臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘要
本研究目的為探討草蝦稚蝦對磷脂膽鹼之最適需求。在含膽鹼為1680 mg/kg diet之基礎飼料中分別添磷脂膽鹼0、0.3、0.6、1、1.5、2、2.5及3%，共八組實驗飼料，每組三重複，分別餵予平均初重0.30 g ± 0.01 g草蝦稚蝦八週。實驗結果顯示，餵食添加磷脂膽鹼含量≥ 0.6%之各組的增重率 (Percent weight gain)、飼料效率 (Feed efficiency, FE)及蛋白質效率 (Protein efficiency ratio, PER)均顯著(P＜0.05)高於未添加組。血淋巴液脂質中三酸甘油酯含量以≥ 1.5%之各組最高；其次為1%組，再次為0.6%組，而以添加≤ 0.3%組為最低。血淋巴液膽固醇及高密度脂蛋白膽固醇含量均以添加磷脂膽鹼3%組含量顯著較高。血淋巴液之磷脂質濃度以添加3%磷脂膽鹼組最高而未添加磷脂膽鹼組最低，顯著低於添加0.6%、2%、2.5%及3%組。肝胰臟脂質含量以磷脂膽鹼1.5%組的總脂質含量顯著高於其它各組；三酸甘油酯含量以未添加磷脂膽鹼組顯著高於其它各組。肝胰臟磷脂質含量以未添加磷脂膽鹼組顯著低於添加0.6%及1%組。草蝦肌肉中三酸甘油酯濃度以添加磷脂膽鹼≤ 1%組較高，顯著高於1.5至2.5%之各組。肝胰臟磷脂膽鹼含量以未添加組最低，顯著低於添加≥ 0.6%以上之各組。以蝦體之增重百分率、飼料效率及肝胰臟磷脂膽鹼蓄積量對飼料所含磷脂膽鹼濃度以broken-line迴歸分析，估得草蝦稚蝦之磷脂膽鹼需求量分別為0.5、0.54及0.61% diet。

Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the dietary phosphatidylcholine (PC) requirement of juvenile grass prawn, Penaeus monodon. Basal diet (containing 1,680 mg choline/kg diet) supplemented with eight levels (0, 0.3, 0.6, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3%) of PC were each fed to triplicate groups of P. monodon (mean body weight 0.30 ± 0.01g) for 8 weeks. Results indicated that shrimp fed diets supplemented with ≥0.6% PC had significantly (P＜0.05) higher weight gain, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio than shrimp fed the unsupplemented control diet. Hemolymphic triglyceride concentration in shrimp fed diets with ≤0.3% PC was lower than shrimp fed diets with ≥0.6% PC. Hemolymphic cholesterol concentration and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration were both higher in shrimp fed diet with 3% PC than all the other dietary groups. Hemolymphic phospholipid concentration was higher in shrimp fed diets with PC supplementation than shrimp fed the unsupplemented control diet. Hepatopancreatic lipid concentration was higher in shrimp fed diet with 1.5% PC than all the other dietary groups. Shrimp fed PC unsupplemented control diet had higher hepatopancreatic triglyceride concentration than shrimp fed PC supplemented diets. Hepatopancreatic phospholipid concentration was higher in shrimp fed diets with 0.6 and 1% PC than shrimp fed the unsupplemented control diet. Muscle triglyceride concentration was higher in shrimp fed diets with ≤1% PC than shrimp fed diets with 1.5~2.5% PC. Hepatopancreatic PC concentration was higher in shrimp fed diets with ≥0.6% PC than shrimp fed the unsupplemented control diet. Analysis by broken line regression of weight gain, feed efficiency and hepatopancreatic PC concentration indicated that the PC requirement for P. monodon is about 0.5~0.6% diet.

