臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在日常生活中，我們可以發現許多從事零售的市場小販、木工、油漆工、雜貨店老闆等人或者不識字的人，並沒有受過專家訓練，但他們可以快速解決工作上的問題，不過，他們解決問題時的思考方式，和一般我們在學校所學的正規理論與原則實有不同。這些在日常生活中所發展出的問題解決方法具有獨特性，也有其情境上的特殊意義，基於上述原因，本研究以一位未受正規教育的成人為對象，藉由不同情境、不同時間進行實地觀察與訪談，主要目的在於瞭解個案在真實生活情境中，實際運用非正規數學知識解決有關數學問題的解題行為及方法。
從研究中發現個案對於生活中許多的數學問題都能運用自己的方法加以思考解決，顯示出個案由生活經驗中所累積的獨特知識，起源於個案的日常生活經驗，進而影響個案的解題表現。研究者歸納個案的解題策略，發現如下：
（一） 設法滿足以整十或整百的運算條件來進行運算，其尋求整十、整百的運算過程中，隱含加、減法的結合律與交換律的運用。
（二）直接由高階單位開始運算解題，並藉由整數規律的參照點策略，直接反應進行數的合成或分解。
（三）解題策略偏重運用整數的加減法來解題，其背後隱含乘除的運算較加減法困難。
（四）解題思考的特色，是透過舊經驗的提取，以買賣情境中找錢的方式作為問題解決的重要參照點。
（五）問題解決的策略，會依據問題情境中的問題數字的改變，彈性調整運算策略。
由本研究結果發現，歸納個案在日常生活中運用非正規數學知識的問題解決情形，有以下四點結論：
（一）未受正規教育的成人在生活情境中的數學解題策略是多元化。
（二）未受正規教育的成人常運用自發性的解題策略來解題。
（三）問題的熟悉度高，較易引發運用自發性的策略來解題。
（四）未受正規教育的成人其解題策略依實際生活而改變。

There are many street venders, carpenters, painters, grocers and illiterates in our daily life. They had never been accepted formal mathematics training, but they can solve many kinds of math problems quickly as proficient do. The tactics they solve problems were different from formal theories and principles we had learned in school education, and they are unique and meaningful. In view of reasons stated above, this study observed and interviewed an adult who had never been accepted formal education. The purpose of this study was to understand the behaviors and methods of problem solving which the object adopted in real life situations.
Qualitative approaches with observation and interviews were employed to collect data. The main findings of this study were as follow:
1. The method of operation was conditioned with the ten or hundred. The method had made use of combination and exchange.
2. The method of problem solving was proceeding the regular pattern of round number.
3. The problem solving tactics made good to used of addition and subtraction of integer. The process implied operation difficulty than multiplication and division.
4. The characteristic of problem solving was extracted some tactics from past experience. The tactics they solve bridge of problems were paid money to thinking on commerce situation.
5. The basis of problem solving was number change of problem situation.
Four conclusions were made as follows:
1. The math problem solving in life situation of an adult who never accepted formal education was multiple.
2. An adult who never accepted formal education often uses spontaneous tactics to solve math problem.
3. Familiar problems gave rise to spontaneous problem solving tactics of an adult never accepted formal education.
4. The problem solving tactics of an adult who never accepted formal education would be changed with transformations of real life.

第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 研究問題 3
第三節 主要名詞釋義 3
第二章 文獻探討 5
第一節 非正規數學之概念 5
第二節 非正規數學之相關研究結果與發現 16
第三章 研究方法 27
第一節 採用質性研究方法的理由 27
第二節 研究資料的來源與蒐集 28
第三節 研究對象 34
第四節 研究步驟 37
第五節 信度與效度 41
第六節 描述、分析與詮釋 45
第七節 研究者的背景 48
第八節 研究限制 49
第九節 研究倫理 51
第四章 研究結果與討論 53
第一節 個案在日常生活中運用非正規數學知識的解題情形 53
第二節 個案的在解題歷程中與情境互動的情形 84
第五章 結論與建議 95
第一節 結論 95
第二節 建議 97
第六章 研究者的省思 101
第一節 研究者的自省 101
第二節 啟示 106
參考文獻 109
一、中文部分 109
二、英文部分 111
附 錄 117
附錄一 訪談大綱 117
附錄二 試探性研究 119
附錄三 訪談觀察時間表 127
附錄四 轉錄符號系統 129
附錄五 同意書 130

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