臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

大陸沙塵暴每年於春季時侵襲台灣地區，在沙塵暴侵襲期間，除會產生大量沙塵沉降，導致光線減弱及能見度降低外，更會影響民眾健康。本研究於澎湖群島進行大陸沙塵之採樣，並分析其質量濃度、粒徑分佈、化學成份，瞭解大陸沙塵暴對澎湖地區懸浮微粒物化特性之影響。由於澎湖當地污染輕微，故能採得最具代表性之沙塵樣本，對於瞭解沙塵暴對台灣地區之實際影響具有重要意義。
本研究在澎湖群島採樣期間共監測到五波大陸沙塵，研究發現，大陸沙塵暴可沿大陸東部地區及沿大陸東部海面兩路徑傳輸至台灣，且可由西北或東北兩條不同路徑進入台灣地區。大陸沙塵暴來襲期間，大氣氣膠濃度(TSP)增加2~3倍，其中以PM10濃度增加最為明顯，PM10濃度增加部份則以PM2.5-10為主，而粗細微粒比值會因PM2.5-10濃度增加而較非沙塵暴期間高。
澎湖地區懸浮微粒特性明顯受東北季風影響，3、4月間，強風將海鹽吹入大氣中，造成PM2.5-10污染物增加，顯示澎湖地區之懸浮微粒主要由海水飛沫所貢獻。F-、Cl-、Br-、NO3-、SO42-、Na+、Mg2+及Ca2+在大陸沙塵暴期間有增加之趨勢，顯示大陸沙塵暴會其他地區之污染物傳輸至澎湖。而在污染物傳輸過程中，硫酸鹽類污染物極可能以MgSO4、CaSO4之型態存在粗微粒內。
沙塵暴期間，懸浮微粒之碳成份明顯增加，粗微粒增加部份以元素碳為主，細微粒增加部份以有機碳為主，來源可能為元素碳在傳輸過程中，於細微粒表面發生二次反應所導致。Al、K、Fe及Ca等地殼元素在沙塵暴期間濃度分別增加84%、206%、122%及8%，顯示沙塵暴會帶來其他地區之塵土，增加澎湖地區之污染量。
藉由受體模式分析可知，澎湖地區主要污染來源為交通污染及土壤揚塵。在大陸沙塵暴期間，沙塵暴微粒會帶來其他地區之污染物質，導致澎湖地區工業性污染、海水飛沫及二次污染物比例增加。

Asian dust storms invaded Taiwan in springtime. During the Asian dust-storm periods, the dust particles suspended in the atmosphere could not only deteriorate the ambient air quality, mainly high particulate matter concentration and low visibility, but also cause severely adverse effects on human health. In this study, Asian dusts were sampled at Pencadores Islands and characterized the physical and chemical characteristics to investigate the influence of Asian dust storms. Due to its clean atmosphere, Pencadores Islands can be treated as one of the best air quality background sites in Taiwan.
In this sampling campaign, five Asian dust storm episodes were observed at Pencadores Islands. Asian dusts transported to Taiwan along the east of China or the east ocean of China and invaded Taiwan from either the northeast or the northwest. The concentrations of atmospheric aerosols during Asian dust storm episodes were 2-3 times higher than the background level. The concentration of PM10 increased dramatically. The increase of PM10 concentration was mainly attributed to coarse particles. The ratio of coarse particles to fine particles for Asian dust storm periods was higher than those for non-Asian dust storm periods.
From March to April, the concentration of PM10 increased due to sea-salt aerosol blow into atmosphere by strong eastwest monsoon. It suggested that, at Pencadores Islands, seawater was major chemical species of suspended particles. The concentration of F-, Cl-, Br-, NO3-, SO42-, Na+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ increased during Asian dust storm episodes indicated that pollutant would be transport by Asian dusts. The most possible chemical species in coarse particles would be MgSO4 and CaSO4.
The carbon content of suspended particles increased dramatically. The increase of carbon content of coarse particles was mainly attributed to elemental carbon. The increase of carbon content of fine particles was mainly attributed to organic carbon from second reaction. The concentration of Al, K, Br-, Fe, and Ca increased during Asian dust storm episodes indicated that Asian dust storm would transport dusts to Pencadores Islands.
The major pollution sources were mobile sources and dust sources at Pencadores Islands. During the Asian dust-storm periods, the percentages of industrial sources, seawater, and secondary aerosols increased dramatically.

