臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

行動定位技術在當下是一非常熱門的研究課題，定位技術之研究與發展在全球都有快速增進的趨勢。就目前現有GSM手機定位技術而論，每一種的技術皆有其瓶頸存在，無論是外在惡劣的傳輸環境、成本考量和定位效能等，如：(1)信號到達時間定位法和增強量測時間差定位法，須在基地台上加裝位置量測設備(Location Measurement Unit)；而信號到達角度定位法須在基地台上換裝天線陣列，皆會大幅增加電信業者之營運成本。(2)GPS定位技術須在現有GSM手機內加裝GPS晶片，此舉會增加使用者之費用，而且GPS在室內或有遮蔽處無法定位。(3)細胞識別碼定位法的定位準確度受限於細胞半徑。(4)類神經網路定位法是以隨機方式取樣，輸入類神經網路，故其定位處理程序複雜度高。我們提出在GSM行動通訊系統中，利用現行手機可收集的系統資訊，如各頻道的信號強度、頻道號碼、細胞識別碼和時間提前(Timing Advance)參數，配合適當的路徑衰減塑模，以頻道信號強度定位法為基礎，實現GSM手機之定位。其中，利用頻道編號、細胞識別碼和時間提前參數以縮小手機的可能所在區域，定位系統會針對該區域，指定適合該區域的路徑衰減塑模，只要將各頻道的信號強度代入路徑衰減塑模換算成手機與基地台的相對距離，即可用三角定位演算法配合最小平方法則，得到手機的位置估測。如此可節省大量定位所需付出的硬體成本，且可得到合理的定位準確度。

At present, mobile positioning technology is a hot research topic. Research and development on the technologies of locating the mobile phone caller have been rapidly gaining momentum around the world. One important application of locating technology that can be used for wireless enhanced 911 system. To examine the existing GSM mobile positioning technologies, every technology has its bottleneck such as transmission environment impairment, cost and positing performance. For example:(1)The TOA (Time of Arrival) and E-OTD (Enhanced-Observed Time Difference) method that need to equip the LMU(Location Measurement Unit) on base station; AOA(Angle of Arrival) needs to equip the antenna array on base station, those increase the cost of telecom company. (2)The GPS method needs to embed a GPS chip in GSM mobile phone, that increases the cost of users. And GPS receiver unable to detect weak signals that result from indoor and shadowed environment. (3)The Cell ID method which positing accuracy is limited to cell radius. (4)The artificial neural network method because its input data are sampled randomly, so its processing procedure is very complicate. In GSM system, we have proposed that uses the information collectable by the mobile phone, such as signal strength, channel number, cell identity and timing advance, implement the GSM mobile phone positioning based on signal strength method cooperate with a suitable path loss model. We first use the parameters channel number, cell identity and timing advance to reduce the area that mobile phone may be located. Then we assign the suitable path loss model for that area, use the path loss model converts the signal strength of each channel to the distance between mobile phone and base station. Finally, we can find the geoloaction of the mobile phone by triangulation with least-square method. In such a method, we can save large cost of hardware that used for positing and get reasonable accuracy.

中文摘要................................................i
英文摘要................................................ii
誌謝....................................................iv
目錄....................................................v
圖目錄..................................................viii
表目錄..................................................x
一、緒論................................................1
1.1、前言...........................................1
1.2、FCC對手機定位之規範............................1
1.3、手機定位技術之相關應用.........................3
1.4、手機定位技術之評估標準.........................4
二、GSM手機定位技術.....................................6
2.1、全球定位系統定位法.............................6
2.2、協助式全球定位系統定位法.......................9
2.3、信號到達時間定位法.............................10
2.3.1、信號到達時間之誤差分析..................13
2.3.2、NLOS信號識別法..........................15
2.3.3、LOS信號重建法...........................16
2.4、增強測量時間差定位法...........................17
2.5、時間提前定位法.................................20
2.6、細胞識別碼定位法...............................22
2.7、頻道信號強度定位法.............................23
2.8、信號到達角度定位法.............................25
2.9、資料庫關連性定位法.............................29
2.10、類神經網路定位法..............................30
2.11、混合型定位法..................................31
三、GSM通訊系統概述.....................................33
3.1、GSM通訊系統之緣起..............................33
3.2、GSM通訊系統之特色..............................33
3.3、GSM通訊系統架構之說明..........................36
3.4、GSM通訊系統之頻道觀念..........................39
四、頻道信號強度定位法之研究............................45
4.1、路徑衰減塑模之分析.............................45
4.2、多重路徑效應之分析.............................48
4.3、遮蔽效應之分析.................................50
4.4、整體定位架構...................................51
4.5、定位演算法.....................................52
4.6、手機信號量測之說明.............................54
4.6.1、實測區域之選擇..........................54
4.6.2、量測系統架構............................54
4.6.3、量測方法................................56
4.7、路徑衰減塑模之修正方法.........................56
4.8、定位準確度之改進方法...........................60
4.9、實測與結果分析.................................61
五、結論................................................87
參考文獻................................................88

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