臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究的主要目的係以注意力容量限制與注意力分配原則為立論基礎，在雙重工作設計下探討運動舞蹈者平衡控制能力之影響。本研究以從事運動舞蹈、一般運動與不運動習慣等三組大專學生各20名為實驗參加者，進行單一情境和聽覺刺激情境之單足靜態站立平衡與雙足動態站立平衡的測試。實驗以兩組Catsys 2000系統記錄與分析單足靜態站立與雙足動態站立時的壓力中心平均擺動距離、橫軸擺動距離、矢狀軸擺動距離、擺動面積、擺動速度和擺動強度等平衡控制參數與聽覺反應時間，並以2（站立情境）× 3（運動型態）混合設計二因子變異數分析與最小顯著性差異考驗進行統計檢定。結果顯示單足靜態站立平衡或雙足動態站立平衡在兩種站立情境中，運動舞蹈者的平衡控制能力大多優於一般運動者與不運動者（F（2, 57）＝3.50 — 17.17，ps<.05），但在矢狀軸擺動距離與一般運動者的表現無差異（F（2, 57）＝1.70，p>.05），說明運動訓練應有助於矢狀軸的平衡控能力；在雙重工作設計下，運動舞蹈者在聽覺刺激干擾情境與動、靜態站立平衡情境之各項平衡能力表現也優於一般運動者與不運動者兩組（F（1, 57）＝3.15 — 15.96，ps<.05），此結果說明運動舞蹈的訓練作為平衡能力提昇確實有實質的效益；反應時間的參數顯示在未受到聽覺刺激情境的反應時間較短（F（1, 57）＝28.28 — 28.95，ps<.05），符合簡單反應時間快於複雜反應時間的理論。各組在聽覺刺激干擾情境下，無論在動態或靜態站立平衡皆顯示其平衡能力表現優於無刺激干擾，說明一則是本實驗的聽覺刺激干擾強度不足於瓜分太多注意力，未造成降低平衡能力表現，或則是實驗參加者在雙重工作設計中選擇了以維持站立平衡的姿勢為優先工作。

The purpose of this study was to examine the balance control ability for the DanceSport people using the design of dual task based on the attention capacity limitation and attention allocation model. The balance control ability of twenty DanceSport participants were compared with twenty regular exercisers and twenty none exercisers. All participants were university students and they were asked to perform one foot fixed stance and two feet perturbed stance with/without auditory interference. Two Catsys 2000 systems were used to record the means of sway distance, sway distance in transversal axis, sway distance in sagittal axis, sway area, sway velocity, sway intensity, and the reaction times while performing the stance balance control with/without auditory interference. 2 (stance conditions) × 3 (exercise types) mixed design two-way ANOVA and the least significant difference post hoc test were adopted to analyze the data. The results showed that almost all of the indices of the balance control of DanceSport participants were significantly better than the regular exercisers and none exercisers for both the one foot fixed stance and the two feet perturbed stance, except for the means of the sway distance in sagittal axis where there were no significant statistical differences between DanceSport participants and regular exercisers. The results illustrated that exercise training would facilitate the balance in sagittal axis. Based on the dual task principle, performing balance control synchronized with auditory interference, DanceSport participants demonstrated better balance control than the other two groups. This result showed that the training in DanceSport improves the balance control. Reaction times in dual task were significantly slower than in simple task, which is consistent with other studies. The balance control abilities of all groups were better with auditory interference than without. There are two possible explanations for this result. One is the auditory interference manipulated in this study was not strong enough to have an affect on the participants’ attention resource. Second, in dual task the participants chose to prioritize the balance control over the auditory interference.

