臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究分三部份：第一部份利用糙米或精白米為主原料，添加含高量生育醇之果實種子類中藥－芡實為副原料利用雙軸擠壓機加工生產擠壓膨發便捷食品，其條件設定為原料水分分別為15及20%，螺軸轉速為200及250 rpm，探討最適加工條件，產品理化特性及生育醇保留率。結果顯示，以糙米為原料之擠壓產品色度傾向淡褐色，具有較高膨發度及水溶性指標，這表示由糙米製得之擠壓食品較由精白米製得產品容易分散於流體溶液中，而其亮度（L值）、假密度及吸水性指標較低，且保有較高之α-及γ-生育醇含量。又以15 %原料水分會得到較低之假密度及吸水性指標，膨發度與水溶性指標較高之產品；而250 rpm 螺軸轉速亦有相同之結果。芡實含量之增加致使產品亮度（L值）有下降之趨勢，產品之紅色度（a值）會隨進料水分含量較低及芡實含量增加而有較高之數值。在生育醇含量方面，添加15%芡實製造得到之擠壓食品有較高之α-，β-，γ-及δ-生育醇含量（125， 6， 78及9μg/g），經擠壓後之生育醇保留率仍維持在70%以上。
第二部分探討未添加及添加15%芡實擠壓產品在貯存期間之抗氧化能力。首先將第一部份所製得產品進行官能品評試驗分析，其結果顯示添加15%芡實組（E15）具有最佳之品評結果。同時進行貯藏期之TBARS測驗，發現貯存一年後，添加15%芡實其抗氧化活性仍比未添加芡實（E0）之產品來得高（P<0.05）；同樣發現添加15%芡實其捕捉DPPH自由基能力較未添加芡實之產品強（P<0.05），添加15%芡實擠壓產品（200 mg）其總抗氧化能力約為trolox當量之兩倍，表示添加15%芡實擠壓產品經一年貯存後仍具抗氧化力及良好品質，因此含高量生育醇之芡實有助於產品之抗氧化能力。
第三部份是把未添加及添加15%芡實擠壓產品（E0及E15組）分別餵食正常老鼠及被誘發肝損傷之大鼠，探討大鼠血液中之血糖、三酸甘油脂、膽固醇、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、肝功能生化指數GOT及GPT餵食前後變化情形，又取其肝臟測定抗氧化酵素系統（活性及mRNA）之變化。結果發現在發現老鼠餵食擠壓食品之試驗中，添加15%芡實組可增加老鼠體內總抗氧化力，並有降低LDL的效果。在肝損傷老鼠之試驗中，發現攝食糙米擠壓產品（未添加及添加15%芡實組）均可減緩因肝損傷而造成之GOT或GPT上升狀態，並可增加CuZn-SOD活性及抗氧化酵素的基因表現以代償這項傷害。

This study included three portions: The first portion was to study on the puffed rice food made from brown or milled rice flour mixed with a Chinese medical plant, Semen euryales by using a twin-screw extruder. The optimum processing conditions, the physicochemical properties and the contents ofα-,β-,γ-andδ- tocopherols were determined under various combinations of fed moisture content (15 and 20 %) and screw speed (200 and 250 rpm). Compared with that made from milled rice flour, the extrudates made from brown rice were brown color with a high expansion ratio and a water solubility index, but a low L value, a bulk density, and a water absorption index. The extrudates made from brown rice flour had the higher contents of α- and γ- tocopherols . The data showed that 15% feed moisture content gave a lower bulk density and a water absorption index but a higher expansion ratio and a water solubility index. The higher screw speed (250 rpm) obtained the same result as 15% feed moisture content. A sample added with 15% Semen euryales had the higher contents ofα-,β-,γ-andδ- tocopherols (125, 6, 78, and 9 µg/g) .
The second portion was to study the antioxidative capacity of all extrudates during storage. In the sensory evaluation test, exudates added with 15% Semen euryales (E15) showed the best sensory scores. After one year storage, the TBARS value of extrudate E15 were lower than the one of extrudate E0 (p<0.05). It revealed that extrudate E15 possess a higher antioxidative capacity. The extrudate E15 appeared stronger scaveging effect on DPPH radical than extrudate E0 (p<0.05). In addition, extrudate E15 had higher total antioxidative activity. The TEAC of the product with 200 mg extrudate E15 were increased to about 200 % after 12 months storage. All results show Semen euryales with high contents of tocopherols are helpful on the antioxidative capacity of product.
The third part is to study on the normal and liver damaged rats induced by CCl4 with extrudate E0 and E15. The blood sugar, serum triacylglycerol, serum cholesterol, HDL, LDL, GOT and GPT of the rats were determined. The activity of the antioxidative system was also determined by measuring the activity of SOD and the mRNA contents in the livers of the induced rats. The results showed extrudate E15 enhanced total antioxidative capacity and decreased the serum LDL of normal rats. On the other hand, both extrudate E0 and E15 decreased GOT and GPT contents in the livers of the damaged rats, and increased the activity of CuZn-SOD and the gene expression of the antioxidative enzymes to compensate the damage.

