臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

無瑕法可靠度模型(Cleanroom Reliability Model)之統計測試流程為一系統化、嚴謹之測試方法，可客觀的呈現軟體品質狀態，其高品質的代價就是高成本；缺陷測試則是成本較低、經驗導向、具有彈性的之流程，但相對的缺點就是流程鬆散，缺乏系統化程序。以往缺陷測試之相關研究，並不著重在測試規劃，但規劃的結果卻是決定測試成功與否的最重要依據。本文修改統計測試流程，使其可適用於缺陷測試中，透過完整的測試規劃與流程改善，有限度的增加測試成本以使缺陷測試品質獲得提升。主要的修改包含：將統計測試之使用模式(以機率為基礎)改為缺陷測試之狀態模式(以圖論為基礎)、導入分割測試觀念、提出新的測試停止點、完全自動產生測試路徑(軟體工具支援)。本文主要貢獻有1)提出一改善的缺陷流程，2)完成支援統計測試與改善之缺陷測試流程之軟體工具，並實際運用此流程於”網路連線傳輸”案例之測試與分析，證實此流程之可行性。

Statistical testing of a Cleanroom Reliability Model is a systematical and conscientious method. It aims for the software quality control objectively. The Defect testing is a low cost, experience oriented, and flexibility process. Unlike, Statistical testing, it has no enforced systematical process. In this thesis study, we modify the statistical testing process to fit into the defect testing. Specifically, the modification included 1) The usage model of statistical testing is based on probability model and now is modified as the state model (based on graph theory) for defect testing does not require the use of Markov Chain model for the computation of Reliability, 2) The concept of partition testing is employed to generate the “nodes (states)” of the “graph” in the analysis , and 3) A new stopping criterion based on the search of the Euler graph is proposed to reduce the testing cases. To design and implement the testing tool for the modified defect testing, we define an auto test scripts based on MatLab environment. The proposed prototype system was implemented and used for the testing of a real application case “Network Link and Transfer” and the result confirms the applicability of the proposed approach.

一、緒 論 1
1.1 背景與動機 1
1.2 研究目的與預期成果 2
1.3 章節概要 2
二、軟體測試、統計測試、缺陷測試 3
2.1 軟體測試 3
2.2 統計測試 4
2.2.1統計測試流程 4
2.2.2 統計測試-實例說明 4
2.2.3 使用模式 7
2.2.4 統計測試的使用者 8
2.3 缺陷測試 10
2.4 品質與成本 12
三、統計測試流程應用於缺陷測試之問題探討及改善 13
3.1 統計測試與缺陷測試流程比較 13
3.1.1 分析使用者需求 14
3.1.2 產生使用規格 14
3.1.3 建立使用模式 14
3.1.4 決定機率分佈 15
3.1.5 分析測試停止點 15
3.1.6 產生測試路徑 19
3.1.7 設計測試個案 19
3.1.8 計算軟體可靠度 20
3.2 測試效率問題探討 21
3.2.1隨機測試的問題 21
3.2.2有效率的測試 24
四、改善後的缺陷測試流程、特點及效益 25
4.1 主要修改部分 25
4.2 改善後之流程與各階段說明 25
4.2.1 分析測試需求 25
4.2.2 建立狀態模式 26
4.2.3分析測試停止點 27
4.2.4產生測試路徑 28
4.2.5設計測試個案 28
4.2.6測試結果分析 29
4.3效益 29
4.3.1 流程改善之效益 29
4.3.2 建構測試架構之效益 30
4.3.3 量化之效益 30
4.4 應用於各階段測試 31
4.4.1 軟體分析階段 31
4.4.2 軟體設計階段 32
4.4.3 程式撰寫階段 33
五、實做與案例應用 34
5.1 實做 34
5.1.1功能需求 34
5.1.2功能方塊圖 36
5.1.3公式與演算法 36
5.2 案例應用 41
5.2.1 測試流程 41
5.2.2 比較與分析 43
六、結論 45
6.1 結論 45
6.2 未來工作 45
參考文獻　　　　　　 46
附錄一：“網路連線與傳輸”功能---測試相關數據 48

