本研究主要在探討目標涉入、自覺能力、賽前狀態焦慮強度、方向性與運動表現之間的關係。參與者是參加九十一學年度大專排球聯賽第一級國立花蓮師範學院男女排球隊球員，男女各9名，共18名，男子與女子選手之平均年齡分別為20.14±1.27歲與20.82±1.16歲，平均球齡分別為8.67±1.94年與10.00±2.50年。本研究並採用「受試者內」與「縱貫法」等研究設計，統計方法採用多元逐步迴歸分析及曲線估計迴歸分析，考驗自變項對依變項的預測情形。獲致研究結果如下：
一、女子選手的工作涉入可以負向預測賽前身體焦慮之強度，並且正向預測賽前身體焦慮之方向性，而工作涉入與自我涉入可以負向預測賽前認知焦慮之強度，自覺能力與自我涉入可以正向預測賽前認知焦慮之方向性。
二、男子選手的自我涉入可以正向預測選手自評運動表現與教練評量運動表現。而女子選手的工作涉入可以正向預測選手自評運動表現，自我涉入與自覺能力可以正向預測教練評量運動表現。
三、男子選手的賽前身體焦慮強度可以預測選手自評運動表現，並且呈負向直線關係。而女子選手的賽前身體焦慮方向性可以預測選手自評運動表現，並且呈二次曲線關係，賽前認知焦慮強度可以有效預測教練評量運動表現，並且呈負向直線關係。
本研究根據研究結果進行討論，並在文末提出在訓練實務與未來研究方向上的建議。

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships of goal involvements, perceived competence, the intensity and direction of competitive state anxiety, and performance among college volleyball players. Participants were 18 National Hualien Teacher College’s volleyball players (males=9, females=9), who enrolled in 2003 Intercollegiate Volleyball Competition. Average ages for the males and females were 20.14±1.27 and 20.82±1.16 years respectively. In addition, average years of training for males and females were 8.67±1.94 and 10.00±2.50 years respectively. This study was designed as a within-subject and longitudinal study. The data was collected throughout the whole season period. A series of stepwise multiple regression analyses and curve estimation regression analyses were conducted. The major findings were as follows:
First, female players’ task involvement negatively predicted the intensity of somatic anxiety and positively predicted the direction of somatic anxiety. Furthermore, both task involvement and ego involvement negatively predicted the intensity of cognitive anxiety. In addition, perceived competence and ego involvement positively predicted the direction of cognitive anxiety.
Second, male players’ ego involvement positively predicted sport performance evaluated by players and sport performance evaluated by the coach. Female players’ task involvement positively predicted sport performance evaluated by players. On the other hand, ego involvement and perceived competence positively predicted sport performance evaluated by coaches.
Third, male players’ intensity of somatic anxiety significantly predicted sport performance evaluated by players and revealed negative linear relationship. Female players’ direction of somatic anxiety effectively predicted sport performance evaluated by players and revealed quadratic relationship. Moreover, the intensity of cognitive anxiety effectively predicted sport performance evaluated by coaches and revealed negative linear relationship.
Discussions are provided in term of the findings. Practical implication and future research directions are also recommended.

