牙科汞齊合金 (dental amalgam) 從1826年開始已被應用於牙齒填補，已有超過170年的歷史，而且目前牙科汞齊合金是牙科填補材料主要選擇之一。根據本實驗學長姊曹哲儀、陳秋寧(1997)實驗指出，未經過熱處理的單成份球形 (68.7wt﹪Ag-13.3wt﹪Cu-14.7wt﹪Sn-3.3wt﹪Pd) S4合金粉末在混汞時，需要很高的混汞比 (>2.0)。但本實驗學姊甯超群(1999)對S4合金粉末經過100℃、2天的熱處理後，發現混汞比會降低，依據此方向作更進一步的研究，根據其實驗結果發現S4合金粉末經過400℃、1天熱處理後，可大幅降低最初汞釋出量和降低混汞比( 1.3 )。其最初汞釋出量約為 30.6 pg/mm2/s，比商業產品( Tytin )的最初汞釋出量( 68.6 pg/mm2/s )還低。但是其缺點是1小時37℃水浴後抗壓強度( 83.8 Mpa )偏低和混汞性不良，所謂混汞性不良是指混汞後不能形成一個團狀可塑體。
本實驗即針對此兩方面進行改善，首先找出最佳球形汞齊合金熱處理溫度，發現其最初汞釋出量為( 20.4 pg/mm2/s )、1小時37℃水浴後抗壓強度可達( 209 MPa )，但混汞性依然不良。為了改善混汞性，則對球形汞齊合金粉末進行球磨處理以達改善混汞性。
經由各種不同比例的球形和球磨合金粉末混合改善混汞性，實驗結果顯示，球形和球磨合金粉末依不同比例混合可改善混汞性，並且仍然保有較低汞釋出、較高的抗壓及抗拉強度、經冷熱循環試驗後抗拉強度仍然高於商用汞齊合金(Tytin)、長時間37℃人工唾液浸泡試驗後抗拉強度仍然高於商用汞齊合金(Tytin)及生物毒性最高的銅離子釋出量遠低於商用含鈀汞齊合金(Valiant PhD.)。

總目錄
摘要-------------------------------------------------------III
總目錄-------------------------------------------------------V
圖目錄-------------------------------------------------------X
表目錄-----------------------------------------------------XIV
第一章 簡介--------------------------------------------------1
1-1 前言-----------------------------------------------------1
1-2 研究目的-------------------------------------------------6
第二章 理論基礎----------------------------------------------9
2-1 汞齊合金之汞齊化反應及其結構-----------------------------9
2-1-1 傳統低銅汞齊合金---------------------------------------9
2-1-2 高銅汞齊合金------------------------------------------11
2-2 汞齊合金之添加金屬元素----------------------------------12
2-2-1 鋅（Zn）的添加----------------------------------------12
2-2-2 銦（In）的添加----------------------------------------13
2-2-3 鈀（Pd）的添加----------------------------------------13
2-3 汞齊合金粉末的分類--------------------------------------14
2-3-1 不規則型汞齊合金粉末----------------------------------14
2-3-2 球型汞齊合金粉末--------------------------------------15
2-3-3 混合型汞齊合金粉末------------------------------------15
2-4 含鈀汞齊合金粉末----------------------------------------16
2-4-1單成份含鈀汞齊合金-------------------------------------16
2-4-2混合型含鈀汞齊-----------------------------------------17
2-5 汞齊合金的微觀結構--------------------------------------17
2-5-1汞齊合金的微觀結構-------------------------------------17
2-5-2含鈀汞齊合金的微觀結構---------------------------------18
2-6 汞齊合金之硬化時間--------------------------------------22
2-7 球磨對汞齊合金的影響------------------------------------22
2-8 汞齊合金汞蒸氣的釋出------------------------------------23
2-8-1汞齊合金汞蒸氣的釋出-----------------------------------23
2-8-2含鈀汞齊合金汞蒸氣的釋出-------------------------------24
2-9 汞齊合金之機械性質--------------------------------------24
2-9-1 抗壓及抗拉強度----------------------------------------24
2-9-2 潛變性質----------------------------------------------26
2-10 汞齊合金的腐蝕性質-------------------------------------27
2-10-1 汞齊合金離子釋出與生物毒性---------------------------27
2-10-2 口腔內之腐蝕情況-------------------------------------28
第三章 材料與實驗方法---------------------------------------30
3-1 實驗架構及流程------------------------------------------30
3-2 合金粉末------------------------------------------------30
3-3 合金粉末球磨加工處理------------------------------------33
3-4 合金粉末真空石英封管------------------------------------35
