臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

一般運動時能量的選擇會因不同強度、持續時間而有所不同。短時間高強度運動以碳水化合物為主要的能量代謝來源，而長時間的運動能量代謝來源則慢慢的由碳水化合物轉向脂肪。因此就能量系統方面來看，體內能源物質過度消耗，會造成能量供應不足(如ATP、PC、肝醣、葡萄糖的減少)而導致疲勞，疲勞是在運動過程中影響運動表現之重要因素，尤以需長時間運動的運動員(Wilmore & Costill，1999；Powers ＆ Howley，2001；謝伸裕，1997)。本研究目的在探討超級馬拉松跑與跑步機進行單次最大運動疲勞時對人體生化之影響及其差異情形，所得資料以描述統計法進行分析結果。
本實驗乃針對目前國內最優秀的男性馬拉松選手進行個案研究，受試者的年齡為24歲，身高164公分，體重49公斤，100公里跑最佳成績為7:55’57”。本研究分為二個階段，第一階段為受試者參加100公里跑的比賽，並對受試者在比賽前1天和比賽後5分鐘、0.5小時、2小時、24小時、48小時進行採血，第二階段為受試者於電動跑步道上，依Bruce法進行單次最大運動測試，其抽血點同第一階段。以觀察選手在進行超級馬拉松比賽（全長100公里）與跑步機上進行單次最大運動後，其體內乳酸（LA）、血醣（glucose）及血脂肪（HDL、LDL、TC、TG）的變化情形。
本研究結果經討論後，得到下列結論：
一、受試者在參加100公里馬拉松跑後，其體內TC及LDL有下降的現象；乳酸有上升的情形，於賽後2小時還高達11.6mmol/L；TG含量有立即上升的情形；而血醣及HDL含量的變化並不顯著。
二、受試者於跑步機上進行單次最大運動後乳酸、血醣及HDL均有上升的情形，但乳酸值於運動後0.5小時即恢復至安靜值；而LDL、TG、TC的變化都不明顯。
三、100公里超級馬拉松跑與單次最大運動後其體內乳酸、血醣、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、三酸甘油脂及總膽固醇量會有不同的變化情形。

During regular exercise, the determination of the energy system varies with the intensity and duration of exercise. The main source of energetic metabolism comes from carbohydrate during short duration, high intensity exercise, while during long duration exercise, the source switches gradually from carbonhydrate to fat and protein. Therefore, as far as energetic system goes, the over-consumption of bodily energy substance will lead to the inadequate supply of energy and resulting in fatigue. Fatigue is the key factor to the performance during the exercise of the runner, especially of those who participate in long duration exercise(Wilmore & Costill, 1999; Powers & Howley, 2001; Hsieh, 1997).This study is aimed at the bio-chemical influence variations on the ultramarathon and maximal treadmill exercise.Descriptive statistics will be used to analysis the results.
The study selects the best male marathon runner in Taiwan as the subject of this case study. The runner is 24 years old, 164 centimeters height and weights 49 kilograms. The best record of 100-Km marathon is 7:55’57”. The study is divided into two stages. In the first stage, the runner attends a 100-Km marathon race, and his blood were sampled one day before the race and 5minutes, half an hour, 24 hours, 48 hours after the race respectively. In the other stage, the runner receives the single maximal treadmill exercise test by Bruce protocol and the blood sampling were examined in the same way as described above. The study then observes of the change of LA, glucose,HDL, LDL, TC and TG of the runner in the ultramarathon race and in the treadmill for his maximal exercise.
The conclusions of the study, after a keen discussion, are as follows：
I. During post-ultramarathon period, the plasma LA and TG concentrations
increase; the plasma LDL and TC concentrations dwindle, while Glucose
and HDL concentrations do not show significantly different.
II.No great changes were found in LDL, TG and TC, whereas the
concentrations of LA, glucose and HDL increase after treadmill maximal exercise.
III.After ultramarathon and single maximal exercise,We found the change
conditions of LA,glucose,HDL,LDL,TC and TG are different.