第壹章　緒　論------------------------------------------------1
第一節　研究背景------------------------------------------1
第二節　研究目的------------------------------------------6
第三節　研究問題------------------------------------------7
第四節　名詞解釋------------------------------------------7
第貳章　文獻探討--------------------------------------------10
第一節　成就目標理論與競賽狀態焦慮之相關研究----10
第二節　競賽狀態焦慮與運動表現之相關研究---------15
第三節　研究假設------------------------------------------27
第參章　研究方法--------------------------------------------29
第一節　研究架構------------------------------------------29
第二節　研究參與者---------------------------------------30
第三節　研究工具------------------------------------------30
第四節　實施步驟------------------------------------------34
第五節　資料處理------------------------------------------35
第肆章　結　果------------------------------------------------37
第一節　個人內分析、基本描述性統計與簡單相關----37
第二節　目標涉入與自覺能力對賽前狀態焦慮強度與方向性的預測情形---------------------------------48
　　第三節　目標涉入與自覺能力對運動表現的預測情形--52
　　第四節　賽前狀態焦慮強度與方向性對運動表現的預　　　　　　　　　測情形---------------------------------------------55
第伍章　討　論-----------------------------------------------74
　　第一節　目標涉入、自覺能力、賽前狀態焦慮強度、　　　　　　　　　方向性與運動表現的相關情形-------------------74
　　第二節　目標涉入與自覺能力對賽前狀態焦慮強度與方向性的預測情形-------------------------------77
第三節　目標涉入與自覺能力對運動表現的預測情形--78
第四節　賽前狀態焦慮強度、方向性對運動表現的預測情形-------------------------------------------------79
第陸章　結論與建議-----------------------------------------82
第一節　結　論---------------------------------------------82
第二節　建　議---------------------------------------------85
參考文獻---------------------------------------------------------88
附錄--------------------------------------------------------------100
附錄一　運動目標涉入量表------------------------------100
附錄二　改編版賽前狀態焦慮量表-----------------------103
附錄三　排球自覺能力量表-------------------------------105
附錄四　選手自評運動表現評估量表--------------------106
附錄五　教練評量運動表現評估量表-------------------107

一、中文部分
陳由平(民86)：以大災難理論探討籃球運動員焦慮對投籃表現的影響。國立體育學院運動科學研究所碩士論文。
黃英哲(民83)：運動動機氣候、自覺能力、賽前狀態焦慮和滿足感的相關研究。國立台灣師範大學體育研究所碩士論文。
黃英哲、季力康(民83)：運動動機氣候與自覺能力對賽前狀態焦慮和滿足感的相關研究。體育學報，18，321-332。
黃英哲、季力康(民85)：合球運動員目標取向與自覺能力對賽前狀態焦慮的關係。台北師院學報，9，855-874。
黃英哲(民91)：運動成就目標與賽前狀態焦慮的關係：以目標涉入為主軸之研究。國立台灣師範大學體育研究所博士論文。
鄧碧雲(民91)：籃球運動員成就目標、知覺動機氣候及自覺能力對賽前狀態焦慮與因應策略之影響。國立體育學院教練研究所碩士論文。
二、英文部分
Alpert, R., ＆ Haber, R. N. (1960). Anxiety in academic achievement situations. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 61, 207-215.
Ames, C. (1984). Achievement attributions and self-instructions under competitive and individualistic goal structures, Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 748-487.
Ames, C. (1992a). Classrooms: Goals, structures, and student motivation. Journal of Education Psychology, 84, 261-271.
Ames, C. (1992b). Achievement goals, motivational climate, and motivational processes. In G. C. Roberts (Ed.), Motivation in sport and exercise (pp. 161-176). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Ames, C., ＆ Archer, J. (1988). Achievement goals in the classroom: Students learning strategies and motivation processes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 80, 260-267.
Barnes, M. W., Sime, W., Dienstbier, R., ＆ Plake. B. (1986). A test of construct validity of the CSAI-2 questionnaire on male elite college swimmers. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 17, 364-374.
Bird, A. M., ＆ Horn, M. A. (1990). Cognitive anxiety and mental errors in sport. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 12, 217-222.
Burton, D. (1988). Do anxious swimmers swim slower? Re-examining the elusive anxiety-performance relationship. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10, 45-61.
Carrier, C., Higson, V., Klimoski, V., ＆ Peterson, E. (1984). The effects of facilitative and debilitative achievement anxiety on note taking. Journal of Education Research, 77, 133-138.
Caruso, C. M., Dzewaltowski, D. A., Gill, D. L., ＆ McElroy, M. A. (1990). Psychological and physiological changes in competitive state anxiety during noncompetition and competitive success and failure. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 12, 6-20.
