臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

正交分頻多工技術以良好的頻譜效益且具有抵抗多路徑衰減通道效應能力，成為未來高速無線傳輸技術主流；廣為採用的分碼多工接取技術在蜂巢系統具單一頻率重覆使用與軟式換手增益等多項優點，故兩種技術的結合現今已廣為討論研究。
為因應下一世代行動通訊系統提供高速資料傳輸速率與支援寬頻多媒體服務的趨勢，本論文研究針對正交分頻分碼多工接取系統提供多重服務型態下無線資源管理之領域進行研究。首先以OFDM技術為基礎，引入蜂巢架構的概念，設計無多工接取干擾的實體層系統。以此為依據，同時考量多項無線資源管理演算法效應：允入控制、封包排程、功率控制，建置支援使用者移動行為與高資料傳輸率需求的行動通訊系統模擬平台。接著從有效利用系統整體資源的觀點，在滿足使用者對服務品質的要求、所欲傳輸的資料量與延遲下，透過調變機制、編碼速率、展頻碼長度、子載波個數的調整，針對系統內使用者進行資源分配程序最佳化問題的探究，並在低複雜度與動態調整的考量下，提出以功率效益為基礎的資源分配演算法，得以在系統傳輸量略為減少下，大幅地節省系統運算量。最後，將探討通道品質資訊的回傳對系統負載的影響，並提出合理的資料壓縮回傳方式，以符合系統規畫時的設定。

The OFDM-CDMA benefiting from both OFDM (orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing) and CDMA (code-division multiple access) has merged as a powerful technology for next generation mobile multimedia networks. In this thesis, an air-interface architecture is proposed for next generation OFDM-CDMA forward link systems with flexible data rate provisioning and diversity usage and more importantly is MAI (multiple access interference) free. Based on the proposed air-interface architecture, potential radio resource management issues such as resource allocation, admission control, and packet scheduling are investigated, with emphasis on the adaptive radio resource allocation. The adaptations on modulation scheme, coding rate, spreading factor and number of sub-carriers are converged into data rate and power allocation in order to relate with quality of services (QoS). Meanwhile, a throughput-optimal radio resource allocation algorithm is proposed to maximize throughput and guarantee QoS for mobile multimedia OFDM-CDMA networks. With a proposed compression technique, we further explore the problem on reporting channel information in OFDM-CDMA systems.

目 錄

中文摘要 i
英文摘要 ii
誌謝 iii
目錄 iv
表目錄 vi
圖目錄 vii

第一章 導言 1
1-1 簡介 …………………………………………………………1
1-2 動機與研究 …………………………………………………2

第二章 系統簡介 4
2-1 CDMA技術簡介 …...………………………………………4
2-2 OFDM技術傳輸原理 ………………………………………5
2-3 OFDM-CDMA系統介紹 …………………………………10
2-3-1 實體層傳收機架構與參數 …………………………11
2-3-2 實體層系統參數設定 ………………………………12

第三章 無線資源管理 19
3-1 系統規劃 ……………..……………………………………19
3-1-1 細胞架構 ...………………………………………….19
3-1-2 鍊路預算 ……………………………………………20
3-2 使用者行為模擬模型 ……………………………………..25
3-2-1 使用者移動模型 ……………………………………26
3-2-2 使用者資料流量模型 …...………………………….26
3-3 通道模擬模型 ….………………………………………….30
3-3-1 路徑損失模型 .………………………………..…….31
3-3-2 遮蔽衰落模型 ……………………………….……...32
3-3-3 多路徑衰落模型 ……………………………………34
3-4 系統模擬程序 ..……………………………………………37
3-5 無線資源管理演算法 ……………………………………..40
3-5-1 允入控制演算法 ……………………………………40
3-5-2 封包排程演算法 ……………………………………42
3-5-3 子載波選擇演算法 …………………………………46
3-5-4 功率控制演算法 ……………………………………47