前序部分
口試委員與所長簽字證書...................................Ⅰ
中文摘要.................................................Ⅱ
英文摘要.................................................Ⅲ
謝誌.....................................................Ⅳ
目次.....................................................Ⅴ
圖次.....................................................Ⅶ
表次....................................................VIII
本文部分
第一章 緒 論............................................1
一、前言................................................1
二、研究目的............................................5
三、名詞操作性定義......................................6
四、研究假設............................................6
五、研究範圍............................................6
第二章 文獻探討.........................................7
一、能量選擇的因素......................................7
二、運動中體內能量的來源................................8
三、疲勞的原因.........................................12
四、不同運動方式對血脂肪的影響.........................16
五、本章結語...........................................21
第三章 研究方法與步驟..................................23
一、研究對象...........................................23
二、實驗設計...........................................23
三、實驗工具...........................................24
四、實驗方法與程序.....................................25
五、血液處理與分析.....................................27
六、資料處理...........................................27
第四章 結果............................................29
一、各採血點變化情形...................................29
二、Lactic acid 濃度的變化.............................30
三、Glucose濃度的變化..................................30
四、HDL濃度的變化......................................31
五、LDL濃度的變化......................................31
六、TG濃度的變化.......................................32
七、TC濃度的變化.......................................32
第五章 討論............................................33
一、不同運動方式疲勞時對乳酸的影響.....................33
二、不同運動方式疲勞時對血醣的影響.....................34
三、不同運動方式對血脂肪的影響.........................36
第六章 結論與建議......................................40
一、結論...............................................40
二、建議...............................................40
參考文獻...............................................41
後篇部分
附錄一 受試者須知及同意書.............................50

一、中文部分：
林正常。（1989）。運動生理學實驗指引。台北市：師大書苑。
黃永任。(1994)。運動科學講座。台北市：八熊星出版社。
楊錫讓。（1991）。運動生理學。中國文化大學出版部。
黃彬彬。（1995）。血脂肪過高者之運動處方。國民體育季刊，24卷(4)期，第23-28頁。
賴金鑫。（1998）。運動醫學講座第二輯。台北市：健康世界雜誌社。
楊亮梅。（1993）。身體活動狀況及健康體能與血脂肪之比較研究。國立台灣師範大學體育研究所，台北巿，臺灣。
王秀華。（1995）。中年男性身體活動和體能狀況與血脂肪之比較研究。國立台灣師範大學體育研究所，台北巿，臺灣。
李彩華。（1998）。十二週體能訓練對婦女健康體能與血脂肪之影響，體育學報, 26，第145-152頁。
黃賢堅。（1997）。從無氧性與有氧性運動中探討Alanine、Urea
、Lactic Acid及Glucose的相關性。師大體育研究, 13，第179-196頁。
林正常。(2001)。運動訓練法。藝軒圖書出版社。
陳坤檸。(1986)。骨骼肌運動能量代謝。中華體育, 28期，第126-135頁。
林文弢。(2000)。運動訓練生化分析。中國文化大學出版部。第25-39頁。
謝伸裕。(1997)。基礎運動生物化學。力大圖書出版社。
李正美。（1992）。水中有氧運動訓練對婦女有氧體適能、身體組成及血液生化值之影響。中華民國大專院校體育總會八十一年度體育學術研討會專刊，207-216。
譚健民。（1994）。血脂肪知多少---漫談膽固醇，北市醫誌，38卷11期，頁61-63。
張瑞豪。（1980）。不同攝氣能量對恢復期乳酸排除的影響。國立臺灣師範大學體育研究所，台北巿，臺灣。
蔡仁祥。（1986）。次最大量運動對於阻塞型睡眠呼吸中止症侯群患者之影響。國立陽明大學生理學研究所，台北巿，臺灣。
薩來欣。（1990）。耳穴貼壓刺激對激烈運動前後生理反應之影響。國立臺灣師範大學體育研究所，台北市，臺灣。
