土壤有機質含量為土壤品質的評估指標之一，所以添加有機質肥料為增加土壤中有機質含量主要的策略，惟不同特性的有機質肥料在不同性質的土壤中，其氮和磷的的礦化速率和釋放潛能並不相同。本試驗評估台灣地區較常使用的兩種有機質肥料，大豆粕和禽畜糞堆肥，施用在三種性質差異大且均為國內主要農耕土壤後，對甘藍生育的影響及養分在土壤釋出特性及其殘效，以作為在研擬不同性質土壤的大豆粕和禽畜糞堆肥的管理策略。
選用中部地區三種不同性質的土壤(強酸性陳厝寮系、偏中性大里系及石灰性圳寮系土壤)，以盆栽方式種植兩作甘藍(Brassica oleracea L.；Cabbage)，分別施用禽畜糞堆肥(考慮氮釋出率為20%、40%和60%)、大豆粕(考慮氮釋出率為40%、60%和80%)、化學肥料及完全不施肥的對照組；其中施用有機質肥料之處理每處理六重複，而施用化學肥料及對照組則是三重複。另於第二作時，於施用有機質肥料的處理中取其中3盆只施前作一半的有機質肥料用量，而另3盆則施入與前作相同的有機質肥料用量，再種植甘藍。待甘藍採收後測定甘藍之生育性狀(濕重、乾重)及養分吸收量，並分析土壤中養分有效性的變化。
結果顯示，在考慮作物產量和土壤養分有效性及養分和鹽分的累積效應的前提下，強酸性土壤較適合施用禽畜糞堆肥，但在有機肥料用量的抉擇上宜考慮堆肥之電導度及養分含量，以減輕負面的效應，且在第二作時宜考慮前作施用之禽畜糞堆肥的殘效，可酌予減施用量。對非強酸性亦非石灰性台中土壤而言，大豆粕的施用造成養分和鹽類累積的情況較輕微，且其甘藍產量不低於施用化學肥料者，故可考慮施用大豆粕而避免使用禽畜糞堆肥，惟大豆粕施用愈多者反有降低產量的趨勢，故在第二作時加入前作之殘效考慮，可酌予減施用量。對石灰性圳寮土壤而言，大豆粕之施用雖第一作甘藍產量略低於化學肥料處理，但無顯著之差異。施用禽畜糞堆肥之甘藍產量較化學肥料處理高但無顯著差異，但禽畜糞堆肥之施用相對地隨著施用量的增加而導致土壤鹽分及養分的累積程度愈大，故在石灰性土壤只用有機質肥料栽種甘藍而不施化學肥料時，禽畜糞堆肥和大豆粕皆可考慮施用，在施用量的抉擇上，禽畜糞堆肥需考慮其電導度及養分含量，於第二作時加入前作施用有機質肥料之殘效考慮，可予以減施用量。

The organic matter content of soil is an important index of soil quality, and the addition of organic fertilizers is the best practice to increase soil organic matter, but the release characteristics of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) of organic fertilizers have been found varied with the characteristics of organic fertilizers and the soils used. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the production of cabbage and the release characteristics and their residual effect of soil nutrients amended with two organic fertilizers (soybean meal and animal manure compost) in three kinds of soils in Taiwan, in order to develop the suitable management practice of using soybean meal and animal manure compost for different soils in Taiwan.
A pot experiment with cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. ;Cabbage) was conducted, three different kinds of soils (strongly acidic Chen-tso-liao Series, slightly neutral Tali Series, calcareous Chun-Liao Series soil) were selected that located in center region in Taiwan, and applied with three rates of animal manure compost(considered the release rate of N were 20%, 40% and 60%), three rates of soybean meal(considered the release rate of N were 40%, 60% and 80%) and chemical fertilizer, respectively, a treatment without fertilizer addition was also conducted as check. The treatments of organic fertilizer addition were six replications, the treatments of chemical fertilizer and check were three replications. In addition, one half of pots of the treatments with organic fertilizers was applied with half amounts of organic fertilizers as that of first crop and other three pots were applied with the same amounts of organic fertilizer as that of first crop for the second crop. The growth of cabbage (fresh weight and dry weight) and the amount of nutrient uptake were determined, and the change in soil nutrient availabilities were also analyzed.
