臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

烏龜的呼吸、心跳與代謝速率很慢，且可以忍受無氧呼吸的能力很強，為了探討烏龜如此特殊的心跳調控機制，因此本研究希望設計出一套可量測烏龜的心電圖系統，以長期監測其心速率的變化情形。而目前一般市售的量測設備，必須限制動物的活動範圍才能量測，針對此問題，我們研發出一套無線遙測設備，進而探討烏龜在潛水時的心跳調控機制。
本研究之烏龜心電圖無線遙測系統，主要包括心電圖擷取、無線電傳輸、訊號處理及資料分析等部分。系統首先經儀表放大器(INA128)擷取心電圖訊號，然後選用益眾科技的RF數據傳輸模組(A06-0001)，將訊號透過無線電發射機傳送，再由接收端接收訊號，並透過生理記錄器(BIOPAC System)載入電腦中作為長期心電圖之記錄。
本遙測系統可以精確記錄烏龜的心電圖，且遙測距離可達8公尺，比市售遙測系統(DSI, Physio Tel Telemetry)更寬廣。我們記錄到烏龜心速率隨著環境溫度下降而降低，烏龜在陸地上溫度為30℃狀態下(有氧呼吸)，其心跳速率為35.8±1.3 bpm比18℃時的20.8±1.7 bpm為快；烏龜在水溫36℃下潛水(無氧呼吸)，心跳速率為24.4±1.2 bpm，浮出水面呼吸的心跳速率為47.8±1.8 bpm，當水溫下降至20℃時，心跳速率為9.64±1.3 bpm，浮出水面呼吸的心跳速率為18.4±2.7 bpm，由以上結果顯示，當烏龜處在無氧狀態下(潛水時)，心跳速率有顯著下降，同時伴隨著水溫下降，心跳速率有逐漸下降情形，而且可忍受無氧呼吸的時間也伴隨增長。

The respiratory, heartbeat and metabolic rate of turtles are slow. In addition, turtles can tolerate anoxic state for long duration. It is, therefore, very interesting to recode the heart rate control of the turtle in its natural setting. The aim of the current work is to develop a wireless recording equipment to study the heart rate regulating mechanism of freely moving turtles.
The proposed system consists of signal acquisition, radio frequency (RF) transmission, signals processing and date analysis components. The electrocardiogram (ECG) is obtained by three silver screws chronically implanted into the body of the turtle. After amplification the ECG signals were transmitted through a RF digital transceiver (model A06-0001), and signals were detected by a receiver. The signals were saved and analyzed.
Our wireless ECG device can receive signals from a distance up to 8 m in radius, with the result comparable to a standard equipment (DSI, Physio Tel Telemetry). When temperature changed from 30℃ to 18℃, the heart rates of the turtles decrease from 35.8±1.3 bpm to 20.8±1.7 bpm. The heart rates were 24.4±1.2 bpm and 47.8±1.8 bpm respectively when the turtles submerged and emerged voluntarily at 36℃. The heart rates were 9.64±1.3 bpm and 18.4±2.7 bpm respectively when the turtles were submerged and emerged at 20℃. The heart rates were influenced by temperature and the driving conditions.

目錄

第一章、緒論...............................................................................................................................1
1-1 研究背景.................................................................................................................................1
1-1.1 生物遙測簡介與應用..........................................................................................................1
1-1.2 烏龜特殊的生理機能..........................................................................................................5
1-1.3 烏龜的心臟..........................................................................................................................6
1-1.4 心電圖簡介..........................................................................................................................8
1-2 研究動機...............................................................................................................................10
1-3 研究目的...............................................................................................................................11

