臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

幸福、快樂的人生，自古以來是人類所努力追求的目標，心流經驗(flow experience)以內在動機為基礎，闡述了透過心流經驗的正向感受，提升個體自我成長與生活品質的途徑。本研究主要目的以心流理論為架構，來探討休閒中之心流經驗、休閒體驗與身心健康間的關係，並進一步瞭解不同休閒活動種類間的差異。
本研究整理國內外有關心流經驗的文獻，編製「休閒心流經驗量表」與「休閒體驗問卷」，並藉由「身心健康量表」以瞭解互相間之關係，採便利取樣方式，對不同產業之541位上班族群進行問卷調查。研究結果發現，休閒心流經驗、休閒體驗與身心健康之間，互相存在顯著正相關。而「一致好」休閒心流經驗組型在休閒體驗的表現上，均顯著高於「高估」與「一致差」組型，且在身心健康上亦顯著高於「一致差」組型；然「一致好」組型在身心健康之「不利健康之因應行為」表現上，卻顯著較「高估」與「一致差」組型差。
此外，研究亦顯示「一致好」休閒心流經驗組型所從事的休閒活動，均屬戶外活動、運動、藝文嗜好與益智類主動式休閒，「一致差」組型則較屬視聽與休憩社交類被動式休閒；而從事戶外活動、運動、藝文嗜好與益智類主動式休閒，在休閒心流經驗與休閒體驗上的表現，較從事視聽與休憩社交類被動式休閒來得好。
最後根據研究分析所得結果，本研究討論其意義，並對後續研究、上班族群與相關實務工作者，提出研究方向及建議。

This study revised the flow state scale(Jackson & Marsh, 1996) and the description of the quality of experience(Csikszentmihalyi & LeFevre, 1989) as the scale of flow experience in leisure and leisure experience questionnaire, respectively, to understand the relationship of flow experience, leisure experience and mental-physical health in 541 adult workers from different organizations in Taiwan. Results showed that significant positive associations between flow experience and leisure experience, flow experience and mental-physical health, also, leisure experience and mental-physical health. The patterns of flow experience in leisure are found something different on leisure experience and mental- physical health. The congruence/good pattern is significantly better than congruence/poor pattern on leisure experience and mental-physical health; and the congruence/good pattern is also significantly better than over- estimate pattern on leisure experience. Nevertheless, the congruence/good pattern is significantly worse than over-estimate and congruence/poor patterns on harmful coping behaviors subscale.
In addition, results also presented that those who are categorized into the congruence/good flow pattern tend to choose active leisure(eg., outdoor activities, physical activities, hobbies, and mental activities); reversely, those who are categorized into the congruence/poor pattern tend to choose passive leisure(eg., television-viewing and shopping). Moreover, those choosing active leisure are better than those choosing passive leisure on flow experience and leisure experience.

目 錄
第一章 緒論 ------------------------------------------- 1
第一節 研究動機 -------------------------------------- 1
第二節 研究目的 -------------------------------------- 6
第三節 研究問題 -------------------------------------- 6
第四節 名詞詮釋 -------------------------------------- 7
第二章 文獻探討 --------------------------------------- 9
第一節 心流理論 -------------------------------------- 9
壹、 心流之理論基礎 ----------------------------------- 9
貳、 心流理論模式 ------------------------------------ 15
參、 心流經驗之架構 ---------------------------------- 20
肆、 心流經驗之測量 ---------------------------------- 27
伍、 心流經驗之相關研究 ------------------------------ 30
