臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

岩岸潮間帶是一個特殊的海洋生態棲所，且受到人為干擾日益嚴重，所以近年來相關的生態研究已經逐漸地受到重視。但在台灣這二十年來有關潮間帶魚類的生態研究仍甚少，其食性的資料也非常缺乏。本實驗主要對象即為針對潮間帶定棲性的魚類，進行食性結構及功能的深入研究。
攝食同功群（feeding guild）是指一群利用相同棲地或食物資源的物種組成，而食性的隔離是分割魚類生態區位(niche)的主要原因之一，因此分析魚類類聚(assemblage)的攝食同功群結構是了解類聚如何組織及魚類間的如何交互作用的重要方法。本研究利用麻醉劑-丁香油採集潮池魚類，並用胃內含物觀察與穩定性同位素來分析潮間帶魚類類聚的攝食同功群及食性的變化。從2001年1月開始採集北部野柳、八斗子、澳底與南部車城、香蕉灣、九棚六個採樣點，至今已有17科52種，其中以?足?(Blenniidae)、?痕磟?(Gobiidae)、雀鯛科(Pomacentridae)為優勢魚種，作為主要研究對象。
本潮池魚類食性研究不但是少數熱帶西太平洋的潮池魚類研究之一，也是台灣及熱帶地區的潮池魚類較詳細的食性報告。台灣潮池魚類食性結構有大量的藻食性魚類(33~52%)與溫帶地區的比例(4~16%)有顯著的不同。而比較台灣南北的食性結構亦可作為熱帶與副熱帶地區的差異，結果發現兩者間略有差異，但卻不顯著。台灣潮池魚種的食性在空間上無顯著的差異，與其他地區同科或同屬的潮池魚類也沒有不同。季節上，潮池的藻食性魚類較有改變，與環境的食物資源比較後，推測季節上食性的差異是與食物的豐度有關。台灣潮池魚類大部分都有食性隨著成長的改變，其中包括了食物種類的改變及食物體型需求的增加。攝食同功群的建立確實會受到魚類是否有食性成長改變的影響，因此以成長營養單元(ontogenetic trophic unit)作為建立攝食同功群的單元較為恰當。穩定性同位素的分析除了可避免消化道內含物分析的缺失外，也可以呈現出與消化道內含物分析一樣的結果，如潮池魚類的食性與其分類系統一致，以及食性在成長上的變化。但是穩定性同位素分析卻無法擁有如消化道內含物分析一樣的高解析度，不過這也有可能是消化道內含物分析在食物項目上過度的分割，而不符合真實生態的情形。而穩定性同位素分析尚無法建立出如消化道內含物分析時有統計上顯著意義的攝食同功群，是本研究目前無法克服的問題。且消化道內含物分析所建立出來的攝食同功群成員，在穩定性同位素分析上也看不出有顯著的差異。故建議在未來使用消化道內含物分析去建立攝食同功群時，可參考穩定性同位素分析的結果去進行食物項目的選擇，相信結果會較符合真實生態中生物間的現象。

Tidepool is a specific marine ecological habitat, and effected by human beings increase daily. Thus, the ecological studies of tidepool have been noticed recently. However, the ecological investigations of intertidal fishes are few in these twenty years. The diet studies of intertidal fishes are also not enough. The aims of this study are to understand the trophic structure and dynamics of tidepool fishes.
Feeding guild is defined as a group of species uses the same or similar resource in a similar way. Food partition among intertidal fish assemblage is the main process to divide community structure. Hence, The identification and analysis of the feeding guild is important fundamental method to understand how the community organize and structure. Tidal pool fishes were collected with anesthetic-clove oil, and then the diet shift and feeding guild of fishes was analyzed with both gut contents and stable isotope. Fishes were collected from the tidal pools of Patotz, Yehliu, Aoti of northern Taiwan and Checheng, Hsiangchiaowan, Jiupeng of southern Taiwan during January and October 2001. We collected 17 families, 52 species of tidepool fishes, and the dominant families, Blennidae, Gobiidae and Pomacentridae are the main investigative fishes.