中文摘要 ………………………………………………………… i
英文摘要 ………………………………………………………… ii
謝誌 ………………………………………………………… iii
目次 ………………………………………………………… iv
圖次 ………………………………………………………… vi
表次 ………………………………………………………… vii
第壹章 緒論
第一節 研究背景……………………………………………… 1
第二節 研究目的……………………………………………… 6
第三節 研究問題……………………………………………… 7
第四節 研究假設……………………………………………… 8
第五節 研究假定與限制……………………………………… 8
第六節 名詞解釋……………………………………………… 9
第七節 操作性定義…………………………………………… 10
第貳章 理論基礎與文獻探討
第一節 訊息處理相關理論…………………………………… 12
第二節 注意力分配與容量…………………………………… 13
第三節 運動與平衡的關係…………………………………… 15
第四節 雙重工作設計相關文獻……………………………… 17
第五節 文獻回顧小結………………………………………… 19
第參章 研究方法
第一節 實驗參加者…………………………………………… 20
第二節 實驗時間與地點……………………………………… 21
第三節 實驗儀器與設備……………………………………… 21
第四節 實驗流程與步驟……………………………………… 24
第五節 資料處理與分析……………………………………… 32
第肆章 結果與討論
第一節 單一工作之能力分析………………………………… 34
第二節 注意力干擾下之能力分析…………………………… 43
第三節 單足靜態站立平衡之混合設計……………………… 53
第四節 雙足動態站立平衡之混合設計……………………… 60
第五節 反應時間……………………………………………… 66
第六節 討論…………………………………………………… 68
第伍章 結論與建議
第一節 結論…………………………………………………… 77
第二節 建議…………………………………………………… 79

一、中文部分
內政部網路資料下載（2003）。臺閩地區現住人口數年齡分配。2004年7月1日下載於http://www.moi.gov.tw/stat/year/y02-01.xls
江勁政與相子元（2000）。大專柔道選手與一般生平衡能力之比較。大專體育，47，39-44。
李玉蘋（1995）。淺談舞蹈律動治療。臺大體育，26，97-102。
李宗芹（2001）。傾聽身體之歌-舞蹈治療的發展與內涵。臺北市：心靈工坊。
汪青彥、林芳蘭、吳佳慧、張乃文、張初穗、蔡安悌、蕭斐璘、章華、徐綺苹、陳綺慧、謝學恕、謝馥年（2002）。音樂治療-治療心靈的樂音。臺北市：先知文化。
林清和（1996）。運動學習程式學。臺北市：文史哲。
施達宗、謝娟娟（2004）。飆舞人生。桃園縣：咖啡田。
胡名霞（2001）。動作控制與學習。臺北市：金名。
張宏亮（1997）。集中注意力的外在因素策略。中華體育季刊，42，22-28。
黃于庭、張光銘（2003）。社會變遷與臺灣社交舞的發展。第五屆東北亞體育運動史學術研討會專刊（p. 78）。論文發表於第五屆東北亞體育運動史學術研討會。嘉義縣：吳鳳技術學院。
黃心怡（1999）。舞者最佳表現金字塔。大專體育，44，91-97。
鍾穗香（2001）。舞蹈治療的發展與應用。臺南女子技術學院學報，20，333-343。
二、英文部分
Abernethy, B., Hanna, A., & Plooy, A. (2002). The attentional demands of preferred and non-preferred gait patterns. Gait Posture, 15(3), 256-265.
Albert, M. S. (1981). Geruatic neuropsychology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49, 835-850.
Allison, L. (1995). Balance disorders. In D. A. Umphred (Ed.), Neurological rehabilitation (3rd ed., pp. 802-837). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
Brauer, S. G., Woollacott, M., & Shumway-Cook, A. (2002). The interacting effects of cognitive demand and recovery of postural stability in balance-impaired elderly persons. The Journals Gerontology-Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 56(8), 489-496.
Broadbent, D. E. (1958). Perception and communication. London: Pergamon Press.
Brown, I. D. (1962). Measuring the spare mental capacity of car drivers by a subsidiary auditory task. Ergonomics, 5, 247-250.
Chao, C. L., & Chen, C. Y. (2003). The effect of turn on waltz walk. Book of Abstracts for International Society of Biomechanics XIXth Congress (p. 59). Dunedin, New Zealand: 2003 XIXth Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics.
Chao, C. L., & Liu, S. Y. (2004). The attention demands of reaction times under different tempos of dual task for DanceSportmen. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 51(Suppl.), 26.
Dornan, J., Fernie, G. R., & Hollidy, P. J. (1978). Visual input: Its importance in the control of postural sway. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 59, 586-591.
