臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究以半自動的方式為目標，進行航空照片中建物三維模型之重建。其方法是利用數位航空照片進行建物的輪廓萃取，首先以人工點選建物之近似位置據以進行局部的線性特徵物萃取，再搭配特徵線段匹配，即可前方交會獲得三維線段，進而重建房屋三維模型。本文提出之處理流程如下：
1、兩張以上之航照重疊影像，建構相對方位並以立體觀測方式，輔以人工近似粗略估計航照重疊影像中房屋之位置，即時的展示所投射到其他重疊影像之位置。
2、粗估房屋高度並投射到其他重疊影像上，得到近似量測之線段端點。將各航照重疊影像上預估之線段，進行局部的線性特徵物萃取，以得到更精確之線段
3、即時局部線性特徵物萃取之結果，使用特徵線匹配，確認共軛的線段。
4、將確認共軛的線段以空間前方交會求得在物空間的座標並建立房屋模型。
結果顯示，本文所提出之方法，以半自動的方式對於房屋邊界明顯，且建物邊界之高程為連續之房屋三維模型重建提供一可行方案。

This investigation utilizes a semi-automated strategy to extract outlines for buildings from aerial images. First, we perform manual operation to locate the rough position for building corners in an image to obtain the approximate coordinates. Subsequently, accurate coordinates of those buildings may be reached by the proposed scheme. The procedures of the proposed scheme are described as follows.
1.The orientation parameters of the images are derived first. Then, rough initial locations for approximate building corners in the object space are given manually. The initial edges of those buildings are then projected to the image space.
2.We provide the approximate height of each building, then project to the overlapping aerial images. The predicted line segments for building outlines are then used to perform the feature detection.
3.An image matching procedure is applied for those conjugate line segments.
4.After performing space intersection, we calculate the 3-D line segments for buildings. The building model is, thus, generated.
For reconstructing 3D model of buildings, the results show that the procedure we proposed is applicable for those buildings with good edge features.

圖目錄III
表目錄VII
摘要VIII
ABSTRACTIX
第一章 緒論1
1-1 研究動機與目的1
1-2 文獻回顧2
1-3 研究方法與流程6
1-4 論文架構8
第二章 人工概略辨識屋角點與區域直線偵測9
2-1、數位化航照重疊影像方位求解10
2-2、人工概略判識屋角點11
2-3、預估初始位置11
2-4、區域影像直線偵測12
2-4-1、濾除雜訊13
2-4-2、建立梯度強度影像14
2-4-3、細化及線追縱處理15
2-4-4、Hough轉換偵測直線16
第三章 影像匹配19
3-1 線段切割21
3-2 核線幾何約制24
3-3 檢核灰度值一致性26
第四章 人工建物之三維模型重建28
4-1 多重疊影像之空間前方交會28
4-2 房屋模型重建28
第五章 實驗與成果32
5-1 實驗資料簡介32
5-2 實驗流程中各門檻值討論35
5-3 測試成果37
5-3-1 測試例1：平頂房屋37
5-3-2 測試例2：斜頂房屋（1）47
5-3-3 測試例3：斜頂房屋（2）55
5-3-4 測試區4：屋頂有遮蔽之建物64
5-3-4 測試區5：屋頂有女兒牆之建物72
5-3-5 測試成果摘述79
第六章 結論與建議82
參考文獻84

