臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究的目的是在了解國中生（1）不同背景變項（年級、性別）在獨處相關概念（獨處空間、獨處時間、獨處方式）、獨處能力上的差異情形；（2）獨處相關概念與獨處能力的關係；（3）主觀生活壓力與身心健康的關係；（4）獨處能力與身心健康的關係；（5）主觀生活壓力、獨處能力與身心健康的關係；（6）獨處能力對於主觀生活壓力、身心健康的調節作用。
本研究以台北市五所國中一至三年級共818位學生為研究對象，所使用的工具包括：「生活壓力量表」、「一般健康量表」、「獨處能力量表」。本研究的主要發現如下：
一 不同年級國中生在獨處相關概念（獨處時間）、獨處能力上有顯著差異：三年級生獨處時間多於一年級、二年級；三年級獨處能力低於一年級、二年級。不同性別國中生在獨處相關概念（獨處方式）、獨處能力上有顯著差異：男生主要的獨處方式為電腦相關活動、看電視、想事情，女生主要的獨處方式為看電視、電腦相關活動、音樂相關活動；男生的獨處能力高於女生。
二 不同獨處相關概念（獨處空間、獨處時間、獨處方式）與獨處能力沒有關係。
三 國中生生活壓力、身心健康之間有顯著關係。其典型相關顯示：國中生家庭事件壓力、學校事件壓力、人際事件壓力、生長發育壓力愈大，則其身心健康方面生理症狀、焦慮和不眠症、社會功能障礙、嚴重憂鬱等狀況也愈多。另一典型相關顯示：家庭事件壓力、學校事件壓力愈少，而生長發育壓力愈大，則其身心健康方面社會功能障礙愈少，但嚴重憂鬱的狀況也愈多。
四 國中生獨處能力、身心健康之間有顯著關係。國中生獨處因應能力愈高、獨處舒適能力愈高，則其身心健康方面生理症狀、焦慮和不眠症、社會功能障礙、嚴重憂鬱的狀況也愈少。而不同年級、性別國中生都有和上述相同的現象。
五 國中生主觀生活壓力、獨處能力與身心健康之間有顯著關係。就全體國中生而言，當家庭事件壓力、學校事件壓力、人際事件壓力、生長發育壓力愈大，獨處因應能力愈小、獨處舒適能力愈小，則其身心健康方面生理症狀、焦慮和不眠症、社會功能障礙、嚴重憂鬱的狀況也愈多。不同年級、性別國中生都有和上述相同的現象。另外，分別從不同年級、性別分析，亦有其他不同的典型相關結構。
六 獨處能力對於主觀生活壓力、身心健康有微調作用。不同年級、性別國中生都有相類似的微調作用。
本研究結果支持獨處能力有益身心健康的說法，並顯示獨處能力能減緩生活壓力對身心健康的衝擊。最後，研究者提出建議以作為輔導工作實務及未來研究的參考。

The purpose of the study was to investigate : (1) age and gender difference on alone concepts (alone space, alone time and activities) and the ability to be alone; (2) the relationships between alone concepts (alone space, alone time and activities) and the ability to be alone; (3) the relationships between subjective life stress and mental health; (4) the relationships between the ability to be alone and mental health; (5) the relationships among subjective life stress, the ability to be alone and mental health; (6)whether the ability to be alone buffers the relationship between subjective life stress and mental health.
The sample consisted of 818 students from five junior high schools (ages 13-15) in Taipei. Instruments used in this study included Life Stress Scale, General Health Scale, the Ability to be Alone Scale. The main findings were as follows:
1. There were significant age diffenences on alone concepts (alone time) and the ability to be alone: 15 year olds spent more time alone than 13 and 14 year olds, however 15 years old’s ability to be alone was lower than 13 and 14 years old’s. There were significant gender diffenences on alone concepts (activities) and the ability to be alone: The main activities for boys were playing computer, watching TV and thinking, while the main activities for girls’ were watching TV, playing computer and listening to the music. Boys’ ability to be alone was higher than girls’.