Results showed that animal manure compost application was a suitable management for strongly acidic soil evaluated by the yield of cabbage, the nutrient availability and the accumulation of salt in soil, however, the electrical conductivity and the nutrient contents in the animal manure compost need to be considered in order to lessen the adverse effect. In addition, the amounts of animal manure compost addition should be decreased for the second crop due to the residual effect of the compost used in the first crop. For nonstrongly acidic and noncalcareous Taichung soil, the accumulations of the salt and nutrient were slighter with the application of soybean meal, and the yields of cabbage were similar to that of chemical fertilizer treatment, therefore, soybean meal could be considered to be used but animal manure compost should be avoided to be used. However, the yield of cabbage decreased with the increasing amount of soybean meal, therefore, the amount of soybean meal used in the second crop should be reduced for considering the residual effect of soybean meal used in first crop. For calcareous Chun-Liao soil, the yields of cabbage in the first crop in soybean meal treatments were slightly lower than that of the treatment of chemical fertilizers, but there was no significant different among them. The yields of cabbage in animal manure compost treatments were higher than that of the treatment of chemical fertilizer, but no significant different was found among them, however, the content of nutrient and salt accumulation were more serious as the applied amount of animal manure compost increased. If organic fertilizer was used for cabbage production without chemical fertilizer addition, both animal manure compost and soybean meal could be selected. However, the electrical conductivity and the nutrient contents in animal manure compost need to be considered as the amount of compost was determined, and the applied amount for second crop should be decreased as the residual effect of applied organic fertilizers in the first crop was considered.

摘要…………………………………………………………..….………Ⅰ
目錄…………………………………………………………..….………Ⅴ
表次…………………………………………………………..….………Ⅵ
圖次…………………………………………………………..….………Ⅷ
附表次………………………………………………………..….………Ⅹ
壹、前言……………………………………………………..….……….1
貳、前人研究………………………………………………..….……….3
一、有機質肥料的來源及成分特性………………….….………..3
二、有機質肥料之施用對作物生長之增進效應…….….………..5
三、有機質肥料之施用對環境造成的負面效應…….….………..6
四、有機質肥料養分釋出特性及對土壤肥力之影響.….………..8
參、材料與方法…………………………………………….….………12
一、供試材料………………………………………….….………12
二、盆栽試驗………………………………………….….………13
三、分析方法………………………………………….….………15
肆、結果與討論…………………………………………….….………22
一、強酸性大肚山土壤甘藍盆栽試驗…………………………..22
二、非強酸性亦非石灰性台中土壤甘藍盆栽試驗……………..48
三、石灰性圳寮土壤甘藍盆栽試驗……………………………..70
