臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘要
冷凍鋸峰齒鮫（Prionace glauca，俗稱水鯊魚）在魚糕的製造過程中，面臨形膠能力不佳的問題，以其為原料所做出來之煉製品品質甚差。因此本研究主要在探討凍結及凍藏條件對鋸峰齒鮫魚肉蛋白質性質之影響，以期改善其凝膠性質及提高鋸峰齒鮫煉製品的品質。將原料魚肉片（15㎝×5㎝×1㎝）分別以靜置式（-20℃）及送風式（-37℃）兩種方式凍結後，置於-20℃凍藏四個月，觀察其凍藏期間魚肉肌動凝蛋白抽出量、鈣核苷三磷酸酶比活性、總硫氫基及可反應硫氫基之含量變化，並製成魚糕做品質測定。結果顯示此兩種不同凍結方式之肌動凝蛋白抽出量、鈣核苷三磷酸酶比活性、總硫氫基及可反應硫氫基之含量變化，均隨貯藏時間之增加而下降，但其後隨貯藏時間之延長，-37℃凍結組下降的速率較-20℃組緩和。測定此凍藏期間之魚肉所製成魚糕的膠強度，在凍藏第六週時，-37℃凍結組之變化由478 g×㎝下降至307 g×㎝，而-20℃組則由422 g×㎝下降至228 g×㎝，後者的膠強度比前者較差。
將魚肉片以-37℃凍結後，分別放置在恆定溫度-20℃、-40℃與變動溫度（每週在-20℃三天、在-40℃四天）下凍藏四個月，以探討凍藏條件對鋸峰齒鮫肌肉蛋白質及魚糕品質之影響。結果顯示在-40℃恆定溫度下凍藏的變化比其他兩組較為緩慢，在魚糕的膠強度方面，凍藏第十二週仍有351 g×㎝為最佳。
原料魚經採肉、除筋、脫水後，添加0.3%重合磷酸鹽與抗凍劑（8%蔗糖或4%蔗糖＋4%山梨糖醇）製成冷凍魚漿，分別置於-20℃及-40℃凍藏，觀察其肌肉蛋白質及魚糕品質之變化。結果顯示不論在-20℃或-40℃凍藏三個月，添加抗凍劑之二組其肌動凝蛋白抽出量、鈣核苷三磷酸酶比活性、總硫氫基及可反應硫氫基之含量變化，均比未添加抗凍劑組佳，下降趨勢較為緩和，且仍然保有良好的魚糕品質。

Abstract
Owing to the frozen blue shark (Prionace glauca) meat was found difficultly to form network of meat sol and make a good quality of kamaboko. Therefore, to understand muscle protein properties and improve the gel-forming ability of blue shark, the fillets and minced meat products, adding 0.3% polyphosphates and 8% sucrose or 4% sucrose and sorbitol as cryoprotectants, were freezing with still freezer (-20oC) and air-blaster freezer (-37oC), respectively. All samples were stored at —20oC, —40oC and/or fluctuated temperature (—20oC, 3 days; —40oC 4 days), respectively; and then took out for thawing and detecting the extractable actomyosin, Ca++-ATPase specific activity, reactive and total —SH group; and using SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to analyze the changes of myofibrillar protein; and making into kamaboko in an interval period. The quality of kamaboko was also monitored with breaking force, deformation, water-holding capacity and color.
From the results, the extractable actomyosin, Ca++-ATPase specific activity, reactive and total —SH groups and the quality of kamaboko produced from frozen fillet were found that the two freezing conditions had the same decline and sharply decreasing with the extending storage time and no significant difference between each other. As for the effect of frozen storage condition, the gel-forming ability and the quality of kamaboko made from —40oC group fillet was found better than that of the other two groups. Either —20oC or —40oC frozen storage minced meat products, it was found remarkably to improve the gel-forming ability and the quality of kamaboko which with or without cryoprotectants at initial state; and the former was better than that of the later during frozen storage 3 months.