陳樹屏。（1990）。不同肌肉群之動態恢復對血乳酸排除率的影響。國立臺灣師範大學體育研究所，台北巿，臺灣。
李文志。（1994）。常壓低氧與常壓常氧模擬登山訓練對運動表現與生理反應的影響。國立體育學院運動科學研究所，桃園縣，臺灣。
丁文琴。（1995）。不同運動強度恢復期女性血乳酸最高值之探討。國立臺灣師範大學體育研究所，台北巿，臺灣。
林仁彬。（1996）。毫針刺激對運動後恢復期血清生化值及EPOC的影響。中國文化大學運動教練研究所，台北巿，臺灣。
徐台閣。（1997）。高強度耐力運動訓練對免疫功能的影響。國立臺灣師範大學體育研究所，台北巿，臺灣。
林嘉志。（1998）。運動訓練對氧化態低密度脂蛋白抑制流體媒介之血管舒張作用的生理影響。國立臺灣師範大學體育研究所，台北巿，臺灣。
謝和龍。（2000）。室內拔河運動生理反應之研究。國立臺灣師範大學體育研究所，台北巿，臺灣。
二、英文部分：
Adner, M. M., ＆ Castelli, W. P. (1980). Elevated high-density lipoprotein levels in marathon runners. Journal of American Medical Association 253: 534-536.
Arthur, S. L., Casal, D., ＆ Jacobs, D. J. (1996). Effect of 2000 kcal per week of walking and Stair Climbing on Physical Fitness and risk factors for country heart disease. The Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabil, 16: 183-192.
Aguilo, A., Castano, E., Taulor, P., Guix, M. P., Serra, N., & Pons, A. (2000). Participation of blood cells in the changes of blood amino acid concentrations during maximal exercise. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 11: 81-86.
Bagan, R. D., ＆ Gettman, L. R.(1983) . Maximel aerobic power, Body fat, and serum lipoproteins in male distance runners. J. Cardiac. Rehab. 3: 331-337.
Ball-Burnett, M., Green, H., ＆ Houston, M. (1991). Energy metabolism in human slow and fast twitch fibers during prolonged cycle exercise. Journal of Physiology 437: 257-67.
Basrtung, G. H., Foreyt, J. P., Mitchell, R. E., Vlasek, I., & Gotto, A. M.(1980). Relation of diet to high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol in coronary disease patients. Am. Beart J. 101:181-184.
Barbara, J. N., Leslie, K., Jan, B., & Andrew, P. G. ( 1997 ) . Increases
in hight density lipoprotein cholesterol with endurance exercise
training are blunted obese compared with lean men . Metabolism .
46(5): 556-561 .
Baumstark, M.W., Frey, I., & Berg, A. (1993). Aucte and delayed effect of prolonged exercise on serum lipoprotein.II. Concentration and composition of low-density lipoprotein subfractions and very low-density lipoproteins. European Joumal of Applied Physiology,66(6): 526-530.
Brooks, G., ＆ Mercier, J. (1994). Balance of carbohydrate and lipid utilization during exercise: The “crossover” concept. Journal of Applied Physiology, 76: 2253-61.
Coggin, A. (1991). Plasma glucose metabolism during exercise in humans. Sports Medicine, 11: 102-24.
Coyle, E. F. et al. (1991). Carbohydrate metabolism during intense exercise when hyperglycemic. Journal of Applied Physiology ,70: 834-40.
Callow, M., Morton, A., Guppy, M. (1986). Marathon fatigue：the role of plasma fatty acids, muscle glycogen and blood glucose. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 6: 654-661.
Coyle, E. F. (1992). Carbohydrate supplementation during exercise. International Journal of Sports Nutritional, 122(3): 788-795.
Crouse, S. F., O’Brien B. C., Rohack, J. J., Lowe, R. C., Green, J. S., Tolson, H., Reed, J. L. (1995). Changes in serum lipids and apolipoproteins after exercise in men with high cholesterol：influence of intensity. Journal of Applied Physiology, 79(1): 279-286.