伍、結論……...……………………………………………….………..93
陸、參考文獻…………………………………………………………..95
附錄……………………………………………………………………105
表次
表一、供試土壤之基本理化性質……………………………………..19
表二、供試有機質肥料之基本理化性質……………………………..20
表三、甘藍盆栽試驗之尿素、過磷酸鈣和氯化鉀用量及分配率…..20
表四、甘藍盆栽試驗有機質肥料之施用量(乾重)……………………21
表五、每作甘藍收穫後之大肚山土壤pH值………………………...25
表六、第二作甘藍收穫後之大肚山土壤飽和電導度值……………..26
表七、大肚山第一作甘藍之乾物產量和相對產量指數……………..42
表八、大肚山第二作甘藍之乾物產量和相對產量指數……………..43
表九、第一作大肚山甘藍植株之氮和磷吸收量及相對吸收百
分率……………………………………………………………..46
表十、第二作大肚山甘藍植株之氮、磷吸收量及相對吸收百
分率……………………………………………………………..47
表十一、每作甘藍收穫後之台中土壤pH值……………………...…50
表十二、第二作甘藍收穫後之台中土壤飽和電導度值……………..51
表十三、台中第一作甘藍之乾物產量和相對產量指數………….….64
表十四、台中第二作甘藍之乾物產量和相對產量指數………….….65
表十五、第一作台中甘藍植株之氮、磷和鉀吸收量及相對吸收
百分率…………………………………………………….….68
表十六、第二作台中甘藍植株之氮、磷和鉀吸收量及相對吸收
百分率…………………………………………………….….69
表十七、每作甘藍收穫後之圳寮土壤pH值………………………...73
表十八、第二作甘藍收穫後之圳寮土壤飽和電導度值……………..74
表十九、圳寮第一作甘藍之乾物產量和相對產量指數……………..87
表二十、圳寮第二作甘藍之乾物產量和相對產量指數……………..88
表二十一、第一作圳寮甘藍植株之氮、磷和鉀吸收量及相對吸
收百分率…………………………………………………..91
表二十二、第二作圳寮甘藍植株之氮、磷和鉀吸收量及相對吸
收百分率…………………………………………….…….92
圖次
圖一、兩作甘藍收穫後之大肚山土壤有機質含量……………….….29
圖二、第二作減施或施用和第一作同量有機質肥料之大肚山土
壤有機質含量……………………………………………….….29
圖三、兩作甘藍收穫後之大肚山土壤無機態氮濃度…………….….33
圖四、第二作減施或施用和第一作同量有機質肥料之大肚山土
壤無機態氮濃度….………………………………………….....33
圖五、兩作甘藍收穫後之大肚山土壤Labile磷濃度…………….….38
圖六、第二作減施或施用和第一作同量有機質肥料之大肚山土
壤Labile磷濃度…………………………………………….….38
圖七、兩作甘藍收穫後之大肚山土壤Bray-1磷濃度…………….…39
圖八、第二作減施或施用和第一作同量有機質肥料之大肚山土壤Bray-1磷濃度………………………………………..................39
圖九、兩作甘藍收穫後之台中土壤有機質含量………………….….53
圖十、第二作減施或施用和第一作同量有機質肥料之台中土壤有
機質含量…………………………………………………….….53
圖十一、兩作甘藍收穫後之台中土壤無機態氮濃度…………….….56
圖十二、第二作減施或施用和第一作同量有機質肥料之台中土壤
無機態氮濃度…………………………………………….….56
圖十三、兩作甘藍收穫後之台中土壤Labile磷濃度…………….….60
圖十四、第二作減施或施用和第一作同量有機質肥料之台中土壤
Labile磷濃度…………………………………………….…..60
圖十五、兩作甘藍收穫後之台中土壤Bray-1磷濃度…………….....61
圖十六、第二作減施或施用和第一作同量有機質肥料之台中土壤Bray-1磷濃度………………………………………….….61
圖十七、兩作甘藍收穫後之圳寮土壤有機質含量……………….….76
圖十八、第二作減施或施用和第一作同量有機質肥料之圳寮土
壤有機質含量…………………………………………….….76
圖十九、兩作甘藍收穫後之圳寮土壤無機態氮濃度……….…….…79
圖二十、第二作減施或施用和第一作同量有機質肥料之圳寮土
壤無機態氮濃度………………………………………….….79
圖二十一、兩作甘藍收穫後之圳寮土壤Labile磷濃度………….….83
圖二十二、第二作減施或施用和第一作同量有機質肥料之圳寮
土壤Labile磷濃度………………………………….….…83
圖二十三、兩作甘藍收穫後之圳寮土壤Olsen磷濃度……………...84
圖二十四、第二作減施或施用和第一作同量有機質肥料之圳寮
土壤Olsen磷濃度………………………………………...84
附表次
附表一、大肚山土壤種植完第一作甘藍後土壤之基本性質……….105
附表二、大肚山土壤種植完兩作甘藍後土壤之基本性質………….106
附表三、台中土壤種植完第一作甘藍後土壤之基本性質………….107
附表四、台中土壤種植完兩作甘藍後土壤之基本性質…………….108
附表五、圳寮土壤種植完第一作甘藍後土壤之基本性質………….109
附表六、圳寮土壤種植完兩作甘藍後土壤之基本性質…………….110
附表七、大肚山土壤甘藍第一作植體養分含量…………………….111
附表八、大肚山土壤甘藍第二作植體養分含量…………………….112
附表八續、大肚山土壤甘藍第二作植體養分含量………………….113
附表九、台中土壤甘藍第一作植體養分含量……………………….114
附表十、台中土壤甘藍第二作植體養分含量…….…………………115
附表十續、台中土壤甘藍第二作植體養分含量…………………….116
附表十一、圳寮土壤甘藍第一作植體養分含量…………………….117
附表十二、圳寮土壤甘藍第二作植體養分含量…………………….118
附表十二續、圳寮土壤甘藍第二作植體養分含量………………….119

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