第四章 適應性鍊路資源分配 49
4-1 簡介 ………………………………………………………..49
4-2 資源分配問題的最佳化 …………………………………..51
4-3 以功率效益為基礎的演算法 ……………………………..54
4-4 模擬結果 ……….………………………………………… 62

第五章 OFDM/CDMA系統之通道估測 66
5-1 OFDM/CDMA系統之通道估測問題介紹 ….……………66
5-2 OFDM/CDMA系統之通道估測影響之模擬結果比較 ….67

第六章 結論與未來展望 72
6-1 結論 ………………………………………………………..72
6-2 未來研究方向與展望 …………………….……………… 72

參考文獻 75
個人簡歷 78

參考文獻

[1] N. Dimitriou, G. Sfikas and R. Tafazolli, “Call admission policies for UMTS,” IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference Proceedings, vol. 2, pp.1420-1424, 15-18 May 2000.
[2] J. Muckenheim and U. Bernhard, “A framework for load control in 3rd generation CDMA networks,” IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, vol. 6, pp.3738-3742, 25-29 Nov 2001.
[3] C.Oliveira, B.K. Jaime and T. Suda, “An adaptive bandwidth reservation scheme for high-speed multimedia wireless networks,” IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol.16, no.6, pp.858-874, Aug 1998.
[4] Dongmei Zhao, Xuemin Shen and J.W. Mark, “Efficient call admission control for heterogeneous services in wireless mobile ATM networks,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 38, no. 10, pp.72-78, Oct 2000.
[5] http://www.cqinc.com.tw/grandsoft/home.htm
[6] P. Demestichas, L. Papadopoulou, V. Stavroulaki, M. Theologou, G. Vivier, G. Martinez, F. Galliano, “Wireless beyond 3G: managing services and network resources,” Computer, vol.35, no. 8, pp.80-82, Aug 2002.
[7] R. Steele, “Beyond 3G,” International Zurich Seminar on Broadband Communications Proceedings, pp.1-7, 15-17 Feb 2000.
[8] IEEE802.16-2002, “IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks –Part 16 : Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems,” 2002-03-25
[9] Richard Van Nee and Ranjee Prasad, OFDM for Wireless Multimedia Communications, Artech House, 2000.
[10] A.V. Oppenheim and R.W. Schafer, Discrete-Time Signal Processing, 2nd ed. NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1999
[11] Lie-Liang Yang, L. Hanzo, “Multicarrier DS-CDMA: a multiple access scheme for ubiquitous broadband wireless communications,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 41, no. 10, pp.116-124, Oct 2003.
[12] S. Hara, R. Prasad, “Overview of multicarrier CDMA,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 35, no. 12, pp.126-133, Dec 1997.
[13] S. Abeta, H. Atarashi and M. Sawahashi, “Forward link capacity of coherent DS-CDMA and MC-CDMA broadband packet wireless access in a multi-cell environment,” IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, vol. 5, pp.2213-2218, 24-28 Sep 2000.
[14] S. Abeta, H. Atarashi and M. Sawahashi, “Broadband packet wireless access incorporating high-speed IP packet transmission,” IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference Proceedings, vol. 2, pp.844-848, 24-28 Sep 2002.
[15] 3GPP TR25.922 v.5.00. “Radio Resource Management Strategies,” March 2002.
[16] “Channel Models for IEEE 802.20 MBWA System Simulations” IEEE C802.20-30/70.
[17] Gordon L. Stuber, Principles of Mobile Communication, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Fourth printing, 2000.
[18] I. K. Fu, “A Dynamic Simulation Platform for Heterogeneous Multiple Access Systems,” Thesis of Master Degree, National Chung Cheng University, 2002.
[19] J. S. Lee, and L. E. Miller, CDMA Systems Engineering Handbook, Artech House, 1998.
[20] H. Holma and A. Toskala, WCDMA for UMTS – Radio Access for Third Generation Mobile Communications, John Wiley & Sons, 2002
[21] E. Anderlind and J. Zander, “A traffic model for non-real-time data users in a wireless radio network, ” IEEE Communication Letters, vol. 1, no. 2, pp.37-39, March 1997.
