臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究目的主要在探討八週水中有氧運動介入對輕度智能障礙平衡與敏捷能力之影響。受試者共有18位輕度智能障礙，年齡介於14到17歲之間，經隨機分配為控制組（n= 9, mean age 15.6
± 0.87, hight 156.3± 8.8/cm, wight 52.6± 10.3/kg）與實驗組（n= 9, mean age 15.1± 0.9, hight 154.8± 8.9/cm, wight 48.8± 11.5/kg），實驗組每週進行水中有氧運動，每次運動時間為三十分鐘，每週三次。兩組分別進行閉眼單腳站立、睜眼單腳站立、平衡木、坐姿體前彎、十公尺折返跑。將測驗所得資料以單因子變異數分析和相依樣本t考驗進行統計分析，結果如下：
一、在靜態平衡方面，實驗組在閉眼與睜眼單足站立( p<.005 )測驗中有顯著的改善，控制組則沒有顯著的改善。
二、在動態平衡方面：實驗組在通過平衡木的測驗中有顯著的進步( p<0.05 )，控制組則沒有差異。
三、在敏捷性方面，實驗組在經過訓練後，敏捷性有顯著的進步，並以相依樣本t檢定考驗，達統計上之顯著差異( p<0.05 )。
四、在柔軟度方面，實驗組與控制組並無統計上顯著差異。
本研究獲致之結論為，八週水中有氧運動訓練能顯著改善輕度智能障礙的靜態與動態平衡能力，並改善身體的敏捷性。

The purpose of the study was to investigate of eight week aerobic exercise in water on the balance and agility abilities of mild mental retardation. Totally eighteen mild mental retardation volunteers, aged from 14 to 17 years old. Eighteen subjects were randomly assigned to control groups (n= 9, mean age 15.67 ± 0.8, hight 156.3 ± 8.8 /cm , wight 52.6 ± 10.3 /kg) and experimental groups (n= 9, mean age 15.1 ± 0.9, hight 154.8 ± 8.9/cm, wight 48.8 ± 11.5 /kg). Experimental groups 30 minutes, 3 times per week, eight week of aerobic exercise in water training programs. Two group to perform the following tests, included one- leg stance test with eye- closed (OEC), one- leg stance test with eye-opened (OEO), sit-and-reach, 10-M shuttle. All the data were collected and analyzed with one-way ANOVA and paired t-test. The results were shown as followed：
1. In the static balance, EG’ OEC and OEO were significantly improved after eight week of training programs (p<0.05), whereas CG were not significantly improved.
2. The dynamic balance were significantly improved after eight
week of training programs (p<0.05) on EC, however CG were
not significantly improved. It is concluded that aerobic exercise in water improved mild mental retardation static and dynamic balance.
3. The agility, EG paired t-test were used to analyze the data was a significant difference.
4. The flexibility, CG and EG were not significantly improved. The conclusion was that eight week aerobic exercise in water
training could improve mild mental retardation of static balance
and dynamic, increase agility ability.

第壹章 緒論

第一節 研究背景---------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------- 1
第二節 研究目的---------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------ 3
第三節 研究範圍---------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------ 3
第四節
研究限制---------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------ 3
第五節研究重要性 研究重要性------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------- 4
第六節 名詞解釋與操作性定義-----------------------------
-------------------------- 4

第貳章 文獻探討

第一節 智能障礙的身體動作發展--------------------------
----------------------- 7
第二節 智能障礙的運動能力發展--------------------------
---------------------- 10
第三節 身體活動與平衡能力之相關研究------------------
---------------- 12
第四節 水中有氧運動之相關研究--------------------------
------------------------ 19
第五節 水中有氧運動之助益-------------------------------
---------------------------- 21
第六節
文獻總結---------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------- 25

第參章 研究方法與步驟

第一節 研究對象---------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------- 27
第二節 實驗流程圖------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------- 29
第三節 測量項目與方法-------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------ 30
第四節 實驗器材---------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------- 35
第五節 測量時間與地點-------------------------------------
----------------------------------- 36
第六節 資料處理與統計分析-------------------------------
----------------------------- 36
第肆章 結果

第一節 各項測試結果之描述性統計-----------------------
-------------------- 37
第二節 水中有氧運動訓練介入之成效---------------------
----------------- 41