2. The relationship among alone concepts (alone space, alone time and activities) and the ability to be alone was not significant.
3. The subjective life stress was significantly related to mental health. The canonical function indicated when the number of family events, school events, interpersonal events and psychophysical developments were higher, then the somatic symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and depression was more serious. The other canonical function indicated that when the number of family and school events were lower and the number of psychophysical developments were higher, then the social dysfunction was lower, but depression was more evident.
4. The ability to be alone was significantly related to mental health. The canonical function indicated when solitary coping ability and solitary comfortable ability were higher, then the somatic symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression were lower. Different age and gender samples had above-mentioned similar canonical functions.
5. The subjective life stress and the ability to be alone were significantly related to mental health. The canonical function indicated when the number of family events, school events, interpersonal events and psychophysical developments were lower, and solitary coping ability and solitary comfortable ability were lower, then the somatic symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and depression were more evident. Different age and gender samples had similar canonical function. When we respectively analyzed different age and gender samples, we fond there were other different canonical functions.
6. The ability to be alone had a small buffering effect on the relationship between subjective life stress and mental health. Different age and gender samples displayed similar buffering effects.
The study indicated that the ability to be alone is related to mental health and the ability to be alone can moderate the impact the relationship between subjective life stress and mental health. Finally, implication of study for guidance of adolescence, education of parents, and future research were discussed.

第一章 緒論01
　第一節 研究動機與目的01
　第二節 研究問題與假設05
　第三節 名詞釋義06
第二章 文獻探討07
　第一節 獨處能力的相關文獻07
　第二節 生活壓力的相關文獻34
　第三節 生活壓力與身心健康的關係38
第三章 研究方法44
　第一節 研究架構44
　第二節 研究對象45
　第三節 研究工具47
第四章 研究結果與討論55
　第一節 不同背景變項在獨處相關概念、獨處能力的差異情形55
第二節 獨處相關概念與獨處能力的關係64
　第三節 主觀生活壓力與身心健康的關係68
　第四節 獨處能力與身心健康的關係76
第五節 主觀生活壓力、獨處能力與身心健康的關係88
第六節 獨處能力對於主觀生活壓力、身心健康的調節作用119
第五章 結論與建議130
　第一節 結論130
　第二節 建議133
參考文獻 一中文部分139
二英文部分143
附錄一 本研究所使用之研究工具153
附錄二 研究工具使用同意書157

一 國內部份：
王文豐（民89）：台北市國小學童生活壓力與其身體活動量及健康體適能相關研究。台灣師範大學體育研究所碩士論文。
王以仁（民78）：學習與生活滿意度與大學生寂寞問題之相關研究。嘉義師院學報，5，1-44。
王光甫（民70）：一種提昇生命境界的方法-獨處之探討。教育學刊，3，97-112。　
王佩玲（民76）：高中聯考壓力與國中生身心健康之研究。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文。