[1] http://www.ipmbok.com/html/ipmbok_zhishi.htm
[2] "The Economic Impacts of Inadequate Infrastructure for Software Testing," National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Planning Report 02-3, June 2002, U.S. Department of Commerce.
[3] S. Prowell et al. Cleanroom Software Engineering : Technology and process, Addison-Wesley, 1998
[4] J. A. Whittaker, “Markov chain techniques for software testing and reliability analysis,” Dept. of Comput. Sci., Univ. of Tennessee Knoxville, Ph.D. dissertation, USA, 1992
[5] G.H. Walton, J.H. Poor and C,J. Trammel, "Statistical Testing of Software Based on a Usage Model", Software Practice and Experience, pp. 97-108, January 1995.
[6] J. D. Musa, A. Iannino, and K. Okumoto, Software Reliability - Measurement, Prediction, Application, MaGraw-Hill, New York, 1987
[7] J. H. Poore, H.D. Mills, D. Mutchler, “Planning and Certifying Software System Reliability,” IEEE Software, pp. 88-99, vol. 10, January 1993
[8] M. P. Muir, “Case Study : Statistical Testing of MSDS,” The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, master thesis, Dec 1997
[9] Boris Beizer, Software Testing Techniques, 2nd edn. New York, Van Nostrand Rheinhold, 1990
[10] E. Kit, Software Testing in the Real World: Improving the Process, Addison- Wesley,1995
[11] R.V. Binder, Testing Object-oriented Systems: Models, Patterns and Tools, Addison- Wesley, 1999
[12] G.J. Myers, The Art of Software Testing, New York, Wiley, 1979
[13] http://www.ctrn.org/archive/news0207.pdf
[14] P. Naur and B. Randell, (Eds.). “Software Engineering: Report of a conference sponsored by the NATO Science Committee,” Scientific Affairs Division, pp. 231, Brussels NATO, 1969
[15] 軟體產業通訊，第49期，經濟部，民國九十一年十二月
[16] Ian Sommerville, Software Engineering, 6th edition, Addison Wesley, 2001
[17] W. C. Hetzel, The Complete Guide to Software Testing, 1985
[18] William Perry, Effective Methods for Software Testing, New York John Wiley and Sons, 1995
[19] Kirk Sayre, “Improved Techniques for Software Testing Base on Markov Chain Usage Model,” Dept. of Comput. Sci., Univ. of Tennessee Knoxville, Ph.D. dissertation, 1999
[20] J. A. Whittaker, M. G. Thomason, “A Markov Chain Model for Statistical Software Testing,” IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Vol. 20. No. 10 October 1994
[21] 王咨博，「分散式系統之軟體可靠度的度量研究」，東海大學，碩士論文，民國九十年七月
[22] K.S. Trivedi, Probability & statistics with reliability, queuing, and computer science applications, 巨擘, 1985
[23] Whittaker James A., and J.H. Poore, “Markov Analysis of Software Specifications,” ACM transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology, Vol.2, No.1, pp. 93-106, January 1993
[24] http://www.model-based-testing.org/model-based.htm
[25] Robert G. Busacker, Thomas L. Saaty, FINITE GRAPHS AND NETWORKS : An Introduction with Applications, McGraw-Hill New York 1965
[26] toolset_Certify User Guide, version 4.0, Q-Labs Inc., July 1998
[27] S. Kullback, Information Theory and Statistics, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1958
[28] J.H. Poore, H.D. Mills, D. Mutchler, “Planning and Certifying Software System Reliability”, IEEE Software, pp 88-99, January 1993
[29] Dick Hamlet and Ross Taylor: “Partition testing does not inspire confidence.” IEEE trans. on Software Engineering, vol. 16, no. 12, pp. 1402-1411, Dec. 1990
[30] Shen, Y. and Lombardi, F. “Graph Algorithms for Conformance Testing Using the Rural Chinese Postman Tour”, SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics, Vol. 9, 1992
[31] Steven Skiena, Implementing Discrete Mathematics, Addison-Wesley 1990
[32] 毛宣棠，「軟體可靠度之研究」，國防管理學院，碩士論文，民國八十八年五月
[33] Fatemeh Zahedi and Noushin Ashrafi, “Software Reliability Allocation Based on Structure, Utility, Price, and Cost,” IEEE Trans. on Software Engineering, vol. 17. no. 4, April 1991
[34] Bev Littlewood, ‘Software reliability model for modular program structure,’ IEEE Trans. on Reliability, Vol. R-28, No.3, pp241-246, 1979
[35] http://www.cc.gatech.edu/classes/cs8113a_97_summer/topics/reliability
[36] Rumbaugh, J. et al., The Unified Modeling Language Reference Manual, Addison- Wesley, 1999