Carver, C.S., ＆ Scheier, M.F. (1986). Functional and dysfunctional responses to anxiety: The interaction between expectancies and self-focused attention. In R. Schwarzer (Ed.), Self-related cognitions in anxiety and motivation (pp.111-141). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Carver, C.S., ＆ Scheier, M.F. (1988). A control-process perspective on anxiety. Anxiety Research, 1, 17-22.
Couch, J. V., Garber, T. B., ＆ Turner, W. E. (1983). Facilitating and debilitating test anxiety and academic achievement. The Psychological Record, 22, 237-244.
Covington, M. V. (1986). Anatomy of failure-induced anxiety: The role of cognitive mediators. In R. Schwarzer (Ed.), Self-related cognitions in anxiety and motivation (pp. 247-263). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Crowne, D. P., ＆ Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of pathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24, 349-354.
Davidson, R. J., ＆ Schwartz, G. E. (1976). The psychology of relaxation and related states: A multi-process theory. In D. I. Mostofsky (Ed), Behavior control and modification of physiological activity (pp.339-442). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Duda, J. L. (1989). The relationship between task and ego orientation and perceived purpose of sport among high school athletes. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11, 318-335.
Duda, J. L. (2001). Achievement goal research in sport: Pushing the boundaries and clarifying some misunderstandings. In G. C. Roberts (ED.), Adcances in motivation in sport and exercese (pp.129-182). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Duda, J. L., Newton, M., ＆ Chi, L. (1990). The relationship of task and ego orientations and expectations on multidimensional anxiety. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the North American Society for Psychology of sport and Physical Activity, University of Houston, TX.
Duda, J. L., ＆ Whitehead, J. (1998). Measurement of goal perspectives in the physical domain. In J. L. Duda (ED.), Advances on sport and exercise psychology measurement (pp. 21-48). Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology.
Dweck, C. S. (1986). Motivational processes affecting learning. American Psychologist, 41, 1040-1048.
Dweck, C. S., ＆ Leggett, E. L. (1988). A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review, 95, 256-273.
Edward, T., ＆ Hardy, L. (1996). The interactive effects of intensity and direction of cognitive and somatic anxiety, and self-confidence upon performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18, 296-312.
Eysenck, M. W. (1984). A handbook of cognitive psychology. London: Erlbaum.
Gaeddert, W. P., ＆ Dolphin, W. D. (1981). Effects of facilitating and debilitating anxiety on performance and study effort in mastery-based and traditional courses. Psychological Reports, 48, 827-833.
Gould, D., Petlichoff, L., Simons, H., ＆ Vevera, M. (1987). The relationship between Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 Subscale scores and pistol shooting performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 9, 33-42.
Gould, D., Petlichoff, L., ＆ Weinberg, R. S. (1984). Antecedents of temporal changes in and relationships between CSAI-2 components. Journal of Sport Psychology, 6, 289-304.
Hall, H. K., ＆ Kerr, A. W. (1997). Motivational antecedents of precompetitive anxiety in youth sport. The Sport Psychologist, 11, 24-42.
Hall, H. K., Kerr, A. W., ＆ Matthews, J. (1998). Precompetitive anxiety in sport: the contribution of achievement goals and perfectionism. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 20, 194-217.
Hanton, S., ＆ Jones, G. (1995). Antecedents of competitive state anxiety as a function of skill level in competitive swimmers. Manuscript submitted.
Huang, Y., ＆ Chi, L. (1999). The relationship of goal perspectives and perceived ability to multi-dimensional state anxiety in adolescent softball players. Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress of Asian-South Pacific Association of Sport Psychology, Wuhan, China, 112-114.
Hudesman, J., ＆ Wiesner, E. (1978). Facilitating and debilitative test anxiety among college students and Volunteers for desensitization workshops. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 34, 485-486
Jerom, G. J., ＆ Williams. J. M. (2000). Intensity and interpretation of competitive state anxiety: relationship to performance and repressive coping. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 12, 236-250.
