臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

目的： 本研究之目的包括：測量健康男性輪椅籃球投擲能力以作為參考標準，定量輪椅對於籃球投擲能力之影響，並進一步分析坐姿及輪椅移動性在此影響中所佔之比例。
方法： 共15位非籃球隊健康年輕男性參與本研究。受測者分別接受三種狀況下之籃球投擲能力測試，包括：(1)站姿；(2)坐於可移動之籃球專用輪椅；(3) 同(2)，但輪椅之前後以穩固阻擋物限制其移動性。測試之項目為：(1)向上投擲之最大高度；(2)向前投擲之最遠距離；(3) 可達3.05公尺標準籃框高度之最大投籃距離。
結果： 三種投擲能力指標在三種姿勢狀況間皆呈現顯著差異 (p< 0.001)，進一步分析發現坐姿使向上、向前及目標投擲能力之平均值分別降低26%, 27%, 31%，輪椅之移動性則進一步使其減少6%, 3%, 5%；變異係數 (介於20%至198%) 及標準化後投擲能力差異曲線之分散型式顯示上述比率具有相當之個別差異；其中坐姿之影響與受測者之站立投擲能力具有顯著之中到高度相關性，輪椅移動性之影響則與受測者個別之站立投擲能力無顯著相關性，顯示此狀況在動作協調的需求上具有較大的特異性。
意義： 本研究測量健康年輕男性輪椅籃球投擲能力之平均值及個別差異，並定量坐姿及可動基座對其投擲能力之影響。上述結果可作為輪椅籃球投擲能力評估時之基準，有助於釐清輪椅籃球投擲能力相關因子之影響程度，並提供教練及運動員擬定訓練計劃及學者日後對輪椅籃球運動員代償動作分析等相關研究之參考。

Purpose: The purpose of this study had three folds: to measure the basketball throwing capabilities of healthy young men as a data base for future reference, to quantify the effects of wheelchair sitting on basketball throwing performance, and to further analyze the relative contribution of sitting posture and the movable base in the above effects.
Method: 15 healthy young male participated in this study. A within-subject design with repeated measurements was used to compare throwing capabilities among different postural conditions: standing, sitting in a fixed wheelchair, and sitting in a movable wheelchair. Three variables were measured as indexes of throwing capabilities: (1) the maximal height of upward throwing; (2) the maximal distance of forward throwing; (3) the maximal shooting distance for the height of 3.05m (the official height of the basket rim).
Results: Significant differences (p<0.001) were noted in all three variables among three postural conditions. Sitting posture caused reductions of 26%, 27%, 31% in average for throwing height, throwing distance, and effective shooting distance respectively, with further decrements averaged 6%, 3%, 5% caused by movable base of the wheelchair. Individual differences existed in these reduction ratios as shown in the values of coefficients of variance (ranged from 20% to 198%) as well as the disperse patterns of the normalized-reduction diagrams. The correlations between these ratio indexes and throwing capabilities of the individuals varied in test items.
Significance: This study documented the average and variation of wheelchair-basketball throwing capabilities in healthy young men, and clarified the relative contribution due to sitting posture and a movable base quantitatively. The results provide a comparative reference for evaluating throwing capabilities of wheelchair basketball, and the knowledge about the relative contribution of sitting posture and the movable base on throwing capabilities gained in this study is beneficial for further investigation of the compensatory motor strategies used by various groups of players in wheelchair basketball.

Ch.1 Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Purpose of the Study
1.3 Research Questions and Rationale
1.4 Hypotheses
1.5 Significance and Implications
Ch.2 Review of Literature
2.1 Movement Studies on Basketball Throwing
2.2 Kinetic Chain in Throwing
Ch.3 Methods
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Subjects
3.3 Equipments and settings
3.4 Measurement Procedure
3.5 Data Acquisition
3.6 Statistical considerations
3.7 Pilot Study: Reliability of the tests
Ch.4 Results
4.1 Basic profile of the subjects
4.2 Descriptive statistics of the results
4.3 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
4.4 Variation and Correlations
Ch.5 Discussion
5.1 The throwing capabilities measured in this study
5.2 The effects of wheelchair sitting on basketball throwing
5.3 Inter-subject variation in the studied variables
5.4 Limitation of the study
5.5 Conclusion
5.6 Future directions
References
Appendix
A The informed consent and questionnaire
B The margins for error in throwing-angle in upward and forward throwing by dropping locations
C Estimation of projection error in image recording for throwing height
D Tables of the original data
E Correlation between different indexes of throwing capabilities
F Consistency of the throwing performance in repeated trials
G Contribution of follow-through stepping in throwing distance
H The effect of wheelchair sitting on targeted basketball throwing for fixed throwing angle (45 degrees)
I The relationship of throwing height and distance with releasing velocity
J Observation: The displacement of wheelchair in basketball throwing Tasks

江傳江、王興國、蔚順華、劉復康、陳俊忠：輪椅滾動阻力之研究。中華民國復健醫學會年會報告，2000。(Chiang et al, 2000)
李村棋與卓俊伶：工作限制對國小學童投擲型式的影響。體育學報，第26輯，頁225-232，1998。(Lee & Cho, 1998)
張曉昀、陳佳琳、王泠等：輪椅籃球比賽運動傷害之現場分析。中華民國物理治療學會年會報告，2002。(Chang et al, 2002)
梁嘉音：距離對籃球投籃動作型式的影響：個案研究。體育學報，第25輯，頁199-208，1998。(Liang, 1998)
覃素莉：不同距離及不同動作投籃分析。國立體育學院運動教練研究所碩士論文，2002。 (Chin, 2002)
黃勝裕：輪椅衝刺推進肩關節肌群之肌電疲勞分析。國立台灣師範大學體育研究所碩士論文，2000。(Huang, 2000)
劉碧華 (譯)：運動科學─物理定律與最佳成績表現。財團法人徐亨體育文化基金會，頁318-319，1992。(Liu, 1992)