目 錄
中文摘要 …………………………………………………………. I
英文摘要 …………………………………………………………. II
文獻整理 ………………………………………………………… 1
前言 ………………………………………………………… 12
材料與方法………………………………………………………. 13
結果 ………………………………………………………… 28
討論 ………………………………………………………… 40
結論 ………………………………………………………… 43
參考文獻 ……………………………………………………….. 44
圖目錄
圖一、 主要磷脂質的結構…………………………………… 2
圖二、 磷脂膽鹼之合成路徑………………………………... 4
圖三、 磷脂膽鹼之代謝途徑………………………………… 4
圖四、 不同磷脂膽鹼含量之飼料對草蝦稚蝦增重百分率及飼料效率之影響………………………………………………………………39
圖五、 不同磷脂膽鹼含量之飼料對草蝦稚蝦肝胰臟磷脂膽鹼濃度之影響……………………………………………………………………40
表目錄
表一、 實驗飼料之組成………………………………………………15
表二、 實驗飼料之一般成分………………………………… 16
表三、 草蝦稚蝦餵食不同磷脂膽鹼含量之飼料………八週後之增重百分率、存活率、飼料效率及蛋白質效率…………………… 30
表四、 草蝦稚蝦餵食不同磷脂膽鹼含量之飼料八週後之體組成……31
表五、 草蝦稚蝦餵食不同磷脂膽鹼含量之飼料八週後之肝體比及肝胰臟總脂質含量………………………………………32
表六、 草蝦稚蝦餵食不同磷脂膽鹼含量之飼料八週後血淋巴液之三酸甘油酯、膽固醇、磷脂質及高密度脂蛋白膽固醇濃度…………34
表七、 草蝦稚蝦餵食不同磷脂膽鹼含量之飼料八週後肝胰臟之三酸甘油酯、膽固醇及磷脂質濃度………………………35
表八、 草蝦稚蝦餵食不同磷脂膽鹼含量之飼料八週後肌肉之三酸甘油酯、膽固醇及磷脂質濃度………………………….36
表九、 草蝦稚蝦餵食不同磷脂膽鹼含量之飼料八週後肝胰臟中磷脂膽鹼濃度…………………………………………………37

Aleynik, M. K., Liber, C. S., 2001. Dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine decreases ethanol-induced cytochrome P4502E1. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 288, 1047-1051.
Associaation of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC), 1995. Official Methods of Analysis, 16th edn., Arlington, VA, USA.
Baum, N.A., Conklin, D.E., Chang, E.S., 1990. Effect of dietary lecithin in combination with casein or crab protein on cholesterol uptake and transport in the lobster Homarus americanus. J. World Aquacult. Soc. 21, 277-287.
Bowser, P.R., Rosemark, R., 1981. Mortalities of cultured lobsters, Homarus, associated with a molt death syndrome. Aquaculture 23, 11-18.
Briggs, M.R.P., Brown, J.H., Fox, C.J., 1994. The effect of dietary lipid and lecithin levels on the grown, survival, feeding efficiency, production and carcass composition of post-larval Penaeus monodon fabricius. Aquacult. Fish. Manag. 25, 279-294.
Carlson, S.E., Goldfard, S., 1979. A sensitive enzymatic method for determination of free and esterified tissue cholesterol. Clin. Chem. Acta. 79, 575-585.
Camara, M.R., Coutteau, P., Sorgeloos, P., 1997. Dietary phosphatidylcholine requirements in larval and postlarval Penaeus japonicus bate. Aquaculture 3, 39-47.
Canty, D.J., Zeisel, S.H., 1994. Lecithin and choline in human health and disease. Nutr. Rev. 52, 327-339.
Chen, H.Y., 1993. Requirements of marine shrimp, Penaeus monodon, juvenile for phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol. Aquaculture 109, 165-176.
Chen, H.Y., Jenn, J.S., 1991. Combined effects of dietary phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol on the growth, survival and body lipid composition of marine shrimp, Penaeus penicillatus. Aquaculture 96, 167-178.
Chen, S.S., Kou, A.Y., 1982. Improved procedure for the separation of phospholipids by high-liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. 227, 25-31.
Chung, S. Y., Moriyama, T., Uezu, E., Uezu, K., Hirata, R., Yohema, N., Masuda, Y., Kokubu, T., Yamamoto, S., 1995. Administration of phosphatidylcholine increases brain acetylcholine concentration and improves memory in mice with dementia. J. Nutr. 125, 1484-1489.
Conklin, D.E., D’Abramo, L.R., Bordner, C.E., Baum, N.A., 1980. A successful purified diet for the culture of juvenile lobsters: the effect of lecithin. Aquaculture 21, 243-249.
Coutteau, P., Camara, M.R., Sorgeloos, P., 1996. The effect of different levels and sources of dietary phosphatidylcholine on the growth, survival, stress resistance, and fatty acid composition of postlarval Penaeus monodon. Aquaculture 147, 261-273.
