微生物轉穀氨醯胺酶（microbial transglutaminase ; MTGase；TGase；TG）能催化蛋白質中一級胺與穀胺醯胺酸殘基（Gln residue）之轉醯反應，一般被認為與魚漿低溫凝膠(setting; suwari)有關，在魚肉煉製品(kamaboko)製造中扮演重要角色。本研究首先探討 TGase 對吳郭魚魚漿凝膠性之影響，並進一步觀察於不同溫度及壓力處理下，能否促進 TGase 在魚漿及魚糕中的作用。
結果顯示，TGase 處理能提升吳郭魚魚漿凝膠之硬度、彈性、凝膠強度及保水力，使 G’、G” 值上升及Tanδ 下降，但對色澤並無明顯影響；TGase 處理會生成ε-（γ-glutamyl）lysine之共價鍵結（GL bond），導致蛋白質不易溶出而使蛋白質溶解度有下降的趨勢；電泳分析則顯示，myosin heavy chain (MHC）會因 TGase 處理而交鏈鍵結成聚合分子，導致 MHC 含量減少；SEM 觀察魚漿凝膠之結構，發現 TGase 處理會造成魚漿因凝集現象而形成團狀聚集（clusters）及較大孔洞。
另將 TGase 加熱（4~50℃）處理，在較高的溫度下，酵素失活情形較為劇烈；而加壓（0.1~300 MPa）處理所造成的失活情形並不明顯。 TGase 在不同溫度（30~60℃）下呈示不同酵素活性，在 50℃ 下為最適反應溫度；但 TGase 經不同壓力處理後，其活性間無明顯差異。溫度（30~60℃）及壓力（0.1~ 300 MPa）處理皆具有促進 TGase 在魚漿中的作用，而提升所製得煉製品之硬度、彈性、凝膠強度及保水力，並提升其 G’ 及 G” 值，且對白色度無明顯之影響。在蛋白質溶解度及電泳圖上，在不同壓力處理下，肌凝蛋白含量及蛋白質溶解度變化情況並不明顯，但在不同溫度處理此二者均有明顯改變，可見添加 TGase 之魚漿在不同溫度及壓力之誘導下，有其不同之作用機制。

ABSTRACT
Microbial transglutaminase (MTGase ; TGase ; TG) catalyzes the acyl transfer reaction between primary amines and glutamine residues in proteins and peptides. The enzyme is generally recognized to be related to the low temperature gelation phenomenon (setting; suwari) of salted fish pastes. It plays important roles during processing of fish meat gel products (kamabokos). In this study, the effect of TGase with various activities on gelation of tilapia meat pastes was investigated. Improvement effects of TGase in surimi and kamaboko were also evaluated by means of both heat- and pressure-treatment.
Gel forming properties including breaking force, breaking strain, gel strength, and water holding capacity of tilapia meat paste increased with TGase treatment. Increase in G’ and G’’ and decrease in Tan of obtained gels were observed, but no obvious change in appearance color. The decrease in protein solubility might be resulted from the formation of intermolecular ε-（γ-glutamyl）lysine (GL bonds) due to TGase treatment. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that myosin heavy chain (MHC) decreased with increasing the concentration of TGase. Electron microscopy observed TGase treatment caused the aggregation of tilapia pastes and thus formed gel with clusters and larger cavities.
The activity of TGase decreased with heat-treatment at 4~50℃, while no obvious change for that of pressure-treatments at 0.1~300 MPa. TGase showed different activities under different temperatures (30~60℃), and 50℃ was its optimal activation temperature, but TGase was not activated by pressure-treatments (0.1~300MPa). On the other hand, both heat- and pressure-treatments promoted the action of TGase in tilapia pastes. Increases in breaking force, breaking strain, gel strength, water holding capacity, G’, G” and Tan of tilapia pastes, but tilapia gel had no obvious changes on white index (WI). Protein solubility and SDS-PAGE show the different results under different temperature and pressure that myosin heavy chain and protein solubility had fewer changes under pressure than under temperature treatment. Therefore, between temperatures and pressures had different mechanisms of gel formation by TGase treatment, but both of them could induce the increase of gel properties on surimi and kamaboko.

中文摘要-----------------------------------------------------Ⅰ
英文摘要-----------------------------------------------------Ⅱ
圖表索引-----------------------------------------------------Ⅶ
壹、前言------------------------------------------------------1
一、研究動機--------------------------------------------------1
二、文獻整理--------------------------------------------------2
（一）轉麩氨醯胺酶（TGase）來源-------------------------------2
（二）轉穀氨醯胺酶（TGase）之催化機制-------------------------3
（三）吳郭魚簡介----------------------------------------------4
（四）高壓技術------------------------------------------------5
1、高壓之發展-------------------------------------------------5
2、高壓發生原理-----------------------------------------------5
3、高壓在食品上之應用-----------------------------------------6
（五）凝膠機制------------------------------------------------6
1、魚漿凝膠形成原理-------------------------------------------6
2、壓力凝膠機制-----------------------------------------------7
3、熱凝膠機制-------------------------------------------------7
4、低溫凝膠及高溫解膠-----------------------------------------8
a、低溫凝膠---------------------------------------------------9
b、高溫解膠---------------------------------------------------9
5、TGase誘導凝膠機制-----------------------------------------10
（六）熱及壓力對TGase處理的影響------------------------------11
1、TGase 最適反應溫度----------------------------------------11
2、加熱對TGase活性之影響-------------------------------------12
3、加熱對TGase處理之影響-------------------------------------12
4、加壓對 TGase 活性之影響-----------------------------------13
5、加壓對TGase處理之影響-------------------------------------13
貳、材料與方法-----------------------------------------------14
一、研究架構-------------------------------------------------14
二、實驗材料-------------------------------------------------14
（一）吳郭魚-------------------------------------------------14
（二）轉麩氨醯胺酶-------------------------------------------14
（三）試驗藥品-----------------------------------------------14
三、實驗方法-------------------------------------------------18
（一）加壓處理-----------------------------------------------18
（二）凝膠之製備---------------------------------------------18
（三）TGase活性之測定----------------------------------------18
（四）凝膠性質之測定-----------------------------------------19
（五）色澤之測定---------------------------------------------19
（六）G’、G”及Tanδ值之則定---------------------------------20
（七）蛋白質溶解度測定---------------------------------------20
（八）保水力-------------------------------------------------20
（九）電泳---------------------------------------------------21
（十）SEM----------------------------------------------------21
（十一）蛋白質溶解度測定-------------------------------------21
（十二）統計分析---------------------------------------------23
參、結果與討論-----------------------------------------------24
PartⅠ.不同濃度TGase處理對吳郭魚魚漿之影響-------------------24
一、白色度---------------------------------------------------24
二、凝膠性質-------------------------------------------------24
三、流變特性-------------------------------------------------26
四、保水力---------------------------------------------------27
五、蛋白質溶解度---------------------------------------------27
六、SDS-PAGE-------------------------------------------------28
七、微細構造觀察---------------------------------------------28
PartⅡ. 加壓及加熱處理對 TGase 在吳郭魚魚漿及魚糕中的作用之影響-----------------------------------------------------------41
一、加熱及加壓對TGase活性之影響------------------------------41
二、TGase最適反應溫度、壓力之探討----------------------------42
三、白色度---------------------------------------------------43
四、凝膠性質-------------------------------------------------44
五、流變特性-------------------------------------------------49
六、保水力---------------------------------------------------51
七、蛋白質溶解度---------------------------------------------53
八、SDS-PAGE-------------------------------------------------55
肆、結論-----------------------------------------------------56
伍、參考文獻------------------------------------------------81

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