豬糞尿在厭氧條件下會產生揮發性有機臭氣(VOC臭氣)，為研擬其在異質混合通風空間中之動態傳輸過程，本文以對甲酚(p-cresol)、甲苯(toluene)及對二甲苯(p-xylene)三種VOC臭氣作為研究對象，考慮VOC衰減過程及豬糞尿分層現象。VOC主要分佈於糞尿坑下方污染層，其上有一層較為清澈之澄清層，假設糞漿未經攪動，VOC臭氣由豬糞尿污染層產生，穿過澄清層及空氣邊界層，將VOC臭氣的濃度變化表示成傳輸擴散方程式，經由理論推導，計算畜舍內對甲酚、甲苯及對二甲苯三種VOC臭氣濃度隨時間變化，求出工作人員在畜舍內10年暴露時間所吸入的VOC臭氣總劑量，並與安全標準劑量相較，訂立畜舍惡臭清除準則。由於畜舍通風型態差異影響VOC臭氣濃度分佈，本研究基於停留時間分佈(residence time distribution，RTD)及三參數gamma 分佈之統計理論推導多氣流區gamma模式(multiple airflow regions gamma model，MARGM) ，將通風空間內部視為由完全混合(complete mixing)、不完全混合(incomplete mixing)及栓塞流(piston flow)三種氣流型態所組成，以此模擬異質混合通風畜舍內部氣流混合型態。將VOC傳輸模式推求之濃度對時間分佈資料以MARGM進行擬合，求出VOC臭氣平均停留時間及混合因子(mixing factor)，由此探討VOC臭氣在時間及空間分佈特性，預測通風空間氣流的異質混合行為。以台南新市一機械通風畜舍為對象，並考慮豬糞尿含水量60、70及80%，澄清層厚度為1公分及污染層厚度4公分與澄清層厚度為2公分及污染層厚度8公分兩種豬糞尿層厚度進行模式模擬，模擬結果顯示對甲酚尖峰濃度於含水量60%時最高，當含水量增加時濃度降低；甲苯及對二甲苯尖峰濃度則隨含水量增加而增高，當澄清層厚度增加會延長尖峰濃度到達時間。由工作人員在畜舍內10年暴露時間所吸入的VOC臭氣總劑量，與安全標準劑量相較，訂立畜舍惡臭清除準則顯示對甲酚、甲苯及對二甲苯所允許的初始濃度值分別為10.10、6.13及6.69 g m-3。MARGM模擬對甲酚於通風流量為3.75 m3 s-1，含水量70±10%時，在畜舍平均停留時間為44.45±0.91小時，平均混合因子0.20±0.05；甲苯於通風流量為7.5 m3 s-1，含水量70±10%時，在畜舍平均停留時間為267.30±58.90小時，平均混合因子0.81±0.17；對二甲苯於通風流量為5 m3 s-1，含水量70±10%時，在畜舍平均停留時間為332.38±129.83小時，平均混合因子0.81±0.19。以MARGM模擬通風空間氣流之混合行為，可將氣流混合型態經由VOC臭氣濃度之擬合，推求平均停留時間以掌握VOC臭氣在畜舍內部時間分佈特性，並由平均混合因子瞭解空間分佈特性，以此作為異質混合環境模擬之指標，其強韌性可提供做為室內通風改善參考。