Craig, S.R., Gatlin, D.M., 1997. Growth and body composition of juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) fed diets containing lecithin and supplemental choline. Aquaculture 151, 259-267.
D’Abramo, L.R., Bordner, C.E., Conklin, D.E., 1981. Essentiality of dietary phosphatidylcholine for the survival of juvenile lobsters. J. Nutr. 111, 425-431.
D’Abramo, L.R., Bordner, C.E., Conklin, D.E., 1982. Relationship between dietary phosphatidylcholine and serum cholesterol in the lobster Homarus sp. Mar. Biol. 67, 231-235.
D’Abramo, L.R., Bordner, C.E., Conklin, D.E., Baum, N.A., 1984. Sterol requirement of juvenile lobster, Homarus sp. Aquaculture 42, 13-25.
D’Abramo, L.R., Baum, N.A., Bordner, C.E., Conklin, D.E., Chang, E.S., 1985. Diet-dependent cholesterol transport in the American lobster. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 87, 83-96.
Deasy, P.B., 1986. Coacervation-phase separation procedures using nonaqueous vehicles. In: Deasy, P.B. (Ed.), Microencapsulation and related drug process. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY. pp. 97-114.
De La Huerga, J., Popper, H., 1952. Popper, factors influencing choline absorption in the intestinal tract. J. Clin. Invest. 31, 598-603.
Ewing, R.D., Finamore, F.J., 1970. Phospholipid metabolism during development of the brine shrimp Artemia salina II. Synthesis of phosphatidylcholine by a microsomal enzymes system from nauplii. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 218, 474-481.
Folch, J., Lees, M., Sloane, G.M., 1957. A simple methods for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissue. J. Biol. Chem. 226, 497-509.
Fontagné, S., Geurden, I., Escaffre, AM., Bergot, P., 1998. Histological changes induced by dietary phospholipids in intestine and liver of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) larvae. Aquaculture 161, 213-223.
Geurden, I., Radunz-Neto, J., Bergot, P., 1995. Essentiality of dietary phospholipids for carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) larvae. Aquaculture 131, 303-314.
Gong, H., Lawrence, A.L., Jiang, D.H., Castille, F.L., Gatlin, D.M., III, 2000. Lipid nutrition of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei I. Dietary cholesterol and de-oiled soy lecithin requirements and their interaction. Aquaculture 190, 305-324.
Hegazy, E., Schwenk, M., 1984. Choline uptake by isolated enterocytes of guinea pig. Am. Inst. Nutr. 23, 2217-2220.
Henderson, R.J., Tocher, D.R., 1987. The lipid composition and biochemistry of freshwater fish. Prog lipid Res. 26, 281-347.
Hsu, T.S., Shiau, S.Y., 1999. Tissue storage of vitamin E in grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon, fed dietary DL-a-tocopheryl acetate. Fish. Sci. 65, 169-170.
Hung, S.S.O., Lutes, P.B., 1988. A preliminary study on the non-essentiality of lecithin for hatchery-produced juvenile white sturgeon. Aquaculture 68, 353-360.
Hung, S.S.O., 1989. Choline requirement of hatchery-produced juvenile white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus). Aquaculture 78, 183-194.
Hung, S.S.O., Berge, G.M., Storebakken, T., 1997. Growth and digestibility effects of soya lecithin and choline chloride on juvenile Atlantic salmon. Aquacult. Nutr. 3, 141-144.
Kanazawa, A., Teshima, S.I., 1971. In vivo conversion of cholesterol to steroid hormones in the spiny lobster, Panulirus japonica. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 37, 891-898.
Kanazawa, A., Teshima, S., Sakomoto, M., 1985. Effects of dietary lipids, fatty acids, and phospholipids on growth and survival of prawn (Penaeus japonicus) larvae. Aquaculture 50, 39-49.
Kean, J.C., Castell, J.D., Boghen, A.G., D’Abramo, L.R., Conklin, D.E., 1985. Are-evaluation of the lecithin and cholesterol requirements of juvenile lobster (Homarus americanus) using crab protein-based diet. Aquaculture 47, 143-149.
Kent, C., Carman, G. M., 1999. Interactions among pathways for phosphatidylcholine metabolism, CTP synthesis and secretion through the Gogi apparatus. TIBS 24, 146-150.
