臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

由於丙酮是工業上廣泛應用的溶劑，它極易揮發，且當人體曝露在高濃度的丙酮下，會有頭痛、困倦及嘔吐等症狀，所以丙酮感測器可應用於工業的環境檢測。近年來一些醫學報導指出，糖尿病患者會因脂肪酸降解過快，因此體內的酮體含量會上升。酮體包含丙酮、乙醯乙酸和羥丁酸。因此糖尿病患者的血液、尿液及呼出的氣體內含丙酮的量較一般健康的人高。所以未來丙酮感測器可成為監控糖尿病患者病情的另一項指標。
本研究在液相部份，將對濺鍍鉛的製備條件對感測作探討，並尋求最佳感測條件。以濺鍍鉛為工作電極，在酒石酸鈉溶液中進行感測。在施予工作電極一還原電位下，丙酮會在電極表面上產生氧化還原媒子反應。將丙酮還原為醇類，進而產生電流變化而得到感測訊號。在濺鍍製備條件在功率30W，基板偏壓90V所得的鉛電極可得對丙酮感測有最佳靈敏度的薄膜鉛極。
利用上述條件製備的濺鍍鉛，在施加-2.15V(vs. Ag/AgCl)電位，0.1M酒石酸鈉，攪拌速率100 rpm，30℃下，可得靈敏度3.45µA/cm2ּppm。此感測系統在轉速100 rpm有最佳的靈敏度。隨著溫度上升，靈敏度會提高，但當溫度高至40℃以上增加即不明顯。將濺鍍鉛電極、鉛箔和電鍍鉛三者做比較：濺鍍鉛對感測丙酮的靈敏度最高，約為電鍍鉛靈敏度(1.52µA/cm2ּppm)倍以上，約大於鉛箔電極靈敏度(1.2µA/cm2ּppm)快兩倍。並且濺鍍鉛電極有較短的反應時間約1秒，電鍍鉛的反應時間約5秒，鉛箔電極的反應時間約4.6秒。
本研究對氣相丙酮感測可偵測濃度在50ppm以下的丙酮。利用濺鍍方法將鉛金屬沉積在Nafion®膜上，將電極放置在液態0.1M酒石酸鈉和待測氣體之間進行感測。濺鍍製備條件功率為20 W，腔體壓力為0.018 torr，基本偏壓為90 V時，可得到良好的感測。以上述條件製備的Pb/Nafion®電極，在施加電位為-1.25 V(vs. Ag/AgCl)時，氣體總流速為200 ml/min時，在濃度50 ppm時，可得1.95 mA/cm2的感測訊號。不同的濺鍍功率和腔體偏壓不僅會影響感測的靈敏度，也會影響感測極限濃度。基本偏壓沒有明顯的影響。在感測條件的探討中，可發現當酒石酸納對感測靈敏度和感測極限濃度也有很大的影響。氣體流速度對感測的背景電流影響不大。在氣體總流速為200ml/min 有最佳的感測條件。利用濺鍍法製備的Pb/Nafion®較利用含浸還原法製備的有較好的感測結果。

Acetone has been in common use as a solvent and as an extracting regent, in industry for several decades. It is easy to evaporate in air. When the concentration of acetone in air is higher than 10,000 ppm, people may experience such symptoms as cephalalgia, nausea and so on. Acetone is harmful to human health. Presently, some investigations show that diabetes is the most command pathological cause of elevated blood ketones. The term ketone bodies collectively include three molecules, acetoacetate, 3-β-hydroxybutyrate and acetone, which are associated with the diabetic state. Therefore, the diabetic patient has a higher acetone concentration in their expiration gas, blood, or spittle than that of a nondiabetic people. In the future, the possibility exists to use an acetone sensor as a means of monitoring the diabetic patient’s condition.