Odors causing volatile organic compounds (VOC-odors) are released as the result of mass transfer from stored pig slurry under anaerobic decomposition. This research proposes a VOC-odors-transport-model to simulate the diffusion behavior of p-cresol, toluene, and p-xylene, (the three intense VOC-odors found in swine housing) and to study their dynamic transport processes in a ventilated airspace with mixing heterogeneity. A hypothetical scenario is used which assumed that pig slurry as undisturbed followed by the release of VOC-odors in contaminated layer, transported through a clean layer and as well as an air-boundary layer. The variation of VOC-odor concentration could be presented as a diffusion equation to simulate its transport processes. Swine manure clean-up criteria based on non-excess of the total hazardous dose corresponding to an acceptable risk from indoor inhalation for 10 years could then be calculated. We developed a multiple airflow regions gamma model (MARGM) to simulate airflow patterns in a ventilated airspace with mixing heterogeneity based on residence time distribution and gamma distribution statistics. The residence time distribution function takes the form of the three-parameter gamma distribution and account for different mixing types such as complete mixing, piston flow, incomplete mixing, and various combinations of the above types. By fitting the VOC-odor concentration profiles with three-parameter gamma distribution, we can characterize the extent of mixing and provide information for predicting mixing heterogeneity in a ventilated livestock through mixing factor and mean residence time of selected VOC-odors. The typical swine unit with mechanical ventilation system in Tainan was selected for model simulation. The moisture content varied from 60 to 80%; the depth of clean layer varied from 1 to 2cm as well as contaminated layer from 4 to 8cm. The results show that the peak concentration of p-cresol at moisture content 60% is higher than that of 70% or 80%. Moisture content shows different effects to the peak concentration of toluene or p-xylene. Increase in thickness of clean layer will delay the time to peak concentrations. Calculated swine manure clean-up criteria of p-cresol, toluene and p-xylene are 10.10, 6.13, and 6.69 g m-3, respectively. Results from MARGM simulation demonstrate that the mean residence time of p-cresol is 44.45±0.91 h and mean mixing factor is 0.20±0.05 corresponding to a ventilation rate of 3.75m3 s-1 and manure moisture content of 70±10%. When ventilation rate is 7.5 m3 s-1 and manure moisture content is at 70±10%; resulting in a mean residence time of toluene of 267.30±58.90 h with a mean mixing factor of 0.81±0.17. When ventilation rate is 5 m3 s-1 and manure moisture content is at 70±10%; resulting in a mean residence time of p-xylene of 332.38±129.83 h and a mean mixing factor of 0.81±0.19. Our results give additional physical information to characterize mixing behavior temporally and spatially with mean residence time and mixing factor, respectively. The robustness of MARGM can offer designers to reconsider the efficiency of ventilation systems though different mixing flow pattern in place of complete mixing hypothesis.

中文摘要 i
英文摘要 iv
表目錄 ix
圖目錄 x
符號說明 xi
壹、前言 1
貳、研究目的 3
參、文獻回顧 4
3.1 VOC臭氣 4
3.1.1 來源與成分 4
3.1.2 VOC臭氣對人健康影響 10
3.1.3 影響VOC臭氣傳輸因素探討 11
3.2 通風空間中污染質時空分佈特性 13
3.2.1 異質混合現象 13
3.2.2 混合因子定義 19
3.2.3 混合因子應用 21
3.2.4 停留時間分佈(RTD)推求 25
3.2.5 停留時間分佈(RTD)應用 29
3.3 數理模式文獻回顧 31
3.3.1 VOC傳輸模式 31
3.3.2 通風空間氣流模式 38
肆、模式結構 46
4.1 VOC臭氣傳輸模式 46
4.1.1 模式發展 46
4.1.2 VOC傳輸模式假設 49
4.1.3 VOC臭氣濃度及通量 50
4.1.4 豬糞尿無分層現象之質量平衡式 54
4.1.5 由豬糞尿分層現象探討VOC臭氣傳輸 58
4.1.6 清除準則演算 63
4.1.7 參數特性 65
4.2 多氣流區gamma模式(MARGM) 67
4.2.1 模式發展緣起 67
4.2.2 MARGM模式假設 70
4.2.3 Gamma密度函數 70
4.2.4 MARGM與完全混合及栓塞流模式之對應 73
4.2.5 由MARGM推演混合模式 74
伍、結果與討論 77
5.1 畜舍環境參數 77
5.2 結果 82
5.2.1 畜舍VOC臭氣濃度演算 82
5.2.2 畜舍VOC臭氣累積劑量 92
5.2.3 清除準則演算 98
5.2.4 MARGM模擬結果 101
5.3 討論 115
5.3.1 VOC臭氣特性 115
5.3.2 含水量變化產生的效應 116
5.3.3 豬糞尿層厚度的效應 117
5.3.4 溫度的效應 117
5.3.5 MARGM參數的效應 120
5.3.6 由氣流混合型態探討平均混合因子 126
5.3.7 系統響應 127
陸、結論及建議 130
6.1 結論 130
6.2 建議 132
參考文獻 134
附錄A：多氣流區gamma模式(MARGM)參數α、β及γ之推導 145
附錄B：＠RISK內建函數模擬VOC臭氣濃度優劣排序 148
附錄C：簡歷 151
附錄D：著作 152

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