臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

　　對於馬基維利（Niccolò Machiavelli, 1469-1527）政治思想的理解與詮釋解，向來是西方政治思想中爭論的課題。本論文即從個別行動者的角度出發，探討當他們有機會讀了《君王論》和《史論》，對於現實中的政治生活，有什麼體悟？對於自身的政治行動，起了什麼指導作用？針對這個問題，筆者歸納出三個主要的面向，試圖對馬基維利的政治思想，做一較為全面性的敘述。
　　首先，做為一個政治行動者，不論是一城之主，或者是伺機而起的臣民，馬基維利是否為他設下了行為的終極目標？
　　筆者所欲提出的一個詮釋是，馬基維利在《君王論》中，雖然主要探討君主如何保障其統治地位，但他在一些段落文句中，對於祖國的繁榮昌盛、對於共善，透露出和《史論》一書相同的關懷。他認為理想的政治行動者最終應該為祖國、共善而奉獻。不過他也了解人類的本性是自利的，極容易為了追求財富、名望等個人私欲而忽視公共利益。那麼，要如何讓自私自利的人願意為國家共善服務呢？馬基維利並不採取改變人性的作法，而是藉著重新定義人們所追求的目標──「榮耀」──來解決這個困境。馬基維利主張政治行動的目的在追求榮耀，而惟有振興祖國、完成對公眾有益的壯舉，才能贏得永恆的榮耀。換句話說，政治行動者追求榮耀乃是基於個人欲望的滿足，但在這過程中，國家的共善亦獲得實現與促進。這個「榮耀」論述，正可以將個人私利與祖國共善連結起來。
　　接下來兩個面向則屬於實踐的層次。馬基維利政治思想的第二個面向，即在鋪陳行動者本身應具備哪些條件與特質，才能在權力的舞台上展露頭角、脫穎而出，進而促進共善、光大祖國，獲得榮耀。他運用德行與機運這一組古典的概念來分析政治行動者的崛起與敗亡，其論點存在傳承與具有革命性格之處。
　　第三個面向關注的焦點是，當政治行動者面對創建、改革政治社會等現實課題。關於城邦中政治制度的選擇，在王政與共和之間，馬基維利從效益的角度，認為共和體制最能夠達成與促進國家的共善，使祖國能夠在短時間內成長擴張，達到偉大的地位。然而在共和國中，自由生活有被野心人士腐化的危機，為了防止腐化的發生，必須在制度安排上去節制、疏導人們的野心，並且需要有德行的政治行動者將這些制度落實。要是當行動者身處的城邦已經腐化不堪，馬基維利認為此時惟有採行王政式的權力，也是就是以「一人支配」的形態，以血腥暴力等極端的手段，剷除原先的既得利益者，自由的生活才有可能重新建立。

緒　論　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　1
第一章　榮耀──結合自利與共善的橋樑　　9
第一節　人性：自利與野心　　　　　　　　9
第二節　追求共善與榮耀　　　　　　　　 17
第三節　革命性的榮耀觀　　　　　　　　 26
第二章　政治行動者應具備的條件　　　　 41
第一節　機運、命運女神與政治行動者　 　41
第二節　政治行動者的德行　　　　　　　 57
第三節　政治行動者的道德考量　　　　　 70
第三章　政治共同體的擘畫與維持　　　　 81
第一節　王政與共和體制的衡量　　　　　 81
第二節　腐化的防治與拯救　　　　　　　 90
第三節　馬基維利共和思想的特點　　　　103
結　論　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　111
參考文獻　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　117

（一）馬基維利作品
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　1988The Prince. Edited by Quentin Skinner & Russell Price. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
　1989Machiavelli: The Chief Works and Others. 3 vols.Translated by Allan Gilbert. Durham: Duke University Press.
　1993《君主論》，潘漢典譯。北京：商務。
　1996Discourses on Livy. Translated by Harvey C. Mansfield and Nathan Tarcov. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
　1998《佛羅倫薩史》，李活譯。台北：台灣商務。
　1998《君主論》，閻克文譯。台北：台灣商務。
　1998The Prince. Translated by Harvey C. Mansfield. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.2nd ed.
　2003《李維羅馬史疏義》，呂健忠譯。台北：左岸文化。
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　1993〈愛匹克迪泰斯的政治思想〉，收入於氏著，《政治理論與研究方法》，台北：三民。
張旺山
　1995〈馬基維里革命：「國家理性」初探之一〉，收入於陳秀容、江宜樺主編，《政治社群》。台北：中研院社科所。
蔡英文
　1999〈古典共和公民社會的理想與奧古斯丁政治神學之解釋〉，《台灣哲學研究》，第二期，頁71-107。
蕭高彥
　1998〈馬基維利論政治秩序 ── 一個形上學的考察〉，《政治科學論叢》，第九期 。頁145-172。
　2002a〈共和主義與現代政治〉，《政治與社會哲學評論》，第一期。頁85-116。
　2002b〈西塞羅與馬基維利論政治道德〉，《政治科學論叢》，第十六期。頁1-28。
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