In the aqueous solution system, to find the best preparing and sensing conditions of sputtered lead were the major issues in this study. Theoretically, acetone reduced into alcohol form on the surface of Pb working electrode in a suitable electrolyte. Therefore, the sensor produced the reduction current signal. The best preparing conditions of sputtered lead were at power of 30 W, and at bias voltage of 90 V. The applied potential of the acetone sensor was -2.15 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) in 0.1M sodium tartrate. The best sensitivity of thin film lead electrode was about 3.45µA/cm2ּppm at agitation rate of 100 rpm, and 30℃. The sensitivities increased with temperature. But when the temperature was higher than 40℃, the sensitivity did not increase obviously. The thin film lead electrode has a better performance than other lead electrodes prepared by conventional methods. The sensitivity of electroplating lead and lead foil were about 1.52µA/cm2ּppm and 1.2µA/cm2ּppm respectively. The thin film lead also has the shorter response time than electroplating lead and lead foil. When the thin film lead was used as working electrode, the response time is about 1 second. And the response times of electroplating lead and lead foil were 5 and 4.6 seconds respectively.
In gas phase system, the gas sensing system in this study can detect the concentration of acetone below 100 ppm. Pb/Nafion® was used as working electrode. It was prepared by sputter. The best preparing conditions were at power of 20 W, and at pressure of 0.018 torr. And the effect of bias voltage was not obviously. The applied potential of the acetone gas sensor was —1.25 V in (vs. Ag/AgCl) 0.1 M sodium tartrate. The response current of 50 ppm acetone was about 1.95 mA/cm2 at 200 ml/min. Both the sensitivity and the limiting sensing region are affected by the concentration of sodium tartrate. The gas sensing system has the best sensitivity when the total flow rate was at 200 ml/min. The sputtered method is better than impregnation-reduction method to prepare Pb/Nafion® working electrode. It is because that the former has higher sensitivity than the latter.

中文摘要…………………………………………………………………Ⅰ
英文摘要…………………………………………………………………Ⅲ
誌謝………………………………………………………………………V
目錄………………………………………………………………………VI
表目錄……………………………………………………………………XII
圖目錄……………………………………………………………………XIII
符號說明定義表…………………………………………………………XX
第一章 緒論……………………………………………………………1
1.1感測器之簡介…………………………………………………………1
1.2感測器的要求…………………………………………………………1
1.3丙酮感測器的應用……………………………………………………3
1.3.1丙酮在工業上的應用………………………………………3
1.3.2丙酮在醫學上病人的監控…………………………………4
1.3.2.1糖尿病的簡介…………………………………4
1.3.2.2現今糖尿病居家的檢測法……………………5
1.3.2.3丙酮含量和血糖、血酮、尿酮的關係………6
1.4 Nafion®117的簡介……………………………………………………12
1.4.1金屬/Nafion的製備方法…………………………………12
1.5丙酮感測器文獻回顧…………………………………………………16
1.6丙酮感測的研究動機與目的…………………………………………24
第二章 原理………………………………………………………………25
2.1 電漿與濺鍍原理………………………………………………………25
2.1.1電漿的形成…………………………………………………25
2.1.2濺鍍理論……………………………………………………25