2002 Busan FESPIC Games Organizing Committee. The 8th FESPIC Games: Sport Rules, Wheelchair Basketball. 2002.
Adrian MJ & Cooper JM: Biomechanics of throwing. In: Biomechanics of Human Movement, 2nd ed, Wisconsin: Madison, Brown & Benchmark, pp.333-363, 1995.
Allsen PE and Ruffner W: Relationship between the type of pass and the loss of the ball in basketball. Athletic Journal 1969; 49:105-7,.
Atwater AE: Movement characteristics of the overarm throw. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin, 1970.
Aruin AS, Forrest WR, & Latash ML: Anaticipatory postural adjustments in conditions of postural instability. Electroencephalo and Clinical Neurophysiol 1998; 109:350-9.
Aruin AS & Shiratori TK: Anticipatory postural adjustments while sitting: The effects of different leg supports. Exp Brain Res 2003; 151:46-53.
Belen’kii Vy, Gurfinkel VS, paltsev YI: Elements of control of voluntary movements. Biofizika 1967;12:135-141.
Bloomquist LE: Injuries to athletes with physical disabilities — Prevention implications. Phys Sport Med 1986: 4(9):97-105.
Broer MR: Efficiency pf human movement. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1969.
Brown ID: Measuring the ‘spare mental capacity’ of car driving by a subsidiary auditory task. Ergonomics 1962; 5:247-50.
Brunham RS, May L, Nelson E, et al.: Shoulder pain in wheelchair athletes — The role of muscle imbalance. Am J Sports Med 1993;21(2): 238-242.
Brunham RS, Curtis KA, Reid DC: Shoulder problems in the wheelchair athletes. In: Athletic Injuries of the Shoulder. New York: McGraw Hill, 1995, pp.375-381.
Buschbacher RM, Atkins J, Lay B, Braddom RL. Prescription of wheelchairs and seating systems. In: Braddom RL, et al. (Eds.) Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders. 2000.
Chen HC, Schultz AB, Ashton-Miller JA et al.: Stepping over obstacles: Dividing attention impairs performance of older more than young adults. J Gerontol 1995; 51A:M116-122.
Cholewicki J, Polzhofer GK, & Radebold A: Postural control of trunk during unstable sitting. J Biomech 2000; 33:1733-7.
Corodo P, NAshner L: Properties of postural adjustments associated with rapid arm movements. J Neurophysiol 1982; 47:287-302.
Cratty BJ: Movement behavior and motor learning, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Febiger, 1973; 337-60.
Curtis KA, Dillon DA: Survey of wheelchair athletic injuries: Common patterns and prevention. Paraplegia 1985;23:170-175.
Eichhorn J, Orner J, Rickard K, Craik R: Aging effects on dual-task methodology using walking and verbal reaction time. Issues Aging 1998; 21:8-12.
Ferrara MS and Davis RW: Injuries to elite wheelchair athletes. Paraplegia 1990;28:335-341.
Ferrara MS, Buckley WE, McCann BC, et al: The injury experience of the competitive athlete with a disability: Prevention implications. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992;24:184-8.
Fitts PM: The information capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movement. J Exp Psychology 1954;47:381-91.
Fowler PJ: Swimming. In: Athletic injuries of the shoulder, edited by Pettrone FA, New York: McGraw-Hill., 1995.
Gabbard C & Hart S: Effects of standing and sitting on finger-tapping speed in healthy adults. J. Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2002;32:525-529.
Gahery Y, Massion J: Coordination between posture and movement. Trends Neurosci 1981;4:199-202.
Gellman H, Sie I, Waters RL: Late complications of the weight-bearing upper extremity in the paraplegic patients. Clin Orthop 1988;233:132-5.
Geurts ACH & Mulder TW: Attention demands in balance recovery following lower limb amputation. J Motor Behavior 1994; 26:162-70.
Gregor RJ & Pink M: Biomechanical analysis of a word record javelin throw. International J Sport Biomechanics 1985;1:73-77.