Era, P., & Heikkinen, E. (1985). Postural sway during standing and unexpected disturbance of balance in random samples of men of different ages. Journal of Gerontology, 40(3), 287-295.
Eriksen, B., & Yeh, Y. Y. (1985). Allocation of attention on in the visual field. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2, 538-597.
Forssberg, H., & Nhner, L. M. (1982). Ontogenetic development of postural control in man: Adaptation to altered support and visual conditions during stance. The Journal of Neuroscience, 2(5), 545-552.
Gallahue, D. L., & Ozmun, J. C. (2002). Understanding motor development: Infants, children, adolescents, adults (5th ed.). New York: McGrew-Hill.
Gardiner, M. D. (1976). The principles of exercise therapy (3rd ed.). New York: Mac Millan.
Geurt, A. C. H., & Mulder, T. W. (1994). Attention demands in balance recovery following lower limb amputation. Journal of Motor Behavior, 26, 162-170.
Gleitman, H., Fridlund, A. J., & Reisberg, D. (2004). Psychology (6th ed.). New York: W. W. Norton.
Hasson, S. (1994). Clinical exercise physiology. St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
Hong, Y., Li, J. X., & Robinson, P. D. (2000). Balance control, flexibility, and cardio respiratory fitness among older Tai Chi practitioners. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 34(1), 29-34.
James, W. (1980). The principles of psychology (Vol. 2). New York: Dover.
Kahneman, D. (1973). Attention and effort. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Lord, S. R., Ward, J. A., & Willias, P. (1996). Exercise effect on dynamic stability in older women: A randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 77, 232-236.
Magill, R. A. (1998). Motor learning: Concepts and applications (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Massion, J., & Woollacott, M. H. (1996). Posture and equilibrium. In A. M. Bronstein, T. Brandt, & M. H. Woollacott (Eds.), Clinical disorders of balance, posture and gait (pp. 1-28). New York: Oxford University.
Nashner, L. M., Black, F. O., & Wall, C. (1982). Adoption to altered support and visual conditions during stance: Patients with vestibular deficits. The Journal of Neuroscience, 2(5), 536-544.
Nashner, L. M., Shumway-Cook, A., & Marin, O. (1983). Stance posture control in select groups of children with cerebral palsy: Deficits in sensory organization and muscular coordination. Experimental Brain Research, 49(3), 393-409.
Neumann, O. (1996). Theories of attention. In O. Neumann, & A. F. Sander (Eds.), Handbook of perception and action: Vol. 3. Attention (pp. 389-446). San Diego: Academic Press.
Posner, M. L., Snyder, C. R., & Davidson, B. J. (1980). Attention and the detection of signals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 109, 160-174.
Reed, S. K. (1988). Cognition: Theory and applications (2nd ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Schmidt, R. A. (1991). Motor learning and performance: From principle into practice. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Schmidt, R. A., & Lee, T. D. (1999). Motor control and learning: A behavioral emphasis (3rd ed). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Schmidt, R. A., & Wrisberg, C. A. (2000). Motor learning and performance: A problem-based learning approach (2nd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Shaffer, L. H. (1971). Attention in transcription skill. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 23, 107-122.
Shiffrin, R. M., & Schneider, W. (1977). Controlled and automatic human information procession II: Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory. Psychological Review, 84(2), 127-190.
Solso, R. L. (1995). Cognitive psychology (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Teasdale, N., & Simoneau, M. (2001). Attentional demands for postural control: The effects of aging and sensory reintegration. Gait Posture, 14(3), 203-210.
Vuillerme, N., Forestier, N., & Nougier, V. (2002). Attentional demands and postural sway: The effect of the calf muscles fatigue. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 34(12), 1907-1912.
Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D. (1995). Foundations of sport and exercise psychology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Welford, A .T. (1952). The psychological refractory period and the timing of high-speed performance. British Journal of Psychology, 43, 2-19.
Wickens, C. D. (1992). Engineering psychology and human performance (2nd ed.). New York: Harper Collings.
Woollacott, M. H., & Shumway-Cook, A. (1990). Changes in posture control across the life span: A system approach. Physical Therapy, 70(12), 799-807.
Ziegler, S. G. (2002). Attentional training: Our best kept secret. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 73(9), 26-30.