This study is the one of the fewresearches on intertidal fishes in tropical east Pacific Ocean, and also the few research of the diets of tidal pool fishes in Taiwan (tropical area). The main trophic structure of tidal pool fish assemblages in Taiwan was herbivores (33~52%). Comparing with the proportion of herbivores (4~16%) in temperate area, herbivores are morn dominant and important in Taiwan. Comparison between north and south Taiwan might be considered as the comparison between tropical and subtropical area. The results show that there is tendency of difference, but not significant. Spatial variations in the diets of tidal pool fishes show no significance, and the result is the same with the identical family or genus of fishes in other area. Seasonal changes in diet are discovered in herbivorous fishes of tidal pool. After comparing with abundance of food resource, seasonal diet shift pattern are relative with resource abundance was suggested. Most of tidal pool fishes in Taiwan have ontogenetic diet change. The food categories are changed and prey sizes are increasing during their growth. Feeding guild structure is determinately changing with ontogenetic diet shift existing. Hence using ontogenetic trophic unit as a feeding guild unit is more suitable. Stable isotope analysis is used to avoid the mistake of gut contents analysis, but also shows the same result with gut contents analysis. However, stable isotope analysis can not have high resolution as gut contents analysis. Another possibility is that food items are over partitioned in gut contents analysis, and not consist with the natural condition. Stable isotope analysis can not built the feeding guild with statistical significant as gut contents analysis is our unsolved problem. The feeding guilds built from gut contents analysis are not significant different in stable isotope analysis, too. Finally, we suggest that when feeding guild was built by gut contents analysis, assisted by the result of stable isotope analysis to make choices of food items. We believe the result of feeding guild will more consist with nature.

目錄
表目錄 iii
圖目錄 iv
摘要 1
Abstract 3
一. 前言 5
二. 材料與方法 10
（一）地點與採樣方法 10
（二）樣本處理 11
（三）觀察與計量方法 12
（四）穩定性同位素分析 15
（五）潮池魚類類聚的食性結構與攝食同功群(feeding guild) 16
1. 根據消化道內含物資料分析 16
2. 根據穩定性同位素資料分析 20
三. 結果 21
（一）台灣南北潮池背景環境資料 21
（二）魚類類聚組成及食性結構 21
1.消化道內含物食性資料 21
2.台灣潮池魚類食性結構 27
3.消化道長度與體長關係 27
（三）穩定性同位素的分析 28
（四）潮池魚類食性的時空變化 30
1.食性結構 30
2.魚種食性 31
（五）食性隨著成長的改變 34
1.消化道內含物 34
2.穩定性同位素 35
3.相對消化道長度 35