Jones, J. G. (1991). Recent developments and current issues in competitive state anxiety research. The Sport Psychologist, 4, 152-155
Jones, J. G. (1995). More than just a game: Research developments and issues in competitive anxiety in sport. British Journal of Psychology, 86, 449-478.
Jones, J. G., ＆ Cale, A. (1989). Relationship between multidimensional competitive state anxiety and cognitive and motor subcomponents of performance, Journal of Sport Sciences, 7, 129-140.
Jones, J. G., ＆ Hanton, S. (1996). Interpretation of competitive anxiety symptoms and goal attainment expectancies, Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18, 144-157.
Jones, J. G., ＆ Swain, G. (1992). Intensity and direction of competitive state anxiety and relationships with competitiveness. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 74, 467-472.
Jones, J. G., ＆ Swain, G. (1995). Predispositions to experience facilitative and debilitative anxiety in elite and non-elite performers. The Sport Psychologist, 9, 201-211.
Jones, J. G., Swain, A., ＆ Cale, A. (1990). Antecedents of multidimensional competitive state anxiety and self-confidence in elite intercollegiate middle-distance runners. The Sport Psychologist, 4, 107-118
Jones, J. G., Swain, A., ＆ Cale, A. (1991). Gender differences in precompetition temporal patterning and antecedents of anxiety and self-confidence. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13, 1-15.
Jones, J. G., Swain, A., ＆ Hardy, L. (1993). Intensity and dimensions of competitive state anxiety and relationships with performance. Journal of Sport Sciences, 11, 533.542.
Jones, J. G., Hanton, S., ＆ Swain, A. (1994). Intensity and interpretation of anxiety symptoms in elite and non-elite sports performers. Personality and Individual Differences, 17, 657-663.
Karteroliotis, C., ＆ Gill, D.L. (1987). Temporal changes in psychological and physiological components of state anxiety. Journal of sport Psychology, 9, 261-274.
Klavora, p. (1974). State anxiety and athletic competition. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Alberta-Edmonton, Canada.
Klavora, P. (1977). An attempt to derive inverted-U curves based on the relationship between anxiety and athletic performance. In D. M. Landers ＆ R. W. Cristina (Eds), Psychology of motor behavior and sport-1977 (pp. 369-377). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Krane, V., ＆ Williams, J. M. (1987). Performance and somatic anxiety, cognitive, and confidence changes prior to competition. Journal of Sport Behavior, 10, 47-56
Liebert, R. M., ＆ Morris, L. W. (1967). Cognitive and emotional components of test anxiety: A distinction and some initial data. Psychological Reports, 20, 975-987.
Lowe, R., ＆ McGrath, J. E. (1971). Stress, arousal and performance: Some findings calling for a new theory. Project Report, AF 1161-67, AFOSR.
Mahoney, M. J., ＆ Avener, M. (1977). Psychology of the elite athlete: An exploratory study. Cognitive Therapy and Reaearch, 1, 135-141.
Martens, R. (1977). Sport Competition Anxiety Test. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Martens, R., Burton, D., Rivkin, F., ＆ Simon, J. (1980). Reliability and validity of the competitive state anxiety inventory (CSAI). In C. H. Dadeau, W. C. Halliwell, K. M. Newell, ＆ G. C. Roberts (Eds.), Psychology of motor behavior and sport-1979. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Martens, R., Burton, D., Vealey, R. S., Bump, L. A., ＆ Smith, D. E. (1990). Development and validation of the competitive state anxiety-2. In R. Martens, R. S. Vealey, ＆ Burton (Eds), Competitive anxiety in sport (pp. 117-190). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Martens, R., ＆ Gill, D. L. (1976). State anxiety among successful an unsuccessful competitors who differ in competitive trait anxiety. Research Quarterly, 47, 698-708.