陸、 本節結語 ---------------------------------------- 35
第二節 休閒與心流經驗 ------------------------------- 36
壹、 休閒之定義 ------------------------------------- 36
貳、 休閒活動之分類 --------------------------------- 40
參、 休閒體驗 --------------------------------------- 41
肆、 休閒活動中之心流經驗 --------------------------- 45
伍、 本節結語 --------------------------------------- 48
第三節 休閒中的心流經驗與身心健康 ------------------- 49
壹、 身心健康之定義 ---------------------------------- 49
貳、 休閒中的心流經驗與身心健康之關係 ---------------- 50
參、 休閒體驗與身心健康之關係 ------------------------ 51
肆、 本節結語 ---------------------------------------- 53
第三章 研究方法 ------------------------------------- 55
第一節 研究對象 ------------------------------------- 55
第二節 研究工具 ------------------------------------- 59
第三節 資料處理與分析 ------------------------------- 71
第四章 研究結果 ------------------------------------- 75
第一節 國內上班族群之休閒評估 ------------------------ 75
第二節 休閒心流經驗、休閒體驗與身心健康 --- ----------- 81
第三節 不同休閒心流經驗組型之探討 -------------------- 88
第四節 休閒活動種類之探討 ---------------------------- 92
第五章 討論與建議 ---------------------------------- 105
第一節 討論 ----------------------------------------- 105
第二節 結論與建議 ----------------------------------- 123
參考文獻 ----------------------------------------------- 134
附錄
附錄一 休閒活動分類表 --------------------------------- 147
附錄二 休閒活動問卷預試題本 --------------------------- 150
附錄三 預試題目組成 ----------------------------------- 157
附錄四 休閒心流經驗量表預試後題項更改對照表 ----------- 160
附錄五 休閒活動問卷正試題本 --------------------------- 161
附錄六 人口統計變項在休閒心流經驗、休閒體驗與身心健康
上之差異比較摘要表 ----------------------------- 170
附錄七 五大產業別在休閒心流經驗、休閒體驗與身心健康上
之差異比較摘要表 ------------------------------- 177

表目次
表3-1 預試樣本與休閒心流經驗自評比例 ------------------ 56
表3-2 正試樣本與休閒心流經驗自評比例 ------------------ 57
表3-3 正試樣本背景資料 -------------------------------- 58
表3-4 休閒心流經驗量表與各分量表之相關係數及信度 ------ 63
表3-5 休閒心流經驗量表之效度考驗 ---------------------- 64
表3-6 休閒體驗各向度信度係數與效度考驗 ---------------- 68
表4-1 人口統計變項在休閒心流經驗上之顯著差異比較摘要表--- 76
表4-2 人口統計變項在休閒體驗上之顯著差異比較摘要表 ---- 78
表4-3 人口統計變項在身心健康上之顯著差異比較摘要表 ---- 80
表4-4 休閒心流經驗與休閒體驗之相關表 ------------------ 82
表4-5 休閒心流經驗與休閒體驗之典型相關分析摘要表 ------ 84
表4-6 休閒心流經驗與身心健康之相關表 ------------------ 85
表4-7 以休閒心流經驗預測身心健康之多元迴歸分析摘要表 --- 86
表4-8 休閒體驗與身心健康之相關表 ---------------------- 87
表4-9 以休閒體驗預測身心健康之多元迴歸分析摘要表 ------ 88
表4-10 不同休閒心流經驗組型人數分佈 ------------------- 89
表4-11 不同休閒心流經驗組型在休閒體驗上之差異比較 ----- 91
表4-12 不同休閒心流經驗組型在身心健康上之差異比較 ----- 92
表4-13 休閒活動種類人口統計 --------------------------- 94
表4-14 休閒心流經驗組型與活動種類之關聯性檢定摘要表 --- 95
表4-15 不同休閒心流經驗組型之休閒活動種類分佈情形 ----- 96
表4-16 七種休閒活動種類在休閒心流經驗上之差異比較 ----- 98
表4-17 七種休閒活動種類在休閒體驗上之差異比較 -------- 100
表4-18 七種休閒活動種類在身心健康上之差異比較 -------- 100
表4-19 主要休閒活動項目在休閒心流經驗上之差異比較 ---- 102
表4-20 主要休閒活動項目在休閒體驗上之差異比較 -------- 104
表4-21 主要休閒活動項目在身心健康上之差異比較 -------- 104

圖目次
圖2-1 心流狀態模式圖 ---------------------------------- 16
圖2-2 四路徑心流模式圖 -------------------------------- 18
圖2-3 八路徑心流模式圖 -------------------------------- 19