（六）台灣南北潮池魚類類聚的攝食同功群 36
（七）穩定性同位素與消化道內含物分析之結果比較 38
四. 討論 40
（一）台灣南北潮池背景環境資料 40
（二）潮池魚類類聚組成及食性結構 40
（三）穩定性同位素的分析 45
（四）潮池魚類食性的時空變化 48
（五）食性隨著成長的改變 50
（六）台灣南北潮池魚類類聚的攝食同功群 53
（七）穩定性同位素與消化道內含物分析之結果比較 57
五. 參考文獻 60
表目錄
表一.台灣潮池(a)北部(b)南部環境因子變化範圍(同時參考何林泰(unpublished data)研究資料)。 72
表二.從2001年1月至2002年1月，北部三個採樣點：八斗子、野柳、澳底魚隻種類、數量資料及棲性。 73
表三.從2001年1月至2002年1月，南部三個採樣點：香蕉灣、車城、九棚魚隻種類、數量資料及棲性。 74
表四.台灣南北部潮池魚類消化道內含物食物資源比例、食性寬度及食性種類。. 75
表五.台灣南北部(a)八斗子、(b)香蕉灣潮池魚類類聚食性結構結果，以biomass(生物量)、species numbers(種數)與individual numbers(個體數)來判斷各種食性的比例及組成。 77
表六.潮池魚類體長分布及相對消化道長度(標準差)數據資料，按相對消化道長度由大到小排列。 78
表七.台灣北部(八斗子)潮池魚類及可能食物來源的穩定性同位素資料。 79
表八.台灣南部(香蕉灣)潮池魚類及可能食物來源的穩定性同位素資料。 80
表九.八斗子及香蕉灣穩定性同位素與消化道內含物利用RELATE比較結果(Spearman correlation method)。 81
圖目錄
圖一.各個採樣點地圖。 82
圖二.利用Shannon-Weiner index分析樣本數量。 83
圖三.本研究在潮池魚類消化道內含物中所觀察的食物種類。 84
圖四.利用Shannon-Weiner index分析消化道內含物計數數量(以?足黖檎乖搰側迉?)。 85
圖五.台灣潮池測站北部八斗子、野柳、澳底及南部車城、九棚、香蕉灣地理環境影像。 86
圖六.台灣南北部(a)八斗子、(b)香蕉灣潮池魚類類聚食性結構結果圓餅圖。 87
圖七.台灣南北部潮池魚類消化道長度與體長分布圖。 88
圖八.台灣北部(八斗子)潮池魚類及可能食物來源的穩定性同位素δ15N與δ13C關係圖。 89
圖九.台灣南部(香蕉灣)潮池魚類及可能食物來源的穩定性同位素δ15N與δ13C關係圖。 90
圖十.台灣南北部(八斗子、澳底、野柳、香蕉灣、車城、九棚)潮池魚類食性種類生物量與季節之變化。 91
圖十一.台灣南北部(八斗子、澳底、野柳、香蕉灣、車城、九棚)潮池魚類食性種類生物量百分比與季節之變化。 92
圖十二.台灣南北部潮池(八斗子、野柳、澳底、車城、九棚、香蕉灣)魚類食性結構的生物量(a)及生物量百分比(b)之MDS分析結果。 93
圖十三.台灣南北部潮池(八斗子、野柳、澳底、車城、九棚、香蕉灣)定棲性魚類食性結構的生物量(a)及生物量百分比(b)之MDS分析結果(去除掉遷移性魚種資料)。 94
圖十四.台灣南北部潮池(八斗子、野柳、澳底、車城、九棚、香蕉灣)魚種組成MDS分析結果(a)全部資料(b)去除掉遷移性魚種資料。三角型為北部潮池、正方形為南部潮池。 95
圖十五.台灣南北部潮池(澳底、八斗子、野柳、車城、九棚、香蕉灣)在2001年1月樣本(香蕉灣為2002年1月)消化道內含物分析，以優勢普遍分布種類之MDS圖。 96
圖十六.台灣南北部潮池(澳底、八斗子、野柳、車城、九棚、香蕉灣)在2001年1月樣本(香蕉灣為2002年1月)消化道內含物分析，以屬作分析之MDS圖。 97
圖十七.台灣八斗子潮池魚類消化道內含物分析結果與季節變化(2001年1月至10月)。 98
圖十八.台灣北部八斗子潮池魚類全年食性MDS圖。 99
圖十九.台灣北部八斗子潮池魚類屬的季節變化MDS分析圖。 100
圖二十.台灣南部香蕉灣潮池魚類全年食性MDS圖。 101
圖二十一.台灣南部香蕉灣潮池魚類屬的季節變化MDS分析圖。 102
圖二十二.台灣南北潮池魚類食性成長變化，以雀鯛科豆娘魚屬(A. sordidus、A.vaigiensis)、刻齒雀鯛屬(C. unimaculata)，?足鼽G冠?乖?(P. striatus、P. tanegasimae)、蛙?乖?(I. lineatus、I. edentulus、I. dussumieri)及間頸鬚?乖?(E. striatus)，?痕磟黺鞦痕篫?(B. fuscus、B. cocosensis、B. padangensis)、關島小??(Sco. guamensis)、庫氏天竺鯛(Ap. cookii)與湯鯉科湯鯉屬(K. mugil)為研究對象。 103
圖二十三.台灣潮池優勢種魚類相對消化道長度與成長之關聯。 104
圖二十四.台灣南北部潮池魚類平均食性聚類分析圖。 105
圖二十五.八斗子潮池魚類食性各季節之clustering分析結果。 106
圖二十六.八斗子潮池魚類食性clustering分析結果之季節變化。 107
圖二十七.香蕉灣潮池魚類食性各季節之clustering分析結果。 108
圖二十八.香蕉灣潮池魚類食性clustering分析結果之季節變化。 109
圖二十九.台灣南北潮池魚類攝食同功群(a)八斗子(b)香蕉灣潮池樹狀圖。 110
圖三十.八斗子潮池魚類攝食同功群(加入成長變化)樹狀圖。 111
圖三十一.香蕉灣潮池魚類攝食同功群(加入成長變化)樹狀圖。 112
圖三十二.八斗子潮池魚類穩定性同位素資料樹狀圖。 113
圖三十三.香蕉灣潮池魚類穩定性同位素資料樹狀圖。 114
圖三十四.潮池藻類覆蓋程度影像(以九棚2001年4月至2002年1月為例)。 115

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