臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘要
由於行動電話的普及電磁波也日益增加，長久處於電波功率密度強大的電磁場下將對人體產生不良的影響，因此量測並監控這些電磁波是極為重要的一項課題。相關的量測方法中以使用頻譜分析儀為主，但是這些專業的設備並不容易取得。有鑑於此，本研究設計簡單的感測器，包括LC諧振、整流和放大電路，再使用FPGA晶片設計相關電路將量測結果輸出在七段顯示器上能一目了然量測結果。
本研究最大的優點在於感測器體積小；整體量測系統簡單，易於攜帶使用；使用方便；沒有類比電路易受雜訊干擾的問題；本系統的工作頻率可達25 MHZ，亦可應用於需要快速更新結果的即時監控系統上。

Mobile phone becomes popular in our life. And it’s high density electromagnetic wave makes unhealthy effect to our body. Hence, measuring and monitoring such EM wave becomes an important issue.
The most well-known equipment is spectrum analyzer, but it is not easy to obtain. So, this research try to use simple sensor including LC harmonic, commutation and magnify circuit combining FPGA instead of the spectrum analyzer.
The advantages of this research include the size of sensor is very small, the system is simple, portable. The frequency of the system reaches up to 25 MHZ so that it’s useful to the monitoring system.

目錄
目錄……………………………………………………………………..Ⅰ
圖目錄……………………………………………………………..……Ⅱ
表目錄……………………………………………………………..……Ⅳ
第一章 緒論…………………………………….…...…1
1.1 緒論..…………………………………………….…….……..…1
1.2 相關量測方法文獻探討…………………………………...…...3
1.3 本文的優點…………………………………………………..…6
1.4 本文的章節結構………………………………………………..7
第二章 FPGA簡介與原理探討…………….………...8
2.1 FPGA的發展歷程………………………………………...……..8
2.2 FPGA的原理與架構…………………………………...…..…..10
2.2.1 乘積項架構的FPGA…..……………………………..…10
2.2.2 查表法架構的FPGA…………...……………………….14
2.2.3 FPGA其他功能詳述……….……………..……………..18
2.3 FPGA的優點………...…………………………………………20
第三章 電路架構…………….……………………….22
3.1 整體電路架構…………………………………..……………..22
3.2 使用FPGA實現的電路架構………………...………………..23
3.3 感測器…………………………………………………………26
3.3.1 LC諧振原理簡介…………………………...…………..26
3.3.2 詳細電路設計步驟……………………………………..28
3.4 類比/數位轉換電路…………………..……………………….32
3.5 數位濾波電路………………………..………………………..33
3.6 轉換電路………..……………………………………………..36
3.7 顯示電路………………………………..……………………..38
第四章 量測步驟與實驗結果的分析…..…..………..41
4.1 量測的方法與步驟………..……………………………..……41
4.2 FPGA內部各個電路模擬結果…………...……….…….…….41
4.3 校正……………………………………………………………43
4.4 實際量測的結果………………………………..……….....….56
4.5 實驗結果分析…………………………………..……………..59
第五章 結論與未來工作….………………………….65
5.1 結論……………………………………………..……………..65
5.2 未來工作……………………………………………..………..66
參考文獻……………………………………………....67