圖5-1 休閒、心理需求滿足與心理性益處之關係 ----------- 129

參考文獻
壹、 中文部分
天下雜誌編輯部(1998年2月1日)。美麗台灣，希望會談：搭一座希望之橋。天下雜誌，第201期，頁188-198。
王震宇(1996)。休閒體驗中之自由感對休閒活動參與情況之影響。國立台灣大學森林學研究所碩士論文。
王靜惠(1998)。網路瀏覽涉入與流暢經驗之相關性探討。國立中正大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。
江光榮(2001)。人性的迷失與復歸─羅傑斯的人本心理學。台北：貓頭鷹。
朱敬先(1992)。健康心理學。台北：五南。
行政院主計處(2001)。行政院主計處八十九年台灣地區社會發展趨勢調查。台北：行政院。
余嬪(1999)。休閒活動的選擇與規劃。學生輔導通訊，60，頁20-31。
李明宗(1988)。戶外遊憩名詞解釋。戶外遊憩研究，1(1)。
李采洪、王志鈞(2002)。成功，不必過勞死。商業週刊，第749期，頁58-75。
李美枝(1990)。社會心理學。台北：大洋。
吳英偉、陳慧玲譯(1996)。休閒社會學。台北：五南。（原著出版年：1994）
林東泰(1992)。休閒教育與其宣導策略之研究。台北：師大書苑。
胡塞爾(1994)。純粹現象學通論。李幼蒸譯。台北：桂冠。
涂淑芳譯(1996)。休閒與人類行為。台北：桂冠。（原著出版年：1982）
凌德麟(1998)。三十年來美國華僑休閒方式演變之探討。見：中華民國造園學會、台灣大學園藝系（主編）：休閒理論與遊憩行為。台北：田園城市。
修慧蘭(1985)。台北市就業者的休閒狀況與休閒倫理觀。國立政治大學心理研究所碩士論文。
許文耀(1999)。身心健康量表編製計劃。聯安健康事業股份有限公司委託之研究計劃，未出版。
許義雄(1980)。休閒的意義、內容及其方法。體育學報，2輯，頁27-40。
陳秀卿(2000)。從契合理論來探討工作壓力與身心健康、職業倦怠之關係。國立政治大學心理研究所碩士論文。
陳彰儀(1989)。工作與休閒─從工業心理學的觀點探討休閒的現況與理論。台北：淑馨。
陳慶峰(2001)。從心流理論探討線上遊戲參與者之網路使用行為。南華大學資訊管理研究所碩士論文。
張孝銘(2000)。休閒勝任感、掌控感與休閒參與流暢體驗之相關研究。大專體育學刊，2(1)，頁47-57。
張孝銘、王照欽、王梅子(1999)。休閒需求、遊戲性與休閒參與流暢體驗之相關研究─以夜二專學生為例。中華民國體育學會體育學報，27輯，頁81-91。
張定綺譯(1993)。快樂，從心開始。台北：天下。（原著出版年：1990）
張黎文(2000年8月14日)。憂鬱症患者日多。中國時報，第9版。
黃立文(1998)。網路使用的快感與神迷─遊戲理論與網路瀏覽行為之初探。台灣學術網路1998研討會論文。高雄：中山。
黃瓊慧(2000)。從沈浸理論探討台灣大學生之網路使用行為。國立交通大學傳播研究所碩士論文。
運動與休閒管理研究小組編譯(2000)。休閒遊憩事業概論。台北：美國麥格羅‧希爾。（原著出版年：1999）
鄭惠文(2000)。失業青年之生活壓力、休閒支持、休閒決心與身心健康之關係研究。國立高雄師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
聶喬齡(2000)。心理技能、運動表現與運動流暢經驗的關係研究。國立體育學院體育研究所碩士論文。
蕭仁釗、林耀盛、鄭逸如等譯(1997)。健康心理學。台北：桂冠。（原著出版年：1990）
貳、 英文部分
Allison, M. T., & Carlisle D. M. (1988). Women, work and flow. In M. Csikszentmihalyi & I. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.), Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness. New York: Cambridge.
Ashby, F. G., Isen, A. M., & Turken, A. U. (1999). A neuropsychological theory of positive affect and its influence on cognition. Psychological Review, 106(3), 529-550.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.
Biondi, M. (2001). Effects of stress on immune functions: an overview. In R. Ader, D. L. Felten, & N. Cohen (Eds.), Psychoneuroimmunology, (2 vols. ), (pp. 189-226). San Diego: Acdemic Press.
Borrie, W., & Roggenbuck, J. W. (2001). The dynamic, emergent, and multi-phasic nature of on-site wilderness experiences. Journal of Leisure Research, 33(2), 202-229.
Chen, H. (2000). Exploring web users’ on-line optimal flow experiences. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. The Graduate School Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York.
Chen, H., Wigand, T. R., & Nilan, M. (1999). Optimal experience of web activities. Computers in Human Behavior, 15(5), 585-608.
Clarke, G. S., & Haworth, T. J. (1994). Flow experience in the daily lives of sixth-form college students. British Journal of Psychology, 85, 511-523.