Liao, IC., Huang, T.L., Katsutani, K., 1969. Summary of a preliminary report on artificial propagation of Penaeus monodon Fabrcius. JCRR. Fish. Ser. 8, 67-71.
Lieber, C.S., Robin, S.J., Li, J., DeCarli, L.M., Mak, K.M., Fasulo, J.M., Leo, M.A., 1994. Phosphatidylcholine protects against fibrosis and cirrhosis in the baboon. Gastroenterology 106, 152-159.
Mankura, M.D., Dalimunthe, D., Kayama, M., 1980. Comparative biochemical studies on plasma cholesterol-II. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 46, 583-149.
Paul, J.H., Sharp, J.A., 1919.The relationship of lecithin to the growth cycle on crustacean. Biochem. J. 13, 487-490.
Poston, H.A., 1990a. Performance of rainbow trout fry fed supplemental soy lecithin and choline. Prog. Fish-Cult. 52, 218-225.
Poston, H.A., 1990b. Effect of body size on growth, survival, and chemical composition of Atlantic salmon fed soy lecithin and choline. Prog. Fish-Cult. 52, 226-230.
Poston, H.A., 1991. Response of Atlantic salmon fry to feedgrade lecithin and choline. Prog. Fish-Cult. 53, 224-228.
Sargent, J.R., 1976. The structure, metabolism and function of lipids in marine organisms. Biochem. Biophys. Perspect. Mar. Biol. 3, 149-212.
Shiau, S.Y., Lo, P.S., 2001. Dietary choline requirement of juvenile grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Anim. Sci. 72, 477-482.
Shiau, S.Y., Cho, W.H., 2002. Choline requirements of grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon, is affected by dietary lipid level. Anim. Sci. 75, 97-102.
Shieh, M.S., 1969. The biosynthesis of phospholipid in the lobster, Homarus americanus. Com. Biochem. Physiol. 30, 679-684.
Sheen, S.S., Chen, S.J., Huang, Y.S., 1994. Effect of dietary lipid levels on the growth response of tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon. J. Fish. Soc. Taiwan 21, 205-213.
Sheridan, M.A., 1998. Lipid dynamics in fish: aspects of absorption, transportation, deposition and mobilization. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 90, 679-690.
Teshima, S., Kanazawa, A., 1980a. Lipid constituents of serum lipoproteins in the prawn. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 46, 57-62.
Teshima, S., Kanazawa, A., 1980b. Transport of dietary lipids and role of serum lipoproteins in the prawn. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 46, 51-55.
Teshima, S., Kanazawa, A., Kakuta, Y., 1986a. Effects of dietary phospholipids on growth and body composition of the juvenile prawn. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 52, 155-158.
Teshima, S., Kanazawa, A., Kakuta, Y., 1986b. Effects of dietary phospholipids on lipid transport in the juvenile prawn. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 52, 159-163.
Teshima, S., Kanazawa, A., Kakuta, Y., 1986c. Role of dietary phospholipids in the transport of [14C] cholesterol in the prawn. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 52, 719-723.
Teshima, S., Kanazawa, A., Kakuta, Y., 1986d. Growth, survival and body lipid composition of the prawn larvae receiving several dietary phospholipids. Mem. Fac. Fish., Kagoshima Univ. 35, 17-27.
Thongrod, S., Boonyaratpalin, M., 1998. Cholesterol and lecithin requirement of juvenile banana shrimp, Penaeus merguiensis. Aquaculture 161, 315-321.
Twibell, R.G., Brown, P.B., 2000. Dietary choline requirement of juvenile yellow perch (Perca flavescens). J. Nutr. 130, 95-99.
Wilson, T. A., Meservey, C. M., Nicolosi, R. J., 1998. Soy lecithin reduces plasma lipoprotein cholesterol and early atherogenesis in hypercholesterolemic monkeys and hamsters: beyond linoleate. Atherosclerosis 140, 147-153.
Zeisel, S.H., 1993. Choline phospholipid: signal transduction and carcinogenesis. FASEB J. 7, 551-557.
王意婷，2001。草蝦稚蝦之膽鹼需求及其與甜菜鹼間之相互關係。國立台灣海洋大學食品科學研究所，碩士論文。
簡弘達，2002。磷脂膽鹼及甜菜鹼對草蝦稚蝦膽鹼需求之影響。國立台灣海洋大學食品科學研究所，碩士論文。