[22] M. Gudmundson, “Correlation for shadow fading in mobile radio systems,” Electronics Letters, vol. 27, no. 23, pp.2145-2146, Nov 1991.
[23] T. Klingenbrunn and P. Mogensen, “Modelling cross-correlated shadowing in network simulations,” IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, vol. 3, pp.1407-1411, 19-22 Sep 1999
[24] A. Mawira, “Models for the spatial correlation functions of the log-normal component of the variability of VHF/UHF field strength in urban environment,” IEEE Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communication Proceedings, pp.436-440, 19-21 Oct 1992
[25] T. B. Sorensen, “Correlation model for slow fading in a small urban macro cell,” IEEE Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communication, vol. 3, pp.1161-1165, 8-11 Sep 1998
[26] F. Graziosi, M. Pratesi, M. Ruggieri and F. Santucci, “A multicell model of handover initiation in mobile cellular networks,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 48, no. 3, pp.802-814, May 1999
[27] P. Dent, G. E. Bottomley and T. Croft, “Jakes fading model revisited”, IEEE Electronic Letters, vol. 29, no.13, pp.1162 - 1163, 24 June 1993
[28] W. C. Jakes, Microwave mobile communications, 2nd ed., Wiley, 1994.
[29] Hyoung-Kee Choi and J. O. Limb, “A behavioral model of web traffic,” IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols Proceedings, pp. 327 – 334, 31 Oct.-3 Nov. 1999
[30] M. C. Jeruchim, P. Balaban and K. S. Shanmugan, Simulation of Communication Systems, 2nd ed., Kluwer Academic/Plenum, 2000.
[31] Y. Ofuji, A. Morimoto, S. Abeta and M. Sawahashi, “Comparison of packet scheduling algorithms focusing on user throughput in high speed downlink packet access,” The 13th IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, vol. 3, pp.1462-1466, Sep 2002.
[32] 3GPP TR25.848 V4.0.0, “Physical layer Aspects of UTRA High Speed Downlink Packet Access,” Release 4, Mar 2001.
[33] A. Jalali, R. Padovani, and R. Pankaj, “Data throughput of CDMA-HDR a high efficiency-high data rate personal communication wireless system,” IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference Proceedings, vol.3, pp.1854-1858, 15-18 May 2000
[34] A. Eksim and M. O. Sunay, “On scheduling for delay tolerant traffic in HDR,” IEEE International Symposium on Advances in Wireless Communications, pp. 189-190, Sep 2002
[35] S. Abeta, H. Atarashi, M. Sawahashi and F. Adachi, “Performance of coherent multi-carrier/DS-CDMA and MC-CDMA for broadband packet wireless access” IEICE Transaction on Communication, vol. E84-B, no. 3, pp.406-414, Mar 2001.
[36] Lie-Liang Yang, L. Hanzo, “Multicarrier DS-CDMA: a multiple access scheme for ubiquitous broadband wireless communications,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 41, no. 10, pp.116-124, Oct 2003
[37] T. Ojanperä and R. Prasad, Wideband CDMA for Third Generation Mobile Communications. Artech House, 1998.
[38] A. Viterbi, Principles of Spread Spectrum Communication. Addison-Wesley, 1997.
[39] G. Cooper and C. McGillem, Modern Communications and Spread Spectrum. McGraw-Hill, 1998.
[40] R. Dixon, Spread Spectrum Systems with Commercial Applications. Wiley, 1994
[41] UMTS, TR 101 112 v3.2.0 “Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); Selection procedures for the choice of radio transmission technologies of the UMTS: Annex B,” April 1998.
[42] A. Ghosh and K. Rohani, “Effect of mobile power control saturation in DS-CDMA,” IEEE International Conference on Universal Personal Communications , vol. 1, pp.360-364, 29 Sep-2 Oct 1996.