3-5 合金粉末熱處理------------------------------------------37
3-6 合金粉末的酸洗及烘乾------------------------------------38
3-7 汞齊合金試片的製作--------------------------------------38
3-8 Χ光繞射分析--------------------------------------------40
3-8-1 合金粉末Χ光繞射分析----------------------------------43
3-8-2 汞齊合金Χ光繞射分析----------------------------------43
3-9 SEM 觀察和EDS成份分析-----------------------------------43
3-9-1 合金粉末SEM觀察和EDS成份分析--------------------------43
3-9-2 汞齊合金SEM觀察和EDS成份分析--------------------------44
3-10 抗壓及抗拉強度測試-------------------------------------44
3-11 潛變試驗-----------------------------------------------45
3-12 汞蒸氣釋出率-------------------------------------------48
3-13 冷熱循環試驗-------------------------------------------48
3-14 浸泡試驗-----------------------------------------------51
3-14-1 人工唾液浸泡試驗-------------------------------------51
3-14-2 歐傑電子表面元素縱深分析-----------------------------51
3-14-3 金屬離子釋出量測-------------------------------------52
第四章 結果與討論-------------------------------------------53
4-1 熱處理對汞齊合金性質的影響------------------------------53
4-1-1 XRD相的分析-------------------------------------------53
4-1-2 SEM顯微組織觀察---------------------------------------53
4-1-3 抗壓強度----------------------------------------------54
4-1-4 初始汞蒸氣釋出量--------------------------------------59
4-2 球磨處理對汞齊合金性質的影響----------------------------59
4-2-1 合金粉末球磨處理之過篩率及粒徑分佈--------------------62
4-2-2 XRD相分析---------------------------------------------66
4-2-3 SEM顯微組織觀察---------------------------------------66
4-2-4 抗壓強度----------------------------------------------66
4-2-5 初始汞蒸氣釋出量--------------------------------------72
4-3 球磨粉末之添加對汞齊合金性質之影響----------------------74
4-3-1 不同球磨合金粉末添加量對汞齊合金汞齊化之影響----------74
4-3-2 汞齊合金之SEM觀察-------------------------------------77
4-3-3 汞齊合金之XRD相分析-----------------------------------84
4-3-4 抗壓及抗拉強度----------------------------------------87
4-3-5 潛變性質----------------------------------------------88
4-4 汞齊合金in vitro研究------------------------------------99
4-4-1 冷熱循環試驗------------------------------------------98
4-4-2 浸泡試驗---------------------------------------------104
4-4-3 金屬離子釋出-----------------------------------------104
第五章 結論------------------------------------------------115
第六章 參考文獻--------------------------------------------117
圖目錄
Fig. 2-1 Ag-Sn二元相圖--------------------------------------19
Fig. 2-2 Ag-Hg二元相圖--------------------------------------20
Fig. 2-3 Ag-Sn-Hg三元相圖-----------------------------------21
Fig. 2-4 汞齊合金與口腔交互作用圖---------------------------25
Fig. 3-1(a) 實驗前段流程圖----------------------------------31
Fig. 3-1(b) 實驗後段流程圖----------------------------------32
Fig. 3-2 乾式噴霧法設備構造示意圖---------------------------34
Fig. 3-3 粉末真空石英封管裝置圖-----------------------------36
Fig. 3-4 粉末熱處理過程示意圖-------------------------------39
Fig. 3-5 圓盤狀汞齊合金試片製作示意圖-----------------------41
Fig. 3-6 圓柱狀潛變試片製作及模具示意圖---------------------42
Fig. 3-7 抗壓強度測試示意圖---------------------------------46
Fig. 3-8 抗拉強度測試示意圖---------------------------------46
Fig. 3-9 潛變測試裝置示意圖---------------------------------47