2-1-3薄膜沉積原理………………………………………………28
2.2 丙酮感測器的還原機構和速率決定步驟的探討……………………30
2.2.1還原反應機構………………………………………………31
2.2.2 速率決定步驟探討…………………………………………33
第三章 實驗儀器與步驟……………………………………………………55
3.1 儀器設備…………………………………………………………………55
3-2藥品………………………………………………………………………56
3.3 電極製備步驟…………………………………………………………57
3.3.1 液相鉛工作電極的製備和前處理…………………………57
3.3.1.1 鉛箔工作電極的前處理………………………57
3.3.1.2 電鍍鉛工作電極的製備………………………57
3.3.1.3 濺鍍鉛工作電極的製備………………………57
3.3.2 白金對電極的製備…………………………………………58
3.3.3銀/氯化銀(Ag/AgCl)參考電極的製備……………………59
3.3.4製備Pb/Nafion工作電極……………………………………59
3.3.4.1 Nafion®前處理………………………………59
3.3.4.2 含浸還原法.……………………………………60
3.3.4.3 濺鍍法…………………………………………60
3.4 液相系統中，丙酮對工作電極的感測分析……………………………60
3.4.1以循環伏安（cyclic voltammetry）法求取電位窗………63
3.4.2應答曲線與校正曲線…………………………………………63
3.4.3敏感度、應答時間的測量……………………………………64
3.4.4 SEM分析………………………………………………………64
3.5 氣相系統中，丙酮對工作電極的感測分析……………………………64
3.5.1以循環伏安（cyclic voltammetry）法求取電位窗………64
3.5.2應答曲線與校正曲線…………………………………………65
3.5.3敏感度、應答時間的測量……………………………………68
3.5.4 SEM分析………………………………………………………68
第四章 結果與討論……………………………………………………………69
4.1 液相丙酮感測器行為……………………………………………………69
4.1.1鉛薄膜電極………………………………………………………69
4.1.1.1鉛薄膜電極之附著層選擇…………………………69
4.1.1.2循環伏安法求取極限電流區的電位窗……………71
4.1.1.3濺鍍鉛工作電極對丙酮的感測行為………………71
4.1.1.3.1應答曲線與濃度校正曲線……………71
4.1.1.3.2不同濺鍍製備條件的比較……………76
4.1.1.3.2.1施加不同功率的影響……76
4.1.1.3.2.2施加不同基板偏壓的影響76
4.1.1.3.3攪拌速率的影響………………………77
4.1.1.3.4感測溫度的影響………………………84
4.1.2與鉛箔、電鍍鉛工作電極的比較………………………………84
4.1.2.1 鉛箔電極…………………………………………84
4.1.2.2 電鍍鉛電極………………………………………88
4.1.2.3 不同鉛電極綜合比較……………………………88
4.1.3選擇性分析………………………………………………………94
4.1.4厚膜銀/氯化銀參考電極的應用情形…………………………97
4.1.5 利用SEM進行表面分析…………………………………………97
4.1.5.1不同濺鍍功率所得的鉛電極表面…………………102
4.1.5.2不同基板偏壓所得的濺鍍鉛電極表面……………102
4.1.5.3反應前後對電極表面的影響………………………102
4.2氣相丙酮感測器行為…………………………………………………………107
4.2.1 濺鍍法製備的Pb/Nafion電極…………………………………107
4.2.1.1循環伏安法求取極限電流區的電位窗……………107
4.2.2濺鍍鉛工作電極對丙酮的感測行為……………………………110
4.2.2.1應答曲線與濃度校正曲線…………………………110
4.2.2.2不同濺鍍製備條件的影響…………………………110
4.2.2.2.1施加不同濺鍍功率的影響……………110
4.2.2.2.2不同腔體壓力的影響…………………114
4.2.2.2.3施加不同基板偏壓的影響……………115
4.2.2.3不同感測條件的探討………………………………115
4.2.2.3.1電解液濃度不同對感測行為的影響…115
4.2.2.3.2不同氣體流速對感測行為的影響……119
4.2.3含浸還原法製備Pb/Nafion®的感測行為………………………123
4.2.3.1應答曲線與濃度校正曲線…………………………123
4.2.4含浸還原法和濺鍍鉣製備的Pb/Nafion®的比較………………123
4.2.5 不同濺鍍法製備電極表面的探討………………………………123
4.2.5.1不同濺鍍功率………………………………………123
4.2.5.2不同腔體壓力………………………………………123
4.2.5.3不同基板偏壓………………………………………127
4.3綜合討論………………………………………………………………………131
4.3.1理論與實驗的結果討論…………………………………………131
4.3.1.1液相系統……………………………………………131
4.3.1.2氣相系統……………………………………………131
4.3.2.1動力控制模式……………………………131
4.3.2.2質傳控制模式……………………………135
4.3.1.2.3 反應、擴散雙重控制………………135
4.3.2濺鍍鉛的綜合討論………………………………………………136
第五章 結論與建議……………………………………………………………141
5.1 結論…………………………………………………………………………141
5.1.1液相系統…………………………………………………………141
5.1.2氣相系統…………………………………………………………141
5.2 建議…………………………………………………………………………142
參考文獻…………………………………………………………………………143
附錄A 利用固態電解質的參考數據..…………………………………………149
附錄B 酮體在人體內的平衡關係…………..…………………………………161
附錄C 人體糖類及脂質的新陳代謝……………………………………………165
自述………………………………………………………………………………176

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