圖目錄

圖1.1：使用單晶片的電路方塊圖……………………………………….4
圖2.1：典型PLD結構圖…………………………………….………… ..9
圖2.2：採用Product Term的結構圖………………………..…….…….11
圖2.3：Macrocell結構圖……………………………………….…..…..12
圖2.4：四輸入的邏輯電路圖…………………………………………...13
圖2.5：FPGA的實現電路圖…………………………….…..…….…..13
圖2.6：Altera的Flex、Acex﹒﹒﹒等晶片內部結構………………..……..15
圖2.7：LE的內部結構…………….……………………………………16
圖3.1：量測系統整體架構……………………..……………………….22
圖3.2：使用FPGA實現的電路架構……………………..……………24
圖3.3：Altera Flex 10K實體圖…….…………………..……………….25
圖3.4：sensor電路方塊圖………………………………………………26
圖3.5﹙a﹚：LC串聯諧振電路與阻抗特性圖…………………………...27
圖3.5﹙b﹚：LC並聯諧振電路與阻抗特性圖…………………………...27
圖3.6：LC串聯諧振電路圖…………………………………………….28
圖3.7：整流電路圖……………………………………………………...29
圖3.8：放大電路圖…………………………………...…………………29
圖3.9：未焊接前的感測器電路………………………………………...30
圖3.10：焊接後的感測器實體圖之一………………………………30
圖3.11：焊接後的感測器實體圖之二…………………..……….….31
圖3.12：焊接後的感測器實體圖之三...……..……………..……….31
圖3.13：ADC0804使用接腳圖…………………..………………..……32
圖3.14﹙a﹚：原始信號圖………….…………..…………………………33
圖3.14﹙b﹚：經過濾波器信號圖………………………………….…..…33
圖3.15：RC低通濾波器……………………………………………...…34
圖3.16：加法器symbol…………………………………………………35
圖3.17：低通濾波器的symbol………………………………...……….36
圖3.18：UGN3503輸出電壓與Gauss值的線性關係………………….36
圖3.19：減法器電路…………………………………………………….37
圖3.20：完成的轉換電路……………………………………….………37
圖3.21：轉換電路的symbol……………………………………………38
圖3.22：七段顯示器………………..…………………..……….………38
圖3.23：七段顯示器解碼電路symbol……...………………………….40
圖3.24：2 bit選擇線的電路…………………………………………….40
圖4.1：濾波電路模擬結果….………………………………..…………41
圖4.2：轉換電路模擬結果……………………………………………...42
圖4.3：取出位元值電路模擬…...………………………………………42
圖4.4：共陰極七段顯示器模擬結果…………………………………...43
圖4.5：共陽極七段顯示器模擬結果…………………………………...43
圖4.6：自製模擬電磁波發射源………………………..……………….44
圖4.7：市售的900 MHZ手機天線……………………………………..45
圖4.8：RF信號產生儀……………………………………………….....45
圖4.9：RF信號產生儀OFF時輸出電壓沒有變化……………………46
圖4.10：RF信號產生儀ON時輸出電壓產生振盪變化…….…….…..47
圖4.11：0.1 下95﹪的信賴水準區間圖……….……….…...…49
圖4.12：0.2 下95﹪的信賴水準區間圖……………………….50
圖4.13：0.3 下95﹪的信賴水準區間圖..……………………...52
圖4.14：0.4 下95﹪的信賴水準區間圖……………………….53
圖4.15：0.5 下95﹪的信賴水準區間圖……………………….55
圖4.16：電磁波功率強度與輸出電壓關係曲線圖…………………….56
圖4.17：手機距感測器1公分發射出電磁波………...…………...……57
圖4.18：手機發射出的電磁波功率……………………………...……..58
圖4.19：每個方波的大小……………………………………………….58
圖4.20：實驗結果的Z檢定圖………………………………………….60
圖4.21：Nokia手機距感測器1公分發射出電磁波…………………...61
圖4.22：實驗結果的Z檢定圖………………………………………….62

表目錄

表1.1：行動電話偵測儀比較表………………………………………….2
表2.1：4輸入、1輸出的邏輯運算式……………………………………15
表2.2： 的邏輯表…………………17
表3.1：諧振電路的阻抗頻率特性表…………………………………...27
表3.2：共陽、共陰七段顯示器對應值………………………………….39
表4.1：電磁波功率強度0.1 下的輸出電壓………………..….48
表4.2：電磁波功率強度0.2 下的輸出電壓…………………...50
表4.3：電磁波功率強度0.3 下的輸出電壓…………………...51
表4.4：電磁波功率強度0.4 下的輸出電壓…………………...53
表4.5：電磁波功率強度0.5 下的輸出電壓…………………...54
表4.6：以Motorola v8088距感測器1公分做20次實驗的結果………59
表4.7：以Nokia距感測器1公分做20次實驗的結果…………………62
表4.8：實驗結果分析、比較表………………………………………….64

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