綱 目
目錄….……………………………………………………………………… I
表次……………………………………………………………………………V
圖次…………………………………………………………………………VII
中文摘要………………………………………………………………………X
英文摘要……………………………………………………………………XII
前言…………………………………………………………………………XIV
第一章 探討不同原料水分及螺軸轉速對擠壓膨發米產品理化特性之影響
文獻整理………………………………………………………………………1
材料與方法………………………………………………………………… 26
一、 實驗材料…………………………………………………………26
二、 擠壓操作參數……………………………………………………26
三、 一般成分分析……………………………………………………27
四、 產品顏色之測定…………………………………………………27
五、 膨發率…..………………………………………………………27
六、 假密度……………………………………………………………27
七、 吸水性指標與水溶性指標………………………………………28
八、 維生素E含量……………………………………………………28
九、 統計分析…………………………………………………………29
結果與討論
一、 一般成分…………………………………………………………30
二、 產品顏色..………………………………………………………30
三、 膨發率……………………………………………………………31
四、 假密度……………………………………………………………31
五、 吸水性指標與水溶性指標………………………………………32
六、 維生素E含量……………………………………………………33
七、 最適加工條件……………………………………………………33
表…………………………………………………………………………36
圖……………………………………………………………………………35
第二章 探討添加芡實之糙米擠壓產品貯藏期之抗氧化能力
文獻整理…………………………………………………………………… 47
材料與方法………………………………………………………………… 59
一、 實驗材料………………………………………………………59
二、 含芡實擠壓糙米產品之製備………………………………… 59
三、 品評試驗…………………………………………………………60
四、 脂質過氧化反應之分析…………………………………………60
五、 抑制亞麻油酸氧化之試驗………………………………………60
六、 總抗氧化性分析………………………………………………61
七、 清除DPPH自由基分析法………………………………62
八、 清除超氧陰離子分析法……………………………………62
九、 統計分析…………………………………………………………62
結果與討論
一、 產品之外觀及品評結果………………………………………63
二、 擠壓產品貯藏期間之脂質過氧化反應………………………64
三、 抑制亞麻油酸氧化試驗…………………………………………65
四、 總抗氧化能力……………………………………………………66
五、 清除自由基能力…………………………………………………66
表……………………………………………………………………………69
圖……………………………………………………………………………73
第三章 芡實擠壓糙米產品調節正常大鼠及肝損傷大鼠肝功能及抗氧化性之效應
文獻整理……………………………………………………………………76
材料與方法
一、正常老鼠試驗………………………………………………………… 88
1.實驗動物……………………………………………………………………88
2.大鼠血液檢測………………………………………………………………88
3.大鼠肝臟 A.脂質過氧化反應之分析……………………………………88
B.總抗氧化性之分析…………………………………89
二、 四氯化碳誘發肝損傷老鼠試驗………………………………………89
1.實驗動物……………………………………………………………………89
2.大鼠血液檢測………………………………………………………………89
3.體內抗氧化酵素之變化……………………………………………………89
4.北方點墨法…………………………………………………………………92
三、 統計分析……………………………………………………………100
結果與討論
一、餵食擠壓產品之大鼠肝臟丙二醛含量………………………………101
二、餵食擠壓產品之大鼠肝臟ABTS+陽離子自由基之捕捉效應……102
三、 餵食擠壓產品之大鼠血液生化指數變化………………………102
四、肝損傷大鼠經餵食擠壓產品後之其血液生化指數.…………………102
五、肝損傷大鼠經餵食擠壓產品後之肝臟組織SOD活性變化……………104
六、肝損傷大鼠餵食擠壓產品後之肝臟組織GSH及GPx活性變化………104
七、肝損傷大鼠餵食擠壓產品後之肝臟組織SOD mRNA及GPx mRNA含量.……………………………………………………………………………105
表…………………………………………………………………………109
圖..…………………………………………………………………………107
結論…………………………………………………………………………122
參考文獻……………………………………………………………………124

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