Martin, J. J., ＆ Gill, D. L. (1991). The relationship among competitive orientation, sport-confidence, self-efficacy, anxiety, and performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13, 149-159.
McAuley, E. (1985). State anxiety: Antecedent or result of sport performance? Journal of Sport Behavior, 8, 71-77.
Morris, L., Davis, D., ＆ Hutchings, C. (1981). Cognitive and emotional components of anxiety: Literature review and revised worry-emotionality scale. Journal of Educational Psychology, 73, 541-555.
Munz, D. C., Costello, C. T., ＆ Korabek, K. (1975). A further test of the inverted-U relating achievement anxiety and academic test performance. Journal of Psychology. 89, 39-47.
Newton, M., ＆ Duda, J. L. (1992). The relationship of goal perspectives to multidimensional trait anxiety in adolescent tennis players. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity, Pittsburgh, PA.
Newton, M., ＆ Duda, J. L. (1995). Relations of goal orientations and expectations on multidimensional state anxiety. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 81, 1107-1112.
Nicholls, J. G. (1989). The competitive ethos and democratic education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University press.
Ntoumanis, N., ＆ Biddle, S. (1998). The relationship between competitive anxiety, achievement goals, and motivational climates. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 69, 176-187.
Ntoumanis, N., ＆ Biddle, S. (1998). Relationship of intensity and direction of competitive anxiety with coping strategies. The Sport Psychologist, 14, 360-371.
Orlick, T. (1986). Psyching for sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Parfitt, C. G., Jones, G., ＆ Hardy, L. (1990). Multidimensional anxiety and performance. In G. Jones ＆ L. Hardy (Eds), Stress and performance in sport. Chichester: Wiley.
Perry, J. D., ＆ Williams, J. M. (1998). Relationship of intensity and direction of competitive trait anxiety to skill level and gender in tennis. The Sport Psychologist, 12, 169-179.
Roberts, G. C. (1986). The perception of stress: A potential source and its development. In M. R. Weiss, ＆ D. Gould (Eds.), Sport for children and youth (pp. 119-126). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Scanlan, T. K., ＆ Passer, M. W. (1978). Factors related to competitive stress among male youth sport participants. Medicine and Science in Sport, 10, 103-108.
Smith, R. E., Smoll. F. L., ＆ Schutz, R. W. (1990). Measurement and correlates of sport-specific cognitive and somatic trait anxiety: The Sport Anxiety Scsle. Anxiety Research, 2, 263-280.
Sonstroem, R. J., ＆ Bernardo. P. (1982). Intraindividual pregame state anxiety and basketball performance: A re-examination of the inverted-U curve. Journal of Sport Psychology, 4, 235-245.
Spielberger, C. D. (1966). Theory and research on anxiety. In C. D. Spielberger (Ed.), Anxiety and behavior (pp. 3-22). New York: Academic.
Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., ＆ Lushene, R. E. (1970). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists press.
Spielberger, C. D. (1989). Stress and anxiety in sports. In D. Hackfort ＆ C. D. Spielberger (Eds), Anxiety in sport: An International Perspective. New York: Hemisphere.
Swain, A., ＆ Jones, J. G. (1996). Explaining performance variance: The relative contribution of intensity and direction dimensions of competitive state anxiety. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 9, 1-18.
Vealey, R. S., ＆ Campell, J. L. (1988). Achievement goals of adolescent figure skaters: Impact on self-confidence, anxiety, and performance. Journal of Adolescence Research, 3, 227-243.
Walling, N. D., Duda, J.L., ＆ Chi, L. (1993). The perceived motivational climate in sport questionnaire: Construct and predictive validity. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 15, 172-183.
Wiggins, M. S. (1998). Anxiety intensity and direction: preperformance temporal patterns and expectations in athletes. Journal of Sport Psychology, 10, 201-211.
Williams, L. (1998). Contextual influences and goal perspectives among female youth sport participants. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 69, 47-57.