王淑女（民90）：影響青少年身心健康的社會因素。台灣社會學會網站。檢索日期：92.5.30：全球資訊網：http://tsa.sinica.edu.tw/2001-paper5.html。
朱敬先（民81）：健康心理學。五南圖書出版公司。
江承曉（民80）：青少年的生活壓力、因應行為與其身心健康之相關研究。台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
何茉如（民88）：國中生幽默感對於生活壓力、身心健康調節作用之研究。國立台灣師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
吳美真譯（民88）：Auster,P.（1982）. The invention of solitude.孤獨及其所創造的。台北：遠見。
呂素幸（民92）：我會一個人玩。國立台東師範學院網站。檢索日期：92.5.30：全球資訊網：http://www.ntttc.edu.tw/ecte/故事心情/兒童心理/我會一個人玩。
李玉嬋（民85）：孤獨現象初探及其輔導。諮商與輔導，124期11-16頁。
李孟智（民87）：青少年身體及心理的社會發展。社教雜誌237期，1-5。
李明濱（民86）：醫學人性面：情緒與疾病。台北：國立台灣大學醫學院。
李欣瑩（民90）：桃園市國中生主觀生活壓力、社會支持、因應行為與身心健康之相關研究。台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
林杏真（民91）：自傷青少年生活壓力、社會支持與自我強度的發展及其相關研究。台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
林翠湄等譯（民91）：Shaffer,D.R.（1999）.Developmental Psychology. 發展心理學。台北：學富。
林清山（民77）：多變項分析統計法。東華書局。
邱瓊慧(民77) ：社會支持與國中學生的生活壓及生活適應之相關研究。國立台灣師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
段亞新(民74) ：大學生對生活事件的認知歷程及其身心適應。國立台灣大學心理研究所碩士論文。
晏涵文（民80）：做個剛柔並濟的人─學習新的性別角色。台北：張老師。
涂柏原(民76)：國三學生生活壓力、自我強度與學業成就之因果模式。國立台灣師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
張玨（民76）：大專聯考壓力症候群之探討。公共衛生，6（3），43-53。
張春興（民80）：現代心理學。台北：東華書局。
張嚶嚶譯（民84）：Storr,A.（1988）.Solitude：A return to the self. 孤獨。台北：知英文化。
梁永安譯（民86）：Koch,P.（1988）.Solitude：A philisophical encounter.孤獨：一個哲學的交會。台北：立緒文化。
陳麗婉（民78）：自我意識、自我坦露與寂寞感之關係研究。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文。　
傅振焜譯（民88）：Buchholz,E.S.（1997）. The call of solitude.孤獨的呼喚。台北：平安文化。
彭秀玲(民75) ：大學生的生活壓力和自我強度對心理健康的影響。國立台灣大學心理研究所碩士論文。
黃慧貞(民71) ：生活壓力、歸因組型及社會支援與大學生的憂鬱症。國立台灣大學心理研究所碩士論文。
賈文玲（民89）青少年身體意象與自尊、社會因素關係之研究。中國文化大學兒童福利研究所碩士論文。
歐滄和（民78）：高中學生校園人際壓力因應風格及有關因素之研究。台灣師範大學教育研究所博士論文。
潘正德譯（民84）：Greenberg,J.S. Comprehensive stress management. 壓力管理。台北：心理出版社。
蔣桂嫚 (民82)：高中學生生活壓力、因應方式與身心健康關係之研究。國立高雄師範大學教育研究所碩士論文。
蔡晉和（民79）：國中學生寂寞感與人格特質及其背景變項之相關研究。彰師大輔導研究所碩士論文。
蔡淑鈴（民91）青少年的親子關係與共依附特質之相關研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。　
鄭照順（民88）：青少年生活壓力與輔導。心理出版社。
駱重鳴(民72) ：生活壓力、適應方式與身心健康。國立台灣大學心理研究所碩士論文。
蘇建文等（民81）：發展心理學。心理出版社。
二 國外部份：
Ainsworth, M.D. (1989). Attachment beyond infancy. American Psychologist, 44（4）,709-716.
Allen, R.D. (1982).Occupational stress level and stress type. Personal Psychology, 35, 359-360.
Anderson, C.A., & Arnoult, L.H. (1985). Attributional style and everyday problems in living: Depression, loneliness, and shyness. Social Cognition, 1, 16-35.
Andre, R. (1991). Positive solitude. New York: Harper Perennial.
Berlin, L. J. (1990). Infant-mother attachment, loneliness, and the ability to be alone in early childhood. Unpublished master thesis, Pennsylvania State University.
Blos, P. (1962). On adolescence. New-York: Free Press.
Bond, D. L. (1990). Loneliness and solitude: Some influences of object relations on the experiences of being alone. Boston University Master Thesis.