摘要…………………………………………………………………. I
英文摘要…………………………………………………………….. Ⅲ
目錄………………………………………………………….………. Ⅴ
表目錄……………………………………………………….………. Ⅷ
圖目錄……………………………………………………………….. Ⅹ
第一章、前言………………………………………………………… 1-1
1.1 研究背景……………………………………………….…. 1-1
1.2 研究目的……………………………………………….…. 1-2
第二章、文獻回顧…………………………………………………… 2-1
2.1 懸浮微粒之性質……………………………………….…. 2-1
2.1.1 懸浮微粒來源及分佈………………………….….. 2-1
2.1.2 懸浮微粒的形成機制 ………………………….…. 2-4
2.1.3 水溶性離子特性………………………………….... 2-5
2.1.4 碳成份特性………………………………………… 2-6
2.1.5 金屬成份特性…………………………………….... 2-7
2.2 大陸沙塵暴之特性………………………………….….… 2-8
2.2.1 沙塵暴之定義………….…………………………... 2-8
2.2.2 沙塵暴之成因…………………………….………... 2-9
2.3 大陸沙塵暴之影響..……………………………………… 2-11
第三章、研究方法…………………………………………………. 3-1
3.1 採樣地點選擇…………………………………………….. 3-1
3.2 採樣時間…………………………………………………. 3-5
3.3 採樣方法……….………………………………………… 3-5
3.3.1 高量採樣器………………………………………... 3-5
3.3.2 雙粒徑分道採樣器…….………………………….. 3-6
3.3.3 微孔均勻沉降衝擊器……………………………… 3-10
3.4 分析方法…………………………………………………. 3-11
3.4.1 水溶性離子成份分析……………………………… 3-11
3.4.2 碳成份分析………………………………………… 3-13
3.4.3 金屬成份分析……………………………………… 3-14
3.5 污染源分析法………………………….…………………. 3-15
3.5.1 相關矩陣分析法………………………………….... 3-15
3.5.2 氯離子損失法…………………….……………….. 3-16
3.5.3 加強因子分析法(Enrichment Factor Analysis，EF) 3-19
3.6 水溶性離子來源分析…………………………..………… 3-20
3.6.1 懸浮微粒之酸鹼性……………….………………... 3-20
3.6.2 懸浮微粒之生成機制….……...………….………... 3-20
3.6.3 懸浮微粒之硫酸鹽與硝酸鹽傳輸現象…………… 3-21
3.6.4 懸浮微粒污染來源鑑定…………………………… 3-22
3.7 品保與品管作業流程……….……………………………. 3-24
3.7.1採樣方法之品保與品管………….………………… 3-24
3.7.2 分析方法之品保與品管….………………………... 3-26
第四章 結果與討論………………………………………………… 4-1
4.1懸浮微粒質量濃度分析探討……….…………...………… 4-1
4.1.1 懸浮微粒濃度變化趨勢…………………………… 4-1
4.1.2 粗細微粒比值(PM2.5-10/PM2.5)之變化情形………... 4-11
4.1.3 懸浮微粒之逐時變化趨勢………………………… 4-13
4.2 懸浮微粒粒徑分佈分析………………………………….. 4-15
4.3 化學成份分析探討……………………………………….. 4-21
4.3.1 水溶性離子成份來源解析………………………… 4-21
4.3.2 水溶性離子粒徑分佈分析………………………… 4-34
4.4 碳成份來源解析………………………………………….. 4-37
4-5 金屬成份分析…………………………………………….. 4-42
4.6 污染來源分析…………………………………………….. 4-44
4.6.1 沙塵暴路徑分析…………………………………… 4-44
4.6.2 加強因子分析……………………………………… 4-52
4.6.3 水溶性離子相關性分析…………………………… 4-54
4.6.4 懸浮微粒酸鹼性分析……………………………… 4-55
4.6.5 受體模式分析……………………………………… 4-59
第五章結論與建議…………………………...…………………….. 5-1
5.1結論……………………………………………………….. 5-1
5.2建議……………………………………………………….. 5-3
參考文獻
附錄A 懸浮微粒之質量濃度分析
附錄B 懸浮微粒之水溶性離子濃度分析
附錄C 懸浮微粒之碳成分分析
附錄D 懸浮微粒之金屬成分分析
附錄E 澎湖地區非大陸沙塵暴期間之逆軌跡圖
附錄F 澎湖地區果葉及小門測站監測值比對

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