第伍章 討論

第一節 動態與靜態平衡能力方面--------------------------
----------------------- 44
第二節 敏捷性方面------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------- 46
第三節 柔軟度方面------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------- 48

第陸章 結論與建議

第一節 結論--------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 49
第二節 建議--------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------- 51

參考文獻-------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------- 54

附錄
一 受試者注意事項及家長同意書--------------------
-------------------- 60
二 受試者基本資料與健康狀況調查------------------
---------------- 61
三 運動能力評估單-------------------------------------
----------------------------------- 62
四 水中有氧運動動作設計內容-----------------------
-------------------- 63

Alexander M. J., Butcher J. E. & MacDonald P. B. (1990). The effects of water exercise program on physical and psychosocial parameter of arthritis patients. Medicine Science Sports Exercise. 31（5）,supplement, 1:S358.
Allison L. （1995）. Balance disorders, In Umphred DA. （Ed）, Neurological Rehabilitation 3rd Ed., St. Louise, Missouri : CV Mosby Co.
American college of sports medicine. （2000）. ACSM’S Guidelines for exercise testing and prescription, 6th Ed. Williams & Wilkins, 78-79.
Berkson G. （1960）. An analysis of reaction time in normal and mentally deficient young men. Journal mental Deficient Research. 4, 69-77.
Biery, M. J., & Kauffman, N. （1989）. The effect of therapeutic horseback riding on balance. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly. 6, 221-229.
Boswell, B.（1991）. Comparison of two methods of improving dynamic balance of mentally retarded children. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 73（1）, 759-764.
Boswell, B.（1993）. Effects of movement sequences and creative dance on balance of children with mental retardation. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 77（1）, 1290.
Brace D. K.（1948）. Motor learning of feeble-minded girls. Research Quarterly. 19, 269.
Bruce E. B., Andrew J. M.D. & Cole, M.D. （1997）. Comprehensive Aquatic Therapy. Butterworth-Heinemann.
Carl B. Eichstaedt & Barry W. Lavay （1992）. Physical activity for individuals with mental retardation. Champagin, IL:Human Kinetics.
Ciaran M. D. & Anthony W. S. W. （1999）. Reliability of eurofit physical fitness items for adolescent males with and without mental retardation. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly. 16,86-95.
David, A., Jean, P., Carol, H. （2001）. Principles and methods of adapted physical education and recreation, 9th Ed. Huettig, McGraw-Hill.
Francis R. J. and Parick G. L. （1959） Motor characteristics of the mentally retarded. American Journal Mental Deficient. 63, 292-311.
Gibson Terry-Ann Spitzer & Hoeger Werner W. K.. （2003）. Water aerobics for fitness and wellness 3rd. Ed. Thomson Wadsworth.
Haywood, K. M. （1993）. Life span motor development 2nd Ed. Champagin, IL: Human Kinetics.
Hoeger W., T. Gibson, J. Moore & D. Hopkins.(1993). A comparison of selected training responses to water aerobic and low impact aerobic dance. National Aquatics Journal(Winter):13-16.
Howe Clifford E. （1959）. A comparison of motor skills of mentally retard and normal children. Exceptional child. Exceptional child. 25, 353-354.
Joseph A. Krasevec （1989）. Y’s way to water exercise instructor’s guide. Champaign, IL : YMCA of the USA by Human Kinetics.
Karl Knopf, Laurie Fleck ＆Mary M. Martin （1992）. Water workouts. Hunter Textbooks.