第二章、材料與方法.................................................................................................................12
2-1 烏龜心電圖無線遙測系統之設計.......................................................................................12
2-1.1 系統概述............................................................................................................................12
2-1.2 傳送端電路架構................................................................................................................13
2-1.2.1 傳送端電源.....................................................................................................................14
2-1.2.2 儀表放大器.....................................................................................................................15
2-1.2.3 放大器與低通濾波器.....................................................................................................16
2-1.2.4 調變器與發射模組.........................................................................................................17
2-1.3 接收端電路架構................................................................................................................18
2-1.3.1 接收端電源.....................................................................................................................19
2-1.3.2 接收模組與解調器.........................................................................................................20
2-1.3.3 四階低通濾波器與放大器.............................................................................................21
2-1.4 系統終端設備....................................................................................................................22
2-2 市售生物遙測系統...............................................................................................................23
2-3 烏龜心電圖量測...................................................................................................................24
2-3.1 電極....................................................................................................................................25
2-3.2 電極的埋設位置................................................................................................................27
2-3.3 心電圖的評估....................................................................................................................29
2-4 自製無線遙測系統測試.......................................................................................................32
2-4.1 系統基本測試....................................................................................................................32
2-4.2 系統裝設............................................................................................................................33
2-5 環境溫度與烏龜心跳速率的記錄.......................................................................................34
2-5.1 自然氣溫與急速溫度下降時對烏龜心跳的探討............................................................34
2-5.2 不同環境溫度下烏龜心跳速率的變化............................................................................36
2-6 烏龜潛水時心跳速率的變化...............................................................................................37
2-7 資料分析...............................................................................................................................38

第三章、結果.............................................................................................................................39
3-1 烏龜心電圖最佳量測位置...................................................................................................39
3-1.1 左側及右側作為參考接地的心電圖之比較....................................................................39
3-1.2 DL3與AL3作為參考接地的心電圖之比較......................................................................42
3-2 無線遙測系統測試結果.......................................................................................................46
3-2.1 系統基本測試結果............................................................................................................46
3-2.2 實際量測烏龜心電圖........................................................................................................47
3-3 環境溫度對烏龜心跳速率的影響.......................................................................................52
3-3.1 白天與夜晚對烏龜心跳速率與活動量的影響................................................................54
3-3.2 突然的溫度下降對烏龜心跳的影響................................................................................57
3-3.3 烏龜在不同環境溫度下的心跳速率................................................................................60
3-4 烏龜潛水時心跳速率的影響...............................................................................................62
3-4.1 水溫對烏龜潛水活動的影響............................................................................................62
3-4.2 烏龜在不同水溫潛水的心跳變化....................................................................................65

第四章、討論..............................................................................................................................69
4-1 無線心電圖遙測系統之評估................................................................................................69
4-1.1 訊號處理.............................................................................................................................69
4-1.2 有效傳輸距離.....................................................................................................................69
4-1.3 系統的功率消耗.................................................................................................................70
4-2 烏龜心電圖的探討................................................................................................................71
4-3 環境溫度對烏龜心跳的影響................................................................................................72
4-3.1 烏龜心跳Q10值的探討......................................................................................................72
4-3.2 活動量對烏龜心跳的影響.................................................................................................73
4-4 烏龜潛水時水溫對心跳的影響............................................................................................74
4-4.1 烏龜在缺氧下代謝的探討.................................................................................................75

第五章、結論..............................................................................................................................76

第六章、參考文獻......................................................................................................................77

附錄..............................................................................................................................................82

作者簡述......................................................................................................................................83