Fig. 3-10 汞蒸氣釋出測汞機裝置圖----------------------------49
Fig. 3-11 冷熱循環測試機的裝置示意圖------------------------50
Fig. 4-1 球形合金粉末經各種溫度熱處理的X光繞射圖------------55
Fig. 4-2 球形合金粉末S4經不同溫度熱處理之SEM顯微組織照------56
Fig.4-3 球形合金粉末經各種溫度熱處理後Cu3Sn對Ag3Sn最強繞射
峯比值------------------------------------------------------58
Fig.4-4 球形合金粉末不同溫度熱處理後之汞齊合金抗壓強度------60
Fig.4-5 球形合金粉末PD4經不同溫度熱處理後之汞齊合金汞釋出---61
Fig. 4-6 合金粉末經不同球磨時間後過篩之獲得率---------------63
Fig. 4-7 不同時間球磨後粉末粒徑分析圖-----------------------64
Fig. 4-8 經不同時間球磨後之合金粉末的X光繞射圖（未經熱處理）
------------------------------------------------------------67
Fig. 4-9不同時間球磨後之合金粉末的X光繞射圖(經t2℃、1天熱處
理)---------------------------------------------------------68
Fig. 4-10 經不同時間球磨後t2℃、1天熱處理之合金粉末SEM照片
------------------------------------------------------------69
Fig. 4-11 經不同時間球磨後之汞齊合金的抗壓強度--------------73
Fig. 4-12 經不同時間球磨後之汞齊合金的初始汞蒸氣釋出率------73
Fig. 4-13 添加球磨之不規則合金粉末的汞齊合金混汞情形--------75
Fig. 4-14 添加不同比例球磨粉末之汞齊合金表面粗糙狀態--------78
Fig. 4-15 汞齊合金添加不規則形合金粉末的SEM觀察-------------79
Fig. 4-16 S4L0汞齊合金元素分佈圖（低倍率）------------------82
Fig. 4-17 S2L1汞齊合金元素分佈圖（低倍率）------------------83
Fig. 4-18 S4L0汞齊合金元素分佈圖（高倍率）------------------85
Fig. 4-19 S2L1汞齊合金元素分佈圖（高倍率）------------------86
Fig. 4-20 不同比例球形與不規則形粉末混合之汞齊合金X光繞射圖
(a)S4L0、（b）S3L1、（c）S2L1、（d）S1L1（e）S0L4--89
Fig. 4-21 汞齊合金不同相隨時效時間的相對XRD繞射峰強度變化圖
(a)γ(012) /γ1(222) (b)η’(101)/γ1(222) （c）ε/γ1(222)-94
Fig. 4-22 添加不同比例不規則形合金粉末汞齊合金的抗壓強度----95
Fig. 4-23 添加不同比例不規則形合金粉末之汞齊合金的抗拉強度--96
Fig. 4-24 不同比例混合之汞齊合金的潛變量--------------------98
Fig. 4-25 S4L0經冷熱循環試驗前後之XRD圖--------------------100
Fig. 4-26 S0L4經冷熱循環試驗前後之XRD圖--------------------101
Fig. 4-27 S4L0和S0L4汞齊合金經冷熱循環試驗後之SEM顯微照片
-----------------------------------------------------------102
Fig. 4-28 經冷熱循環試驗後之抗拉強度變化-------------------103
Fig. 4-29 經冷熱循環試驗後之潛變量變化---------------------103
Fig. 4-30 S4L0經浸泡試驗前後之XRD圖------------------------105
Fig. 4-31 S2L1經浸泡試驗前後之XRD圖------------------------105
Fig. 4-32 S4L0和S0L4汞齊合金經浸泡試驗後之SEM顯微照片------107
Fig. 4-33 經浸泡汞齊合金表面凸出物成分分析(EDS) (a)S4L0, (b)
S2L1-------------------------------------------------------108
Fig. 4-34 經浸泡試驗後之抗拉強度變化-----------------------110
Fig. 4-35 經浸泡試驗後之潛變量變化-------------------------110
Fig. 4-36 經不同時間浸泡之汞齊合金金屬離子釋出濃度(a)Ag, (b)
Sn, (c) Cu, (d) Pd, (e) Hg---------------------------------112
表目錄
Table 1-1 汞齊合金簡要發展歷程-------------------------------2
Table 1-2 常見商業汞齊合金的化學組成-------------------------8
Table 1-3 美國牙醫協會及商用汞齊合金之成份規定---------------8
Table 3-1 圓柱狀試片製作步驟時間表--------------------------46
Table 3-2 實驗浸泡使用人工唾液成份表------------------------50
Table 4-1 合金粉末Ag-Sn及Cu-Sn相的化學成份分析（SEM/EDS）---60
Table 4-2 經不同溫度熱處理、1天球形汞齊合金之混汞量、工作時間
及硬化時間表------------------------------------------------61
Table 4-3 經不同時間球磨及t2℃、1天熱處理汞齊合金之混汞量、工
作時間及硬化時間表------------------------------------------71
Table 4-4 各種不同比例混合之汞齊合金的代表符號--------------75
Table 4-5 不同粉末混合比例汞齊合金之混汞量、工作時間及硬化時
間表--------------------------------------------------------76
Table 4-6 添加不規則形粉末汞齊合金的γ1相化學成份（wt﹪）------------------------------------------------------------97

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