Koury, Joanne M. （1957）. Aquatic therapy programming: guidelines for orthopedic rehabilitation. Champagin, IL: Human Kinetics.
Layne, C. & Abraham, L. D.（1987）.Patterns of lower lomb muscle activity in young boys during a one foot static balance task. Research Quarterly for Exercise and sport, 58（1）, 36-44.
Lepers, R., Bigard, A. X., Diard, J. P., Gouteyron, J. F., & Guezennec, C. Y.（1997）. Posture control after prolonged exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology. 76（1）, 55-61.
Luria, A. R. （1963）. The mental retarded child（Ed）. New York: Macmillan.
Martha D. W. （1995）. Water exercise. Champagin, IL: Human Kinetics.
Patton, J. R., Beirne-Smith, M. & Payne, J. S. （1990）. Mental retardation,3rd Ed. Columbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merill.
Pitetti, K. H., Yarmer, D. A. & Fernhall, B. （2001）. Cardiovascular fitness and body composition of youth with and without mental retardation. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly. 18, 127-141.
Reschly, D., Robinson, G., Volmer, L. & Wilson, L. （1988）. Lowa mental disabilities research project: Final report and executive summary. Des Monines, IA: State of lowa, Department of Education.
Sanders, M. E. (1993). Selected physiological training adaptations during a water fitness program called Wave Aerobic. Thesis, University of Nevada, Reno, Microform Publications, University of Oregon, Eugene.
Sanders M. E. （2000）. YMCA water fitness for health. Champagin, IL: Human Kinetics.
Shannon, R. & Elliott, D. （1996）. Specificity of learning and dynamic balance. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 67（1）, 69-75.Stevens H. A. and Heher R. （1964）. Mental retardation: A review of research.（Ed） Chicago University of Chicago press. 91-92.
Svedenhag Jan & Seger Jan (1992).Running on land and in water : comparative exercise physiology. Medicine Science Sports Exercise. 24（10）,1155-1160.
Wai-Yi Wang & Yun-Huei Ju （2002）. Promoting balance and jumping skills in children with down syndrome. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 94, 443-448.
Westcott S. L., Lowes, L. P. & Richardson P. K.（1997）. Evaluation of stability in children : current theories and assessment tools. Physical Therapy, 77, 629-645.
Winnick J. P. （2000）. Adapted physical education and sport, 3th Ed. Champaign,IL：Human Kinetics.
Willé C., Stibrant S. K. & Grimby G. (2001).Dynamic warwe exercise in individuals with late poliomyelitis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 82, 66-72.
Wood, R. H., Reyes R., Welsch M. A., Favaloro-Sabatier J., Sabatier M., C. M. Lee, Johnson L. G. & Hooper P. F.（2001）Concurrent cardiovascular and resistance training in training in healthy older adults. Medicine Science Sports Exercise. 33（10）,1751-1758.
朱敏進（民75）：智能障礙體育指導法。台北，國立臺灣師範大學體育學會。
何華國（民88）：特殊兒童心理與教育。台北：五南出版社。
林琦淵（民89）：不同視覺環境之身體活動訓練對智能障礙平衡動作表現的影響。國立台灣師範大學體育研究所碩士論文。
武而謨（民85）：殘障朋友最好的復健運動。殘障運動雜誌，20-23頁
林清和（民64）：智能與基本運動能力的相關研究。國立臺灣師範大學碩士論文。
林茂村（民87）：人體生理學。台北：麥格羅希爾出版。譯自Stuart Ira Fox。
洪榮照（民90）：智能障礙之教育。載於王文科主編特殊教育導論。48-108頁。
陳玉蘭（民92）：游泳訓練對於唐氏症學生體適能之影響。 2003國際適應體育研討會論文手冊。188-194頁。
陳英三（民62）：智能不足兒童之研究。台北：開山書局。
陳榮華（民84）：智能不足研究。台北：師大書苑。
黃文盛（民92）：游泳訓練對智能障礙學生體適能提昇之研 究。2003國際適應體育研討會論文手冊。195-202頁。
黃任楷（民92）：不同運動訓練對學童平衡能力的影響。國立體育學院教練研究所碩士論文。
黃漢年、陳全壽（民88）：不穩定平衡維持時間之研究。中華民國大專院校八十八年度學術研究會專刊，303-308頁。
張惠如（民82）：創造性舞蹈和肌肉知覺對國中智障生平衡能力之影響。中華民國體育學會體育學報，第16輯，471-485頁。
張燕明（民91）：老年人不同休閒運動型態之平衡控制效果。國立臺灣體育學院體育研究所碩士論文。
許樹淵（民86）：運動生物力學。台北：合記。
樓迎統、陳君侃、黃榮棋、王錫五（民92）：實用生理學。台北：華偉書局有限公司。
蕭松林（民82）：智障兒童的體育。台北：商鼎文化。
蕭美慧（民88）：水中有氧運動與健康。國立台灣體育學院體育系系刊。127-138頁。