目 錄
頁數
中文摘要……………………………….….……………………… 1
英文摘要…………………………………………………………… 2
壹、前言…………………………………………………………. 3
貳、文獻整理……………………………………………………… 5
一、鯊魚肉之性質………………………………………………. 5
（一）鯊魚肉之一般組成分………………………………… 5
（二）鯊魚肉蛋白質之組成………………………………… 5
二、魚肉蛋白質之組成.………………………………………… 6
（一）肌漿蛋白質…………………………………………… 6
（二）基質蛋白質…………………………………………… 6
（三）肌纖維蛋白質………………………………………… 7
三、凍藏引起之蛋白質變性.…………………………………… 9
（一）凍藏中魚肉蛋白質凝聚之機制……………………… 9
1.蛋白質分子之凝聚……………………………………. 9
2.蛋白質分子構形之展開………………………………. 10
（二）造成冷凍變性之原因………………………………… 10
1.脫水……………………………………………………. 10
2.分子間架橋之形成……………………………………. 10
3.凍結速率、凍藏溫度及時間對魚肉蛋白質之影響…. 11
3.1.凍結速率……….….……………………………….. 11
3.2.凍藏溫度與時間………..………………………….. 12
四、魚漿的形膠作用………………..…………………………… 12
五、魚漿的解膠作用..…………………………………………… 13
六、影響魚漿形膠之因素…..…………………………………… 14
（一）魚種……….…………………………………………… 14
（二）形膠溫度與時間…….………………………………… 15
（三）pH值…………………….…………………………….. 16
（四）添加還原劑………………….………………………… 16
（五）魚肉蛋白酶…….……………………………………… 17
（六）蛋白酶抑制劑…………….…………………………… 17
七、抗凍劑……………………………………………………….. 18
（一）磷酸鹽類……………….……………………………… 18
（二）有機化合物……………….…………………………… 19
（三）冷凍變性抑制劑之作用機制….……………………… 20
參、實驗材料與方法……………………………………………… 22
一、實驗材料….…………………………………………………. 22
二、試藥…….……………………………………………………. 22
三、儀器…….……………………………………………………. 22
四、實驗步驟與方法…………………….………………………. 23
（一）冷凍鋸峰齒鮫魚肉片之製備..………………………... 23
（二）鋸峰齒鮫冷凍魚漿之製備….………………………… 23
（三）水分測定….…………………………………………… 23
（四）可壓出水分之測定…….……………….……………... 23
（五）肌動凝蛋白之抽出……………………………………. 24
（六）肌動凝蛋白濃度之測定………………………………. 24
（七）肌動凝蛋白Ca++-ATPase活性之測定……………….. 24
（八）肌動凝蛋白總硫氫基與可反應硫氫基含量之測定…. 25
（九）電泳分析………..……………………………………...…26
（十）魚糕品質之測定………………..…………………...……26
1.魚糕之製備…………………….………………………. 26
2.凝膠強度之測定..……………………………………… 26
3.曲折試驗……………………..………………………… 27
4.色澤之測定……….…………………………………… 27
（十一）統計分析………………………………………………. 27
肆、結果與討論………………………………………….. 28
一、凍結條件對鋸峰齒鮫魚肉蛋白性質之影響…………….. 28
1.鋸峰齒鮫魚肉之凍結速率………………………….… 28
2.鋸峰齒鮫魚肉可壓出水分之變化………………….… 28
3.肌動凝蛋白抽出量之變化………………………….… 29
4.肌動凝蛋白可反應硫氫基與總硫氫基之變化…….… 29
5.鈣核苷三磷酸酶比活性之變化………………………. 31
6.魚糕製品成膠能力之變化……………………………. 31
二、凍藏條件對鋸峰齒鮫魚肉蛋白性質之影響…………….. 32
1.鋸峰齒鮫魚肉可壓出水分之變化……………………. 32
2.肌動凝蛋白抽出量之變化……………………………. 32
3.肌動凝蛋白可反應硫氫基與總硫氫基之變化………. 33
4.鈣核苷三磷酸酶比活性之變化…………………….… 33
5.魚糕製品成膠能力之變化……………………………. 34
三、抗凍劑對鋸峰齒鮫魚漿凍藏期間品質之影響………… 34
1.鋸峰齒鮫魚漿可壓出水分之變化….………………… 34
2.肌動凝蛋白抽出量之變化……………………………. 34
3.肌動凝蛋白可反應硫氫基與總硫氫基之變化………. 35
4.鈣核苷三磷酸酶比活性之變化………………………. 35
5.魚糕製品成膠能力之變化……………………………. 36
6.魚糕製品之色澤…….………………………………… 36
伍、結論………………………………………………… 37
陸、參考文獻……………………………………………………. 38
圖……………………………………………………….……. 51
表……………………………………………………….……. 71

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