臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

美洲蟑螂是夜行性的昆蟲，在夜間活動而光線弱甚至無光時，視覺難以發揮作用，必須靠其他感覺，例如利用觸角的擺動來偵測身體周遭環境狀況。本論文探討的重點是蟑螂觸角在個體不同活動狀態下的擺動方向、角度及其調控系統的結構。
利用三方向同時錄影與電腦影像分析的方法，配合自行設計可同步偵測並量化個體運動與觸角擺動的實驗裝置，記錄觸角三度空間的擺動方向與速度並探討其與個體運動的關係。結果顯示蟑螂在靜止時，觸角擺動的幅度非常大，隨著運動速度的增加，擺動幅度逐漸減小。在快速運動(大於300mm/sec)的狀況下，觸角幾乎沒有垂直方向的擺動。蟑螂在靜止時垂直擺動高度比運動時高，隨著運動速度的增加，擺動的高度也逐漸下降，在快速運動狀態下，觸角擺動的高度接近水平。此外，快速運動下觸角也無水平方向的擺動，觸角水平擺動位置在左右40-50度之間，兩觸角保持約90-100度的夾角。由同步記錄數據分析，發現觸角上下垂直擺動主要受梗節與柄節間的關節(SP關節)之活動支配，而左右水平擺動主要受柄節與頭部間的關節(HS關節)活動支配。從形態上探究關節構造，發現SP關節因為結構限制只能垂直活動，而HS關節構造則可三方向活動(上、左下、右下)，但在行為表現上主要只負責觸角水平擺動。

The nocturnal insects, that live in the environments with poor light at night, can’t acquire informations from vision. They usually use other sensory cues for environmental detecting, such as auditory, olfactory, tactile......etc. The cockroach (Periplaneta americana) has a pair of long antennae and usually moves its antennae whether at rest or during locomotion. In this study, the variation of 3-D antennal movement pattern under different locomotion speed is examed and the relationship between antennal position and the antennal joints (head-scape joint and scape-pedicel joint) have been investigated by computer-based image analysis.
In experiment, the cockroach is tethered and mounted on a air-floated styrofoam ball. The antennal movement images and the locomotion of cockroach are synchronously recorded by cameras and a custom-designed experimental device, respectively.
The average vertical position of antenna at rest is higher than that during locomotion. Moreover, the cockroach runs faster, the antennal vertical position is lower. During at high locomotion speed, the height of antenna is almost 0 degree. The average horizontal position of antenna is various among different samples at rest, however it is fixed at 40-50 degree related to body axis during locomotion and independent on locomotion speed. The amplitudes of antennal movement, both vertical and horizontal movement, are very large when the cockroach at rest, and is reduced while locomotion. The higher the locomotion speed, the smaller amplitudes of antennal movement, including vertical and horizontal. After analysing the rotation of head, the movement of scape and pedicel synchronously, we find that the vertical movement of antenna is mainly dependent on the movement of pedicel, and this it is due to the two condyli of the scape-pedicel joint that allows only vertical movement. In contrast, the horizontal movement of antenna is largely dependent on the movement of scape, despite that the scape is attached to the head by a socket-like joint that allows semi-rotatory movement of the scape.

中文摘要…………………………………………………………………i
英文摘要…………………………………………………………………ii
壹、前言…………………………………………………………………1
一、觸角的類別…………………………………………………………1
二、觸角的機械感覺功能………………………………………………2
三、昆蟲行為的研究……………………………………………………2
四、觸角擺動的研究……………………………………………………3
五、三度空間運動的研究方法…………………………………………3
六、觸角擺動與昆蟲行為的研究………………………………………4
七、探討昆蟲行為的意義………………………………………………4
八、本論文所要解決的問題……………………………………………5
貳、材料與方法…………………………………………………………6
一、實驗動物……………………………………………………………6
二、個體運動與觸角擺動的觀察………………………………………6
(一)實驗動物之固定……………………………………………………6
(二)實驗裝置……………………………………………………………6
(三)實驗進行之程序……………………………………………………7
(四)不同實驗狀態下個體運動速度差異之分析………………………8
(五)觸角影像的選取……………………………………………………8
(六)觸角擺動之分析……………………………………………………8
三、觸角相關關節的活動情形之分析…………………………………10
(一)固定實驗動物………………………………………………………10
(二)實驗裝置……………………………………………………………10
(三)實驗進行之程序……………………………………………………10
(四)觸角影像的選取……………………………………………………10
(五)觸角擺動之分析……………………………………………………10
參、結果…………………………………………………………………14
一、不同實驗狀態下個體運動速度的比較……………………………14
二、個體運動與觸角擺動的關係………………………………………14
(一)個體運動速度與觸角擺動位置及幅度的關係……………………14
(二)個體運動速度與觸角擺動角速度的關係…………………………15
(三)個體運動速度與觸角垂直擺動頻率的關係………………………15
(四)個體運動速度與前腳跨步頻率的關係……………………………16
(五)觸角垂直擺動與前腳跨步的關係…………………………………16
三、觸角擺動方向與觸角關節活動的關係……………………………16
肆、討論…………………………………………………………………18
一、實驗裝置……………………………………………………………18
二、觸角擺動與運動狀態………………………………………………20
三、觸角垂直擺動與步伐的協調………………………………………23
四、觸角擺動與觸角的關節、肌肉之關係……………………………23
五、在黑暗與光亮中運動速度差異的可能原因………………………25
六、不同感覺輸入對於觸角擺動模式是否有差異……………………25
七、未來展望……………………………………………………………26
伍、結論…………………………………………………………………27
陸、參考文獻……………………………………………………………28
柒、圖表及說明…………………………………………………………32

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