臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究之目的是為建立台灣雲林離島式基礎工業區正式運轉前，附近海域底棲生物重金屬濃度之基礎背景值，並探討其食用安全性，及建議最適合評估此海域重金屬污染的指標生物。
實驗時間為1998年9月至1999年11月，每季至雲林縣箔子寮漁港外海，以底拖網採集台西近海的底棲生物，共進行了五次採樣，收集了27種底棲水產生物，包含魚類11種、蟹類3種、蝦類9種及螺類、頭足類各2種，分肌肉及內臟，進行銀(Ag)、砷(As)、鎘(Cd)、鈷(Co)、銅(Cu)、鐵(Fe)、汞(Hg)、錳(Mn)、硒(Se)及鋅(Zn)等十種元素的分析。
結果顯示水產生物的金屬濃度會因物種與組織而異。體肉中含量較高的金屬元素在魚類、蝦類與頭足類為As、Fe及Zn，在蟹類為Zn及Cu及As，螺類則為Fe及Zn；內臟中，最高金屬元素濃度在魚類和螺類為Fe，在蟹類及蝦類則為Cu，但在兩種頭足類中，短蛸和軟翅仔的最高重金屬濃度則分別是Fe和Cu元素；在生殖腺中，所測的魚類無論雌雄，皆以Zn元素的含量最豐富，而在蟹類中，遠海梭子蟹和鈍齒蟳的生殖腺則分別以Zn和Cu含量為最高。全部的組織樣品均以Ag、Co、Cd與Hg的濃度最低。除了部分生物體肉中的As及Hg濃度高於內臟外，內臟中大部分重金屬皆有較高的濃度。本研究所測的重金屬濃度值均與台灣及世界其他未污染或輕度污染地區生物所測得的值類似，因此可作為雲林海域底棲水產生物重金屬含量之基礎背景值。
本研究之水產生物體肉組織所含之重金屬濃度都低於食用安全限值，且只有生殖腺的As、Se及Zn呈現性別差異；此外，線紋玉螺內臟團的Ag、角突彷對蝦肌肉的As、沙�レ晹蛂B角突彷對蝦、長角彷對蝦及扁玉螺體肉中的Hg以及遠海梭子蟹肝胰臟的Zn均依種類及元素呈現隨體型越大而濃度越高的現象，而扁玉螺內臟團中的Zn則呈現相反的現象，隨著體型越大而濃度越低。
大多數生物體肝臟中的Cu、Fe、Mn、Se、Zn及As元素均在2月及4月呈現高濃度值，推測可能與此時期陸源污染物的注入有關。
本研究以臟器的蓄積濃度、臟器對肌肉的比值及變異係數評估後，建議短蛸（對Ag、Cd、Co、Cu、Se、Zn具高指數）、紅星梭子蟹（對As及Cd具高敏感度）、角突彷對蝦（對Ag、As、Hg反應敏銳）、扁玉螺及斑海鯰（分別對Co、Hg、Mn及Fe、Se、Zn的反映較佳）做為未來雲林海域重金屬污染偵測的指標生物。

The purpose of this study is to establish the background metal concentrations of several demersal aquatic organisms in the coastal waters off Yunlin county before the development of petroleum industries camp at Tai-shi area, S. W. Taiwan. In addition to, the proper bioindicators are also investigated for future monitoring purpose.
Twenty-seven species of sedimentary organisms, including 11 species of fishes, 3 species of crabs, 9 species of shrimps, 2 species of mollusca, and 2 species of cephalopods were collected in 5 seasons from September 1998 to November 1999. Metal concentrations of Ag, As, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Se and Zn were analyzed in the muscles and internal organs.
The results showed that metal concentrations were significantly different according to species and tissues. Muscle concentrations of As, Fe and Zn were higher in fish, shrimp and cephalopod, whereas Zn, Cu and As were in crab, and Fe and Zn in mollusca. In the internal organs, Fe concentrations were the highest metal contents of fish and mollusca, but Cu were the highest for crab and shrimp. Nevertheless, Fe and Cu concentrations were respectively the highest elemental contents in two species of cephalopods, Octopus ocellatus and Sepiotenthis lessoniana. In gonads, Zn was the highest metal concentration in both gender of fish. However, in crab, Cu and Zn were respectively the highest metal concentrations of Portunus pelagicus and Charybdis hellerii. Among the all, Ag, Co, Cd and Hg showed the lowest concentrations in the species. In most cases, the metal concentrations of internal organs were higher than those of muscles, except Ag and Hg turned out to be reverse. The mean metal concentrations found in this study were similar to those measured in uncontaminated waters worldwide, so that it represents the background values of the aquatic demersal organisms in Yin-lin waters.
The metal concentrations in the editable parts of the organisms were all below the food safety standard worldwide. Among the 10 metals analyzed, only As, Se and Zn concentrations of gonad showed the gender-differences. A positive correlation between a metal concentration and the body size were found in several cases, e. g. Ag in internal organs of Neverita lineata, As in muscles of Penaeus cornutus, Hg in muscles of Sillago sihama, Penaeus cornutus, Penaeus hardwickii and Neverita didyma, and Zn in hepatopancrea of Portunus pelagicus. However, Zn in viscera of Neverita didyma revealed a negative correlation to the size.
Seasonal variations of metal concentrations were also found in the internal organs of most species. The concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn, Se, Zn and As of internal organs showed a peak in both February and April, which may relate to the seasonal in put of anthropogenic pollutants in the area.
Based on the metal concentrations of internal organs, the ratio of internal organ to muscle and the relative deviations, we suggest Octopus ocellatus, Portunus sanguinolentus (great for Ag, Cd, Co, Cu, Se and Zn), Penaeus cornutus (great for As and Cd), Neverita didyma(great for Co, Hg and Zn) and Arius maculatus(great for Fe, Se and Zn), which potentially concentrated high levels of metals, could be the good bioindicators in future.