Clawson, M., & Knetsch, J. L. (1966). Economics of outdoor recreation. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Cordes, K. A., & Ibrahim, H. M. (1999). Application in recreation & leisure for today and the future.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Beyond boredom and anxiety: The experience of play in work and games. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1982). Toward a psychology of optimal experience. In L. Wheeler (Ed.). Annual Review of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol.3 (pp. 13-36). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1985). Reflections on enjoyment. Perspectives in Biology an dMedicine, 28(4), 469-497.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1988a). Introduction. In M. Csikszentmihalyi & I. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.), Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness, (pp. 3-14). New York: Cambridge.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1988b). The flow experience and its significance for human psychology. In M. Csikszentmihalyi & I. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.), Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness, (pp. 15-35). New York: Cambridge.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1988c). Sociological implications of the flow experience. In M. Csikszentmihalyi & I. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.), Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness, (pp. 36-59). New York: Cambridge.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York: Harper Collins..
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1993). The evolving self. New York: Harper Collins.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996). Creativity. New York: Harper Collins.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1997). Finding flow: The psychology of engagement with everyday life. New York: Harper Collins.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. & Csikszentmihalyi, I. (Eds.). (1988). Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness. New York: Cambridge.
Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Graef, R. (1980). The Experience of Freedom in Daily Life. American Journal of Community Psychology, 8, 401-414.
Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Kleiber, D. A. (1991). Leisure and self- actualization, In B. L. Driver, P. J. Brown & G. L. Peterson (Eds.), Benefits of leisure (pp.91-02). State College, PA: Venture.
Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Larson, R. (1984). Being adolescent: Conflict and growth in the teenage years. New York: Basic Books.
Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Larson, R. (1987). Validity and reliability of the experience-sampling method. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders, 175, 526-536.
Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Larson, R. (1992). Validity and reliability of the experience sampling method. In M. de Vries (Ed.), The experience of psychopathology. New York: Cambridge.
Csikszentmihalyi, M., & LeFevre, J. (1989). Optimal experience in work and leisure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 815-822.
Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Rathunde, K. (1992). The measurement of flow in everyday life: Toward a theory of emergent motivation. In Nebraska symposium on motivation, (pp.57-97). Omaha, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Csikszentmihalyi, M., Rathunde, K., & Whalen, S. (1993). Talented teenagers: A longitudinal study of their development. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Schneider, B. (2000). Becoming adult: How teenagers prepare for the world of work. New York: Basic Books.
DeCharms, R. (1968). Personal causation: The internal affective determinants of behavior. New York: Academic Press.
Delle Fave, A., & Massimini, F. (1988). Modernization and the changing context of flow in work and leisure, In M. Csikszentmihalyi & I. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.), Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness, (pp.193-214). New York: Cambridge.
Driver, B. L., Brown, P. J., & Peterson, G. L. (Eds.)(1991). Benefits of leisure. State College, PA: Venture.
Ellis, G. D., Voelkl, J. E., & Morris, C. (1994). Measurement and analysis issues with explanation of variance in daily experience using the flow model. Journal of Leisure Research, 26(4), 337-356.
Evans, G. W., & Cohen, S. (1987) Environmental stress. In D. Stokols & I. Altman (Eds.), Handbook of emvironmental psychology (2 vols.), (pp. 571-610). New York: Academic Press.
Graef, R., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Flow deprivation, In M. Csikszentmihalyi (Ed.), Beyond boredom and anxiety, (pp.161-178). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Graef, R., Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Cianinno, S. M. (1983). Measuring intrinsic motivation in everyday life. Leisure Studies, 2, 155-168.
Hamilton, J. A. (1976). Attention and intrinsic rewards in the control of psychophysiological states. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 27, 54-61.
Hamilton, J. A. (1981). Attention, personality, and self-regilation of mood: absorbing interest and boredom. In B. A. Maher (Ed.), Progress in experimental personality research, 10, 282-315.
Han, S. (1988). The relationship between life satisfaction an flow in elderly Korean immigrants. In M. Csikszentmihalyi & I. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.), Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness, (pp.138-149). New York: Cambridge.
Harper, W. (1986). Freedom in the experience of leisure. Leisure Sciences, 8, 115-130.
Haworth, H., & Evans, S. (1995). Challenge, skill and positive subjective states in the daily life of a sample of YTS students. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 68, 109-121.