圖索引
圖1-1. 老鼠腹腔埋入無線遙測心電圖發射機的情形................................................................3
圖1-2. 無線遙測系統架構圖........................................................................................................4
圖1-3. 烏龜在不同溫度下，持續忍受缺氧的觀察....................................................................5
圖1-4. 烏龜心臟解剖圖................................................................................................................6
圖1-5. 心臟的傳導系統................................................................................................................8
圖1-6. 雙極性標準導程(Bipolar standard leads)...........................................................................9
圖2-1. 烏龜心電圖無線遙測系統之架構...................................................................................12
圖2-2. 傳送端電路之架構...........................................................................................................13
圖2-3. INA128的功能腳位圖......................................................................................................15
圖2-4. INA128儀表放大器電路..................................................................................................15
圖2-5. 第二、三級放大電路與低通濾波電路...........................................................................16
圖2-6. 調變與發射發射模組電路...............................................................................................17
圖2-7. 虛線框中為接收端電路之架構.......................................................................................18
圖2-8. 穩壓電源供應電路...........................................................................................................19
圖2-9. 接收模組與解調電路.......................................................................................................20
圖2-10. 四階Butterworth低通濾波器...........................................................................................21
圖2-11. 具有16-通道的生理訊號記錄器....................................................................................22
圖2-12. 可收集多重生理訊號的植入式發射機.........................................................................23
圖2-13. 烏龜心電圖向量簡示.....................................................................................................24
圖2-14. 烏龜心電圖電極探針.....................................................................................................25
圖2-15. 烏龜心電圖電極的埋設示意圖.....................................................................................26
圖2-16. 烏龜殼上電極的相對位置.............................................................................................27
圖2-17. 烏龜心電圖的線路接法.................................................................................................28
圖2-18. 利用軟體AcqKnowledge所執行的烏龜心電圖資料分析視窗....................................30
圖2-19. 人體心電圖各波形的間期.............................................................................................31
圖2-20. 自製無線遙測的發射端實體.........................................................................................33
圖2-21. 市售無線遙測的發射機外觀.........................................................................................34
圖2-22. DSI國際數據科學公司的遙測系統之實驗設備架構...................................................35
圖2-23. 自製遙測系統之實驗設備架構.....................................................................................36
圖3-1. 不同接地位置所得的心電圖雜訊比...............................................................................41
圖3-2. 烏龜心電圖最佳電極位置...............................................................................................45
圖3-3. 自製遙測系統所量測的烏龜心電圖...............................................................................48
圖3-4. 市售遙測系統所量測的烏龜心電圖...............................................................................48
圖3-5. 遙測距離分別為1至5公尺的烏龜心電圖.......................................................................49
圖3-6. 遙測距離分別為6至10公尺的烏龜心電圖.....................................................................50
圖3-7. 發射端與接收端之訊號比較...........................................................................................51
圖3-8. 環境溫度對烏龜心跳速率與活動量的變化情形...........................................................53
圖3-9. 烏龜在白天與夜晚時其心跳速率與活動量的變化情形...............................................55
圖3-10. 溫度突然下降時對烏龜心跳及活動量的變化情形.....................................................58
圖3-11. 當冷氣開啟時造成環境溫度下降的變化情形.............................................................59
圖3-12. 當冷氣開啟時造成烏龜心跳速率下降的變化情形.....................................................59
圖3-13. 在環境溫度24℃時所量測的烏龜心電圖.....................................................................61
圖3-14. 烏龜心跳與環境溫度之關係.........................................................................................61
圖3-15. 在不同溫度下，烏龜在20分鐘內潛入水中的次數變化情形.....................................63
圖3-16. 在不同水溫下，烏龜在20分鐘內潛入水中與浮出水面的時間變化情形.................63
圖3-17. 在不同水溫下，烏龜在20分鐘內潛入水中與浮出水面的平均時間變化情形.........64
圖3-18. 水溫24℃時，烏龜潛入水中與浮出水面的心電圖變化情形.....................................66
圖3-19. 水溫34℃時，烏龜潛入水中與浮出水面的心電圖變化情形.....................................66
圖3-20. 在不同水溫下，烏龜潛入水中與浮出水面的心跳速率變化情形.............................67
圖3-21. 浮出水面與潛入水中的心跳速率之比值.....................................................................68
圖3-22. 潛入水中與浮出水面的心跳速率之差值.....................................................................68
圖A-1. 發射機電路板..................................................................................................................82
圖A-2. 接收機電路板..................................................................................................................82
圖A-3. 烏龜安裝上發射機的情形..............................................................................................83
圖A-4. 遙測系統之接收機外觀..................................................................................................83

表索引
表1. 傳送端主要元件的工作電壓..............................................................................................14
表2. 接收端主要元件的工作電壓..............................................................................................19
表3. 烏龜心電圖參考接地位置在DL3, DR3, AL3及AR3所量測的訊雜比..............................40
表4. DL3作為參考接地點的烏龜心電圖訊雜比........................................................................43
表5. AL3作為參考接地點的烏龜心電圖訊雜比........................................................................44
表6. 烏龜心電圖各波形的出現間期...........................................................................................45
表7. 系統測試規格表...................................................................................................................46
表8. 烏龜在白天與夜晚時其心跳與活動量的變化情形...........................................................56

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