Bonhoeffer, D. (1954). Life together. San Fransisco: Harpers & Row.
Brage, D., Meredith, W., & Woodward, J. (1993). Correlates of loneliness among Midwestern adolescents. Adolescence, 28(111), 685-694.
Brownell, A., & Shumaker, S. A. (1984). Social Support：An Introduction to a Complex Phenomenon. Journal of Social Issues, 40(4),1-9.
Buchholz, E. S. (1997). The Call of Solitude: alonetime in a world of attachment. N.Y.: Simon & Schuster.
Buchholz, E. S., & Catton, R. (1999). Adolescencent’s perceptions of aloneness and loneliness. Adolescence, Spring99, Vol.34 Issue 133, p203, 11p.
Cantor, M. H. (1983). Strain among caregivers. A study of experience in the United States. The Gerontologist, 23, 597-604.
Carroll, D. (2003). Embracing Solitude. Essence, Oct2000, vol. 31 Issue 6, p92.
Casey, K., & Vanceburg, M. (1985). The Promise of a New Day：A book of daily meditations. N.Y.：Harper/Hazelden.
Cassel, J. C. (1974). Psychosocial process and stress. Theoretical formulations. International Journal of Health Services, 4, 471-482.
Cassidy, J. & Asher, S.R. (1992). Loneliness and peer relations in young children. Child Development, 63.350-365.
Cassidy, J., & Berlin, L. J. (1999). Understanding the origins of childhood loneliness: contributions of attachment theory. In K.Rotenberg, & S.Hymel (Eds.), Loneliness in Childhood and Adolescence (pp.34-55)
Chandler, M. (1975). Relativism and the problem of epistemological loneliness. Human Development, 18, 171－180.
Cohen, S., & Hoberman, H. M. (1983). Positive events and social supports as beffersof life change stress. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 13, 99-125.
Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 310-357.
Coleman, J. (1974). Relationships in adolescence. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Corey, G., & Corey, M. S. (1997). I Never Know I Had a Choice.（6th ed）N. Y.：Brooks/Cole.
Costanzo, P. (1970). Conformity development as a function of self-blame. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 14, 366-374.
Csiksentmihalyi, M., & Larson, R. (1987). Validity and reliablity of the experience sampling method. Journal of Nervious and Mental Disease, 175,526-536.
Daniel, P., & Landolt, M. A. (1999). Examination of loneliness in children-adolescents and in adults: two solitudes or unified enterprise? In K.Rotenberg, & S.Hymel (Eds.), Loneliness in Childhood and Adolescence (pp.329).
Davies, M. (1995). Loneliness: Theories, Models and Experiences. Unpublished P.H.D.thesis. University of Alberta.
deVries, M.W., Delespaul, P., & Dijkman-Case, C.I.M. (1987). Affect and anxiety in daily life. In G. Racagni & E. Smeraldi (Eds.), Anxious depression assessment and treatment (pp21-32). New York: Raven Press.
Dohrenwend, B.S., & Dohrenwend,B.P. (1974). Stressful life events： Their nature and effects. New York：John Wiley & Sons.
Douvan, E., & Adelson, J. (1966). The adolescent experience. New York: Wiley.
Erikson, E.(1968). Identity, youth and crisis. New York: Norton.
Fischer, C. S., & Phillips, S. L. (1982). Who is alone? Social characteristics of people with small network. In L.A. L.A. Peplau, & D.Perlman,(Eds.), Loneliness: A Sourcebook of Current Theory Research, and Therapy .
Fiske, J.(1980). Changing hierarchies of commitment in adulthood. In N. Smelser & E. Erikson(Eds.), Themes of work amd love in adulthood. Cambridge. MA: Harvard University.
Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R.S. (1988). Coping as a mediator of emotion. Journal of personality and social psychology, 54(3), 466-571.
Foster, R. J. (1978). Celebratation of Discipline. San Franciso: Harper & Row.