Hull, R. B., Steward, W. P., & Yi, Y. K. (1992). Experience patterns: Capturing the dynamic nature of a recreation experience. Journal of Leisure Research, 24(3), 240-252.
Iso-Ahola, S. E. (1980). The social psychology of leisure and recreation. Dubuque, IA: William C. Brown.
Iso-Ahola, S. E., & Park, C. J. (1996). Leisure-related social support and self-determination as buffers stress-illness relationship. Journal of Leisure Research, 28, 169-187.
Jackson, S. A. (1996). Toward a conceptual understanding of the flow experience in elite athletes. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 67(1), 76-90.
Jackson, S. A., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1999). Flow in sports. U.S.A.: Human Kinetics.
Jackson, S. A., Kimiecik, J. C., Ford, S. K., & Marsh, H. W. (1998). Psychological correlates of flow in sport. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 20, 358-378.
Jackson, S. A., & Marsh, H. W. (1996). Development and validation of a scale to measure optimal experience: The flow state scale. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 18, 17-35.
Jackson, S. A., & Roberts, G. C. (1992). Positive performance states of athletes: Toward a conceptual understanding of peak performance. The Sport Psychologist, 6, 156-171.
Jones, C. D., Hollenhorst, S. J., Perna F., & Selin, S.(2000). Validation of the flow theory in an on-site whitewater kayaking setting. Journal of Leisure Research, 32(2), 247-261.
Karageorghis, C. I., Vlachopoulos, S. P., & Terry, P. C. (2000). Latent variable modeling of the relationship between flow and exercise- induced feelings: An intuitive appraisal perspective. European Physical Education Review, 6(3), 230-248.
Kelly, J. R. (1972). Work and leisure: A simplified paradigm. Journal of Leisure Research, (4), 50-62.
Kelly, J. R. (1982). Leisure. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Kelly, J. R. (1987). Freedom to be: Toward a new sociology of leisure. New York: MacMillan.
Kelly, J. R. (1996). Leisure. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Kleiber, D., Larson, R., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1986). The experience of leisure in adolescence. Journal of Leisure Research, 18, 169-176.
Kubey, R., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Television and quality of life. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Larson, R. (1985). Flow and writing. In M. Csikszentmihalyi & I. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.), Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness. New York: Cambridge.
Lee, Y. (1999). How do individuals experience leisure? Parks & Recreation, 34(2), 40-46.
Lee, Y., Dattilo, J., & Howard, D. (1994). The complex and dynamic nature of leisure experience. Journal of Leisure Research, 26(3), 195-212.
Lewinsohn, P. M., & Libet, J. (1972). Pleasant events, activity schedules, and depression, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 79, 291-295.
Mannell, R. (1980). Social psychological techniques and strategies for studying leisure experiences. In S. E. Iso-Ahola (Ed.), Social psychological perspective on leisure and recreation (pp. 62-88). Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.
Mannell, R., Zuzanek, J., & Larson, R. (1988). Leisure state and flow experience: Testing perceived freedom and intrinsic motivation hypotheses. Journal of Leisure Research, 20(4), 289-304.
Maslow, A. (1968). Toward a psychology of being. New York: Ban Nostrand Reinhold.
Maslow, A. (1970). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper & Row.
Massimini, F., Csikszentmihalyi, M. & Carli, M. (1987). The monitoring of optimal experience: A tool for psychiatric rehabilitation. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders, 175, 545-549.
Massimini, F., Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Delle Fave, A. (1988). Flow and biocultural evolution. In M. Csikszentmihalyi & I. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.), Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness, (pp.60-81). New York: Cambridge.
McDonald, B. L., & Schreyer, R. (1991). Spiritual benefits of leisure participation and leisure settings. In B. L. Driver, P. J. Brown & G. L. Peterson, Benefits of leisure, (pp. 49-57). Pennsylvania: Venture Publishing.
Mitchell, R. G. (1988). Sociological implications of the flow experience. In M. Csikszentmihalyi & I. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.), Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness, (pp.36-59). New York: Cambridge.
Moneta, G. B., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996). The effect of perceived challenges and skills on the quality of subjective experience, Journal of Personality, 64, 275-310.
Nakamura, J. (1988). Optimal experience and the use of talent. In M. Csikszentmihalyi & I. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.), Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness, (pp.319-326). New York: Cambridge.
Neulinger, J. (1981). The psychology of leisure. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.
