of F1 by Mandarin and English subjects……………...…… 52
Figure 4.3b: Means of F1 by male and female subjects…………….……...…… 52
Figure 4.4a: Means of F2 by male and female subjects…………….……...…… 54
Figure 4.4b: Means of F2 by Mandarin and English subjects……………...…… 55
Figure 4.5a: Means of F2 produced by male Mandarin speakers and
male English speakers……………………………………………….. 57
Figure 4.5b: Means of F2 produced by female Mandarin speakers and
female English speakers………………………………………….….. 57
Figure 5.1a: Native speaker V’s production of / I /………………………….…... 80
Figure 5.1b: Mandarin speaker H’s production of / I /……..……………….….... 80
Figure 5.2a: Native speaker V’s production of / U /……………………………... 81
Figure 5.2b: Mandarin speaker H’s production of / U /……..………………….... 81

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