Freeman, M., Csikzentmihalyi, M., & Larson, R. (1986). Adolescence and its recollection: Toward an interpretative model of development. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 32, 167-185.
Gersten, J. C., Langner, T. S., Eisenberg, J. G., & Simcha-Fagan, O.(1977). An evaluation of the etiologic role of stressful life-change events in psychological disorders. Journal of Health and Behavior, 18, p228-244.
Goossen, L. & Marcoen, A. (1999). Adolescent loneliness, self-reflection, and identity: From individul differences to development process. In K.Rotenberg, & S.Hymel,(Eds.), Loneliness in Childhood and Adolescence.（pp.244-262）
Goswich, R.A., & Jones, W.H. (1982). Components of loneliness during adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 11,373-383.
Gotesky, R.(1965). Aloneness, loneliness, isolation, solitude. In J. M. Edie (Eds.) An invitation to phenomenology(pp. 211-239). Chicago: Quadrangle Books.
Gottlieb, B. H. (1983). Social support as a focus or integrative research in psychology. American Psychologist, 38, 278-287.
Hansell, S., Mechanic, D., & Brondolo, E. (1986). Introspectiveness and adolescent development. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 15, 115-132.
Hansson, R. O., Jones, W. H., & Carpenter, B. N. (1984). Relational competence and social support. In P. Shaver, (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology(Vol. 5, pp.265-284). Beverly Hills, CA：Sage.
Hartog, J., Audy, J. R., & Cohen, Y. A.(Eds.) (1980). The Anatomy of Loneliness. New York: International Universities Press.
Holmes, T. H. & Rahe, R. H. (1967). The social readjustment rating scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 11, 213-218.
House,J.S.(1981).Work stress and social support. Reading, MA:Addison-Wesley.
Hymel, S., Tarulli, D., Thomson, L.H. & Terrell-Deutsch, B.,(1999). Loneliness through the eyes of children. In K.Rotenberg, & S.Hymel,(Eds.), Loneliness in Childhood and Adolescence.（pp.80-108）.
Ittelson, W. (1974). An introduction to environmental psychology. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
James, K. (2001). Teenager girls─attitude; bedrooms; leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 2001 1st Quarter, Vol. 33 Issue 1, p71-82.
Johnson, C., & Larson, R.(1982). Bulimia: An analysis of moods and behavior. Psychosomatic Medicine, 44,341-351.
Jung, J. (1989). Social support rejection and reappraisal by providers and recipients. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 19, 159-173.
Kernberg, O. (1976). Object-relations theory in clinical psychoanalysis. New York: Aronson.
Kernberg, O.(1980). Internal world and exernal reality. New York: Aronson.
Koenig, L. J., Isaacs, A. M., & Schwartz, J. A. J. (1994). Sex differences in adolescent depression and loneliness: Why are boys lonelier if girls are more depressed ? Journal of Research in Personality, 28, 27-43.
Kroger, J.(1985). Relactionships during adolescence: A cross-national comparison of New Zealand and United States teenagers. Journal of Adolescence, 81, 47-56.
Larson, R. (1989). Beeping children and adolescents: A method for studying time use and daily experience. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 18,511-530.
Larson, R.(1990). The solitary side of life: An examination of the time people spend alone from children to old age. Development Review, 10, 155-183.
Larson, R. W. (1997). The emergence of solitude as a constructive domain of experience in early adolescence. Child Development, 68, 80-93.
Larson, R. W. (1999). The use of loneliness in adolescence. In K.Rotenberg, & S.Hymel,(Eds.), Loneliness in Childhood and Adolescence (pp.244-262)
Laron, R. W., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1978). Experiential correlates of time alone in adolescence. Journal of Personality, 46, 677-693.
Laron, R. W., Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Craef, R. (1982). Time alone in daily experience: Loneliness or renewal? In L. A. Peplau, & D. Perlman, (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research, and therapy (pp. 40-53). New York: Wiley-Interscience.