Novak, T., Hoffman, D., & Young, Y. (1998). Measuring the flow construct in online environments: A structural modeling approach. Working Paper. Owen Graduate School of Management, Vanderbilt University.
http://www2000.ogsm.vanderbilt.edu/papers/flow.construct/measuring_flow_construct.html.
Paffengarger, R. S., Jr., Hyde, R. T., & Dow, A. (1991). Health benefits of physical activity. In B. L. Driver, P. J. Brown & G. L. Peterson, Benefits of leisure, (pp. 49-57). Pennsylvania: Venture Publishing.
Pedersen, B. K. (1996). Exercise and immune functions. In M. Schedlowski & U. Tewes, Psychoneuroimmunology, (pp. 341-358). New York: Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publisher.
Piaget, J. (1962). Play, dreams and imitation in childhood. New York: W.W. Norton.
Rathunde, K. (1996). Family context and talented adolescents’ optimal experience in school-related activities. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 6(4), 605-628.
Rebeiro, K. L., & Polgar, J. M. (1999). Enabling occupational performance: Optimal experiences in therapy. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, volume66, 14-22.
Resnick, S., Warmoth, A., & Serlin, I. A. (2001). The humanistic psychology and positive psychology connection: Implications for psychotherapy. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 41(1), 73-101.
Samdahl, D., & Kleiber, D. A. (1989). Self-awareness and leisure experience. Leisure Sciences, 11(1), 1-10.
Schiefele, U., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1995). Motivation and ability as factors in mathematics experience and achievement. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education. 26(2). 163-181.
Segerstrom, S. C., Taylor, S. E., Kemeny, M. E., & Fahey, J. L. (1998). Optimism is associated with mood, coping, and immune change in response to stress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1646-1655.
Seligman, M. E. P. (1975). Helplessness: On depression, development, and death. San Francisco, CA: Freedman.
Seligman, M. E. P. (1998). Learned optimism: How to change your mind and your life. New York: Pocket Books.
Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment. New York: The Free Press.
Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5-14.
Stein, G. L., Kimiecik, J. C., Daniels, J., & Jackson, S. A. (1995). Psychological antecedents of flow in recreational sport. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 125-135.
Steward, W. P., & Hull, R. B. (1992). Satisfaction of what? Post hoc versus real-time construct validity. Leisure Sciences, 8(1), 1-45.
Taylor, C. B., Sallis, J. F., & Needle, R. (1985). The relation of physical activity and exercise to mental health. Public Health Reports, 100, 195-202.
Tinsley, H. E. A., & Barrett, T. C., & Kass, R. A. (1977). Leisure activities and need satisfaction. Journal of Leisure Research, 9, 110-120.
Tinsley, H. E. A., & Tinsley, D. J. (1986). A theory of the attributes, benefits, and causes of leisure experience. Leisure Sciences, 8, 1-45.
Ulrich, R. S., Dimberg, U., & Driver, B. L. (1991). Psychophysiological indicators of leisure benefits. In B. L. Driver, P. J. Brown & G. L. Peterson, Benefits of leisure, (pp. 74-89). Pennsylvania: Venture Publishing.
Unger, L. S., & Kernan, J. B. (1983). On the meaning of leisure: An investigation of some determinants of the subjective experience. Journal of Consumer Research, 9, 381-392.
Vitterso, J., Vorkinn, M., & Vistad, O. I. (2001). Congruence between recreational mode and actual behavioral: A prerequisite for optimal experiences. Journal of Leisure Research, 33(2), 137-160.
Walker, G. J., Hull, R. B., & Roggenguck, J. W. (1998). On-site optimal experiences and their relationship to off-site benefits. Journal of Leisure Research, 30, 453-471.
Warburton, D. M. (1996). The functions of pleasure. In D. M. Warburton & N. Sherwood (Eds.), Pleasure and quality of life, (pp. 1-10). England: John Wiley & Sons.
Weissinger, E., Caldwell, L. L., & Bandalos, D. L. (1992). Relationship between intrinsic motivation and boredom in leisure time. Leisure Sciences, 14, 317-325.
Wells, A. J. (1988). Self-esteem and optimal experience. In M. Csikszentmihalyi & I. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.), Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness, (pp.327-341). New York: Cambridge.
Witt, P. A., & Bishop, D. W. (1979). Situational antecedents to leisure behavior. Journal of Leisure Research, 2, 64-77.
World Health Organization. (2002). Physical inactivity a leading cause of disease and disability. http://www.who.int/inf/en/pr-2002-23.html.