Hess C: Analysis of the jump shot. Athletic J 1980;1(3):30-58.
Husdon J: Shooting techniques for small players. Athletic J 1986;66(3): 40-45.
Kibler WB: Biomechanical analysis of the shoulder during tennis activities. Clinics in Sports Medicine 1995;14:79-85.
Kibler WB: Determining the extent of the functional deficit. In: Functional Rehabilitation of Sports and Musculoskeletal Injuries. Gaithersburg, Maryland:Aspen Publishers. 1998. pp.16-19.
Kibler WB & Safran MR: Musculoskeletal injuries in the young tennis player. Clinics in Sports Medicine 2000;19(4):781-92.
LaJoie Y, Teasdale N, Bard C, Fleury M: Attentional demands for static and dynamic equilibrium. Exp Brain Res. 1993;97:139-144.
Langendorfer S: Motor-task goal as a constraint on developmental status. In Clark JE & Humphery JH (Eds.): Advances in motor development research, New York: AMS, 1990;3:16-28.
Lehmann G: Basketball is my game: Lessons by Lehmann. NJ: Reverside, 1981.
Liu SY: The effect of distance and condition on the accuracy and movement patterns in basketball shooting and dart throwing. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Minnesota, 1997.
Luttgens K & Hamilton N: Kinesiology: Scientific Basis of Human Motion, 9th ed.Madison, WI: Brown & Benchmark, 1997.
Marsden CD, Merton PA, Morton HB: Anticipatory postural responses in the human subject. J Physiol 1977;275:47P-48P.
Martin T: Movement analysis applied to the basketball jump shot. The Physical Educator 1981;3(38):127-33.
McCormack DAR, Reid DC, steadward RD, Syrotuik DG: Injury profiles in wheelchair athletes: Results of a retrospective survey. Clin J Sport Med 1991;1:35-40.
Newell KM: Constraint on the development of coordination. In Wade MG & Whiting HTA (Eds.): Motor development in children: Aspects of coordination and control. Boston: Mortinus Nijhoff, 1986, pp.341-360.
Nichols PJR, Norman PA, Ennis JR: Wheelchair users’ shoulder? Shoulder pain in patients with spinal cord lesions. Scand J Rehabil Med 1979;11:29-32.
Nunome H, Doyo W, Sakurai S, Ikegmai Y, Yabe K: A kinematic study of the upper-limb motion of wheelchair basketball shooting in tetraplegic adults. J Rehabil Research Develop. 2002;39(1):63-71.
Ozkaya N & Nordin M: Fundamentals of biomechanics: Equilibrium, motion, and deformation. 2nd ed. New York: Springer. 1999, pp.317-328.
Putnam CA: A segmental interaction analysis of proximal-to-distal sequential motion patterns. Med Sci Sports Exerc1991; 23(1):130-144.
Putnam CA: Sequential motions of body segments in striking and throwing skills: Descriptions and explanations. J. Biomechanics. 1993; 20(S1):123-133.
Roberton MA: Stability of stage categorizations across trials: Implications for the “stage theory” of overarm throw development. J Human Movement Studies 1977;3: 49-59.
Rothwell J (ed.): Control of Human Voluntary Movement (2nd ed). London: Chapman & Hall, 1994, p.287.
Shumway-cook A, Woollacott MH (eds): Motor Control: Theory and Practical Applications, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2001.
Smith P: Karate. In Adrian MJ & Cooper JM (Eds.): Biomechanics of Human Movement, 2nd Ed, And Madison: Brown & Benchmark, 1995.
Stoden DF, Fleisig GS, McLean SP, Lyman SL, Andrew JR: Relationship of pelvis and upper torso kinematics to pitched baseball velocity. J Applied Biomech, 2002;17:164-172.
Toyoshima S, Hosikawa T, Miyashita M, et al: The contribution of body parts to throwing performance. In: Nelson R, Morehouse C (eds): Biomechanics, vol.4. Baltimore: University Park Press, 1974.
Veeger HEJ, van der Woude LHV, Rozendal RH: Loads on the upper extremity in manual wheelchair propulsion. J Electro-myogr Kinesiol, 1991;1(4):270-80.
Westwood D, Roy EA, Bryden PJ, Bryden MP, Roy PE: Increasing postural demands may affect the magnitude of manual asymmetries. Brain Cogn. 1998;37:40-43.
Willams K, Haywood K & VanSant A: Movement characteristics of older adult throwers. In Clark JE & Humphery JH (Eds.): Advances in motor development research, New York: AMS, 1990;3:29-44.
Willams K, Haywood K & VanSant A: Force and accuracy throws by older adult performers. J Aging and Physical Activity 1993;1:2-12.
Willams K, Haywood K & VanSant A: Force and accuracy throws by older adults. J Aging and Physical Activity 1996;4:194-202.
Yang JF, Winter DA: Electromyographic reliability in maximal and submaximal isometric contractions. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1983;64:417-420.