Larson, R. W.,& Lampman-Petraitis, C. (1989). Daily emotional states as reported by children and adolescents. Child Development, 60, 1250-1260.
Larson, R.W., Rafaelli, M., Richards, M. H., Ham, M., & Jewel, L.(1990). Ecology of depression in late children and early adolescence: A profile of daily states and activities. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99, 92-102.
Larson, R. W., & Richards, M. H. (1991). Daily companionship in late childhood and early adolescence: Changing development contexts. Child Development, 62,284-300.
Larson, R. W.,& Lee, M. (1996). The capacity to be alone as a stress buffer. Journal of Social Psychology, 136, 5-16.
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S.(1984). Stress appraisal and coping. New York: Springer Publishing.
Levitt, M. J. (1992) Stressful life event, social support, and achievement: A study of three grades levels in a multicultural environment.（ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED348451）
Lewis, M., & Rosenblum, L. A. (1978). The development of affect. New York: Plenum Press.
Lopez, F. G. (1995). Contemporary attachment theory: an introduction with implications for counseling psychology. The Counseling psychologist, 23（3）,395－415.
Mahler, M. (1966). Notes on the development of basic moods: the depressive affect. In R. M. Lowenstein, L.M. Newman, A. Schur, & A. Solurt (Eds.), Psychoanalysis: A general psychology. (pp. 152-168). New York: International Universities .
Mahler, M. (1968). On human symbiosis and the vicissitudes of individuality. New York: International Universities.
Marcoen, A., & Brumagne, M. (1985). Loneliness among children and young adolescents. Development Psychology, Vol. 21, No. 6, 1025-1031.
Marcoen, A., & Goossens, L.(1993). Loneliness, attitude towards aloneness, and solitude: Age differences and developmental significance during adolescence. In S. Jackson, & H. Rodriguez-Tome (Eds.), Aolescence and its social world (pp.197-227). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Marcoen, A., & Goossens, L.(1995, November). Loneliness and depression in mid-adolescence: A multi-dimensional approach. Poster presented at the International Conference on Conflict and Development in Adolescence, Ghent, Belgium.
Marcoen, A., Goossens, L., & Caes, P.(1987). Loneliness in pre- through late adolescence: Exploring the contributions of a multidimensional approach. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16, 561-577.
Margalit, M. (1994).Loneliness among children with special needs: Theory, research, coping, and intervention. New York: Springer.
Mendelson, M.D.(1990). Reflections on loneliness. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 26(2),330-355.
Merton, T. (1950). Seasons of celebration. New York: Farrar, Srauss and Giroux.
Mijuskovic, B.(1992). Organic communities, atomistic societies, and loneliness. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 19(2), 147-164.
Misjuscovic, B. (1979). Loneliness in philosophy, psychology and literature. Assen, Netherlands: Van Gorcum.
Morris, C. (1990). Contemporary Psychology and effective behavior（7th ed.）. Glenview, IL：Scott, Foresman.
Morrison, J.(1986). The wilderness solo solitude and re-creation. Unpublished master thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta.
Moustakas, C. E.(1972). Loneliness and love. New York: Prentice Hall.
Muller, D. P., Edwarks, D. W., & Yarvis, R. M.(1977). Stressful life events and psychiatric symptomatology: Change of undesirability. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 18, 307-317.
Nisenbaum, S.(1983). Structures of aloneness. Mental Disease, 175, 526-536.
Nouwen, H.J. (1974). Out of solitude. Indiana: Ave Marie Press.
Nouwen, H.J. (1986). Reaching out. New York: Doubleday.
Parkhurst, J. T., & Hopmeyer, A.. (1999). Developmental change in the sources of loneliness in childhood and adolescence: constructing a theoretical model. In K.Rotenberg,& S.Hymel (Eds.), Loneliness in Childhood and Adolescence (pp.56-79)
Peplau, L.A., & Perlman, D. (1982). Perspective on loneliness. In L.A. Peplau, & D.Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A Sourcebook of Current Theory Research, and Therapy(pp.13-14).