目 錄
中文摘要……………………………………………………………I
英文摘要……………………………………………………………III
目 錄……………………………………………………………V
表 目 錄……………………………………………………………VIII
圖 目 錄……………………………………………………………X
附 錄……………………………………………………………XI
謝 辭……………………………………………………………XII
壹、前言……………………………………………………………1
貳、材料與方法……………………………………………………5
2.1樣品收集………………………………………………………5
2.2實驗用具之清潔………………………………………………5
2.3分析用品之參數測定及前處理………………………………5
2.4分析樣品之消化 (Sample Digestion)………………………6
2.4.1汞消化步驟……………………………………………7
2.4.2其他元素消化步驟……………………………………8
2.5重金屬分析……………………………………………………9
2.5.1汞元素分析……………………………………………9
2.5.2其他元素分析…………………………………………10
2.6實驗分析之品保(QA, Quality Assurance)和品管(QC, Quality
Control) 檢定……………………………………………11
2.6.1標準溶液配製與標準曲線建立………………………11
2.6.2實驗空白組……………………………………………13
2.6.3標準查核樣品(Standard reference material, SRM)分析
…………………………………………………………13
2.6.4儀器偵測極限(Detection limits)………………………13
2.6.5樣品檢測次數…………………………………………13
2.7數據處理……………………………………………………14
參、結果………………………………………………………………15
3.1標準樣品分析的結果………………………………………15
3.2生物體與重金屬之濃度……………………………………15
3.2.1魚類……………………………………………………15
3.2.2蟹類……………………………………………………16
3.2.3蝦類……………………………………………………18
3.2.4螺類……………………………………………………19
3.2.5頭足類…………………………………………………20
3.3不同種類生物體中重金屬濃度之比較……………………21
3.3.1魚類之種間差異………………………………………21
3.3.2蟹類之種間差異………………………………………23
3.3.3蝦類之種間差異………………………………………24
3.3.4螺類之種間差異………………………………………24
3.3.5頭足類之種間差異……………………………………25
3.3.6各大類水產動物間的差異……………………………25
3.4重金屬蓄積之雌雄差異……………………………………26
3.5生物體大小與重金屬濃度之關係…………………………27
3.6生物體內重金屬之季別差異………………………………27
3.7內臟與肌肉間的比值………………………………………28
3.8生物體內臟變異係數(Coefficient of Variation, CV%)之比較
………………………………………………………………29
肆、討論………………………………………………………………31
4.1雲林海域底拖漁獲物體內重金屬濃度背景值之建立………31
4.2生物體種類間重金屬濃度的差異……………………………32
4.3重金屬蓄積與性別的差異……………………………………34
4.4重金屬蓄積與生物體大小的關係…………………………35
4.5生物體重金屬蓄積與季節的關係……………………………37
4.6食用安全性之探討……………………………………………38
4.7雲林海域重金屬污染指標生物之建議………………………40
4.8結論……………………………………………………………41
伍、參考文獻…………………………………………………………42
陸、表…………………………………………………………………54
柒、圖…………………………………………………………………86
捌、附錄……………………………………………………………102

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