Davies, C. T., Thompson, M. W. (1986). Physiological responses to prolonged exercise in ultramarathon athletes. European Joumal of Applied Physiology, 61(2): 611-617.
Durstine, J. L., Miller, W., Farrell, S., Sherman, W. M., Lvy, J. L. (1983) Increases in HDL-Cholesterol and the HDL/LDL cholesterol ratio during prolonged endurance exercise. Metabolism,
32(10): 993-997.
Enger, S. C., Stromme, S. B., Refsum, H. E. (1980). High density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol and triglycerides in serum after a single exposure to prolonged heavy exercise. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 40: 341-345.
Fallon, k. E., Broad, E., Thompson, M. W., Reull, P. A. (1998). Nutritional and fluid intake in a 100km ultramarathon. International Journal of Sports Nutritional, 8(1): 24-35.
Fallon, K. E., Sivyer, G., Sivyer, K., Dare, A. (1999). The biochemistry of runners in a 1600km ultramarathon. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 33(4): 264-269.
Ginsburg, G. S., Agil, A., O’Toole, M., Rimm, E., Douglas, P. S., & Rifai, N. (1996). Effects of a single bout of ultraendurance exercise on lipid levels and susceptibility of lipids to peroxidation in triathletes. Journal of American Medical Association, 276(3): 221-225.
Gollnick, P. (1985). Metabolism of substrates: Energy substrate metabolism during exercise and as modified by training. Federation Proceedings, 44: 353-6.
Gollnick, P., ＆ Saltin, B. (1988). Fuel for muscular exercise: Role of fat. In Exercise, Nutrition, and Energy Metabolism. New York: Macmillan.
Goodman, M. (1988). Amino acid and protein metabolism. In Exercise, Nutrition, and Energy Metabolism. New York: Macmillan.
Gutin, B.N., Cucuzzo, S., Islam, C., Smith, & M. E. Stachura .( 1996 ) .
Physical training , lifestyle education , and coronary risk factors in
Obese girls . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise . 28(1):
19-23 .
Halle, M., Berg, A., Vonstein, T., Baumstark, M.W., Konig, D., & Keul, J. (1996). Lipoprotein(a) in endurance athletes, power athletes,& sedentary controls. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 28 (8): 962-966.
Hargreaves, M. (1995). Skeletal muscle carbohydrate metabolism during exercise, In Exercise Metabolism. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Hood, D., ＆ Terjung, R. (1990). Amino acid metabolism during exercise and following endurance training. Sports Medicine,9: 23-25.
Hughes, R. A., Thorland, W. G., Eyford, T., & Hood, M. P. E. (1990). The acute effects of exercise duration on serum lipoprotein metabolism. The Joumal of Sport Medicine and Physical Fitness. 30(1): 37-43.
Lamon-Fave, S., McNamara, J. R., Farber, H. W., Hill, N. S., & Schaefer, E. J. (1989). Acute changes in lipid, lipoprotein, apolipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein particle size after and endurance triathlon. Metabolism, 38(9): 921-925.
Lennon, D. L., Stratman, F. W., Shrago, E., Nagle, F. J., Hanson, P. G., Madden, M., Spennetta, T. (1983). Total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol changes during acute, moderate-intensity exercise in men and women. Mitabolism, 32(3): 244-9.
MacLean, D. et al. (1991). Plasma and muscle amino acid and ammonia responses during prolonged exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology,70: 2095-2103.
Mckechine, J. K., Leary, W. P., Noakes, T. D. (1982). Metabolic responses to a qokm running race. South African Medicine Joumal,61(13): 482-484.
Myburgh, K. H., Viljoen, A., Tereblanche, S. (2001). Plasma lactate concentrations for self-selected maximal effort lasting 1h. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(1): 152-156.
Nagao, N., Imai, Y., Arie, J., Sawada, Y., & Karatsu, K. (1986). Comparison of serum apolipoproteins and lipoproteins in active and inactive males. J. Sport Med. 28: 67-73.