Quinodoz, J. M.(1993). The taming of solitude：separation anxiety in psychoanalysis. Foreword by Hanna Segal. London: Institude of psycho-analysis.
Rabkin,J.G.,& Struening,E.L.(1976). Life events, stress and illness. Science, 194, 1013-1020.
Repetti,R.L. (1989). Effects of daily workload on subsequent behavior during marital interaction：The roles of social withdrawal and spouse support. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 651-659.
Reynolds, D.k. (1980). Quiet therapies. Honolulu: University of Hawaii.
Rook,K.S. (1984). The negative side of social interaction：Impact on psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 1097-1108.
Rotenberg, K. J., & Hymel, S. (1999). Loneliness in childhood and adolescence. Camberidge.
Rotenberg, K.J.& Whitney, P. (1992). Loneliness and disclosure process in preadolescence.（ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED410899）
Rubenstein, C., & Shaver, P. (1982). The experience of loneliness. In L.A.Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research, and therapy（pp.255-268）.New York: Wiley-Interscience.
Rubin, K. H. & Asendorpf, J. B. (1993). Social withdrawal, inhibition, and shyness. L. Erlbaum Associates
Salomon, A., & Strobel, M. G. (1997). Loneliness and Support in children aged 9 to 13. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 81(3),115-132.
Sarton, M. (1973). Journal of a solitude. New York: Norton.
Seiffge-Krenke, I., & Shulman, S. (1993). Stress, coping and relationships in adolescence. In S. Jackson & H.Rodriguez-Tone (Eds.) Adolescence and It’s Social World. Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum.
Selye, H. (1956). The Stress of Life. New York：McGraw Hill Book Company.
Sherif, M., & Sherif,C. (1961). Reference group. Chicago: Regnery, 1961.
Stierlin, H. (1965). The dialectic of related loneliness. Psychoanalytic Review, 52, 367-380.
Storr, A. (1988). Solitude: A return to the self. New York: Free Press.
Suedfeld, P. (1982) Aloneness as a healing experience. In L.A. Peplau, & D.Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A Sourcebook of Current Theory Research, and Therapy .
Sullivan, H. S. (1953). The international theory of psychology. New York: Horton.
Terrell-Deutsch, B. (1999). The conceptualization and measurement of childhood loneliness. In K.Rotenberg, & S.Hymel,(Eds.), Loneliness in Childhood and Adolescence.（pp.11-14）
Thoits, P. A. (1986). Social support as coping assistance. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54(4),416-423.
Thompson, A. (1982). An object-relational theory of affect maturity: application to the TAT. To be published in Kissen(Eds.), Exploring Object Phenomena Through Psychological Test（pp.1-16）. New York: International University Press.
Thurlow, H. J. (1971). Illness in relation to life situation and sick role tendency. Journal of Psychology Research, 15, 73-78.
Vinokur,A.,& Selzer, M.L. (1975).Desirable versus undesirable life events Their relationship to stress and mental distress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32,329-337.
Weiss, R.S. (1987). Reflections on the present state of loneliness research. Journal of social Behavior and Personality, 2,1-16.
Winnicott,D.W. (1958). The capacity to be alone. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 39, 416-420.
Wolfe, M., & Laufer,R. (1974). The concept of privacy in children and adolescence. In D. Carson(Ed.), Man-environment interactions: Evaluations and applications. Stroudsburg, Penn.: Halsted Press, 1974.
Youngblade, L. M., Berlin, L. J., & Belsky, J. (1999). Connections among loneliness, the ability to be alone, and peer relationship in young children. In K.Rotenberg,& S.Hymel(Eds.), Loneliness in Childhood and Adolescence (pp.135-152).