王正忠，「以近景攝影測量進行模型式建物重建」，國立成功大學測量工程研究所碩士論文，台南，2002。
徐百輝，「應用Hough轉換於框標及共軛影像量測之研究」，國立成功大學測量工程研究所碩士論文，台南，1995。
徐偉城，「空照彩色立體像對中人工建築物萃取之研究」，國立中央大學土木工程研究所碩士論文，中壢，1999。
陳正穎，「多重疊航測影像中人工建築物三維模型之重建」，國立中央大學土木工程研究所碩士論文，中壢，1999。
陳衍豪，「立體航測影像直線與圓弧輪廓建物半自動之三維模型重建」，國立中央大學土木工程研究所碩士論文，中壢，2001
陳慶鵬,「數位空照立體對邊緣萃取與匹配之研究」,國立中央大學土木工程研究所碩士論文，中壢，1996。
饒見有、陳良健，「使用三維線段以「分割—合併—成形」演算法進行房屋模型重建之研究」，第二十屆測量學術及應用研討會，第717-725頁，1996。
饒見有、陳良健，「局部最大值追蹤法於邊緣影像細化及向量化之研究」，八十六年電子計算機於土木水利工程應用論文研討會論文集，第471-476頁，1997。
饒見有、陳良健，「多重疊航測影像中人工建築物三維模型之重建」， 第十八屆測量學術及應用研討會論文集，第725-733頁，1999。
Baillard, C., Dissard, O., Jamet, O. and Maitre, H., 1998, “Extraction and textural characterization of above-ground areas from aerial stereo pairs : a quality assessment”, ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, Vol.53, pp.130-141.
Bignone, F., 1995, “Segment Stereo-Matching and Coplanar Grouping”, Technical Report BIWI-TR-165, Institute of Communications Technology, Image Science Lab, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland, pp.1-30.
Collins, R. T., Hanson, A. R., Riseman, E. M. and Schultz, H., 1995, “Automatic Extraction of Buildings and Terrain from Aerial Images”, Automatic Extraction of Man-Made Objects from Aerial and Space Images, Birkhauser Verlag, Berlin, pp.169-178.
Gruen, A. and Dan, H., 1997, “TOBAGO — a topology builder for the automated generation of building models”, Automatic Extraction of Man-Made Objects from Aerial and Space Images (II) Monte Verita, pp.149-160.
Gruen, A. and Li, H., 1997, “Semi-Automatic Linear Feature Extraction by Dynamic Programming and LSB-Snakes”, Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, Vol.63, No.8, pp.985-995.
Gulch, E., Muller, H. & Labe, T.(1999).”Integration of Automatic Processes Into Semi-Automatic Building Extraction”, In: Proceedings of ISPRS Conference"Automatic Extraction Of GIS Objects From Digital Imagery", September 8-10,1999.
Halla, N. and Brenner, C., 1997, “Interpretation of Urban Surface Models Using 2D Building Information”, Automatic Extraction of Man-Made Objects from Aerial and Space Images (II) Monte Verita, pp.213-222.
Halla, N. and Brenner, C., 1998, “Interpretation of Urban Surface Models Using 2D Building Information”, Computer Vision and Image Understanding, Vol.72, No.2, pp.204-214.
Henricsson, O., Bignone, F., Willuhn, W., Aef, F., Kuebler, O., Baltsavisa, E., Mason, S. and Greun, A., 1996, “PROJECT AMBOE: Strategies, Current Status and Future Work”, ISPRS Congress, Commission III, Vol.31, Part B3, pp.321-330.
Henricsson, O. and Baltsavias, E., 1997, “3-D Building Reconstruction with ARUBA: A Qualitative and Quantitative Evaluation”, Automatic Extraction of Man-Made Objects from Aerial and Space Images（II）Monte Verita, pp.65-76.
Hough, P. V. C., 1962, “Methods and Means for Recognising Complex Patterns”, U.S. patent NO.306954.
Parker, J. R., 1997, “Algorithms for Image Processing and Computer Vision”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, U.S. pp16-19.
Lechervy, Y., Louis, C., Monga, O., 1997, “Crestlines Contribution to The Automatic Building Extraction”, Automatic Extraction of Man-Made Objects from Aerial and Space Images (II) Monte Verita, pp.161-171.
Rau, J.Y.,& Chen, L.C., 2002. “Geometrical Building Modeling and Its Application to the Ortho-Rectification for Aerial Images”, Ph. D. Dissertation, National Central University, Taiwan, R.O.C.,95 Pages.
Rau, J.Y.,& Chen, L.C., 2003. “Robust Reconstruction of Building Models from Three-Dimensional Line-Segments”, Photogrammertric Engineering & Remote Sensing,VOL.69:2, pp181-188.
Shi, Z., Shibasaki, R. and Murai, S., 1997, “Automated Building Extraction from Digital Stereo Imagery”, Automatci Extraction of Man-Made Objects from Aerial and Space Images (II) Monte Verita, pp. 119-128.
Weidner, U., Forstner, W., 1995. “Towards Automatic Building Extraction from High-resolution Digital Elevation Models”, ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, Vol.50(4), pp.38-49.