Noakes, T. D., Lambert, E. V., Lambert, M. I., Mcartyur, P. S., Myburgh, K. H., Benade, A. J. (1988). Carbohydrate ingestion and muscle glycogen depletion during marathon and ultramarathon racing European Journal of Applied Physiology, 57(4): 482-489.
Noakes, T. D., & Carter, J. W. (1976), Biochemical parameters in athletes before and after having run 160 kilometers. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 50: 1562-1566.
Penny, G.D., Shaver, L.G., Carlton, J., & Kendall, D. W. (1982): Comparison of serum HDL-C and HDL-totle cholesterol ratio in middle-age active and inactive males. Journal of Sports Medician 22: 432-439.
Powers, S. K., & Howley, E. T. (2001). Exercise Physiology: Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance.( 4th ed). New York : Mcgraw-Hill.
Richard, A. S., Donald, W. M., Hyman, S., Arlette, C. N. G., & Clinton, D. B. (1990). Effects of different exercise training intensities on lipoprotein cholesterol fractions in healthy middle-aged men. American Heart Journal. 119: 277-282.
Rimmer, J. H., Looney, M. A. ( 1997 ) . Effect of an aerobic activity
program on the cholesterol levels of adolescents . Research
Quarterly for Exercise and Sport . 68(1): 74-79 .
Romijin, J. et al. (1993). Regulation of endogenous fat and carbohydrate metabolism in relation to exercise intensity. American Journal of Physiology, 265: E380-E391.
Rensburg, J. P., Kielblock, A. J., & Linde, A. (1986), Physiologic and biochemical changes during a triathlon competition. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 7: 30-35.
Saltin, B., ＆ Gollnick, P. (1988). Fuel for muscular exercise: Role of carbohydrate . In Exercise, Nutrition, and Energy Metabolism. New York: Macmillan.
Stanley, P. S., Eileen, M. C., Ann, S., David, B., & Paul, D. T. (1988). Elevated high-density lipoprotrein cholesterol in endurance Athletes is related to enhanced plasma triglyceride clearance. Metabolism, 37(6): 568-572.
Stanley, W., & Connett, R. (1991). Regulation of muscle carbohydrate metabolism during exercise. FASEB Journal 5: 2155-59.
Stephen, F.C., Barbara, C. O., Peter, W. G., Robert, C. L., James, J. R., & John, S.G. (1997). Effects of training and a single session of exercise on lipids and apolipoproteins in hypercholesterolemic men. Journal of Applied Physiology, 83(6): 2019-2028.
Stephen, F.C., Barbara, C. O., Peter, W. G., Robert, C. L., James, J.R., John, S.G., & Homer, T. (1997).Training intensity, blood lipids, and apolipoproteins in men with high cholesterol. Journal of Applied Physiology, 82(1): 270-277.
Tauler, E. P., Guix, M. P., Serra, N., & Pons, A. (2000). Participation: Participation of blood cells in the changes of blood amino acid concentrations during maximal exercise. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 11: 81-86.
Thompson, P.D., Cullinane, E., Henderson, L.O., Herbert, P. N. (1980). Acute effects of prolonged exercise on serum lipids. Metabolism. 29(7): 662-665.
Tolfrey, K., I. G. Campbell, & A. M. Batterham. ( 1998 ). Exercise
Training Induced Alterations in Prepubertal Children''''s lipid -
lipoprotein profile . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.
30(12): 1684-1692.
Turcotte, L. et al. (1995). Lipid metabolism during exercise, In Exercise Metabolism. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Tsetsonis, N. V., Hardman, A. E. (1995). The influence of the intensity of treadmill walking upon changes in lipid and lipoprotein variables in healthy adults. European Journal of Applied Physiology Occup physiol, 70(4): 329-336.
Wilmore, J. H., & Costill, D. L., (1999) . Physiology of sport and exercise.2nd.ed.chanpaign, IL. Human kinetics.
Williams, P. T., Wood, P. D., Haskell, W. L., ＆Vranizan, K. M. (1982). The effect of running mileage and duration on plasma lipoprotein levels. Journal of American Medical Association 47: 2574-2677.