臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在石油探勘上，目前多以石油系統概念作為分析主軸，其中油氣潛能評估佔有重要的地位，而生油材料或生油岩的評估更是重點。生油岩評估乃探討其生成碳氫化合物的量與質：在量方面主要分析生油岩中有機碳之含量；在質方面則是探討生油岩有機材料類型與其受熱變質情況。有機材料富集度、有機材料類型與熱成熟度為主要評估依據。
本研究針對有機材料與熱成熟度兩大項進行探討，研究方法以煤素質成分分析、元素分析、鏡煤素反射率量測與熱裂分析為主；其中之煤素質成分分析與元素分析乃用以對有機材料進行分析探討，鏡煤素反射率與熱裂分析中之Tmax則為熱成熟度之指標。樣本包括台灣北部桃竹苗地區的南莊層、石底層與木山層之煤樣與碳質頁岩樣、大陸地區煤樣與油頁岩樣、向外購買之Woodford頁岩與Green River頁岩，另外更以分離不同比例煤素質來探討各煤素質之材料特性與成熟度上之相關性。
實驗結果發現不同有機材料會影響成熟度指標的結果；而不同地區之有機材料的H/C與鏡煤素反射率樣品點均呈現曲線變化，此說明了儘管有機材料沈積環境、受熱變質情況不同，但在化學元素變化上，卻會產生相似趨勢；而整體而言，Ro=0.5%、H/C＝0.1時為曲線之轉折點。

During the process of petroleum exploration, the concept of Petroleum System had become a main part of hydrocarbon potential analysis, in which the evaluation of source rock is especially noticed. The evaluation of source rock includes quantity and quality of hydrocarbon. In analyzing the quantity of hydrocarbon, the content of organic carbon is important, whereas the organic types and thermal maturity are concerned in quality of hydrocarbon. As for today, organic richness, organic types and thermal maturity are generally used for evaluation.

In order to discuss the relationship between organic material and thermal maturity, four analytic methods are used in this study： maceral composition analysis, elemental analysis, vitrinite reflectance measurement and Rock-Eval pyrolysis. The former two methods will be used to discuss the characteristics of organic materials, whereas the latter two methods are used to disscuss their maturities. The samples studied include coals and coaly shales of Mushan Formation, Shihti Formation and Nanchuang Formation in NW Taiwan, coals and an oil shale from Mainland China in addition to Green River shale and Woodford Shale from U.S.A. Furthermore, maceral mixtures separated from DGC are also studied.
The analytic results indicate that different organic matters will affect the result of maturity. Plotting a curve with H/C ratio vs vitrinite reflectance, we find that even though the heated environments are different in Taiwan and Mainland China, their organic micelles exhibit a similar trend in the process of coalification. As a whole, the curve has a turning point at Ro=0.5％ and H/C=0.1 in this study.

目 錄
論文提要………………………………………………… I
誌謝………………………………………………………II
目錄………………………………………………………III
圖目………………………………………………………VI
表目…………………………………………………… VIII
符號說明…………………………………………………IX

第一章 緒論………………………………………………1
1.1 研究動機及目的………………………………………1
1.2 內文概述………………………………………………2
第二章 前人研究與文獻回顧……………………………3
2.1 有機材料之分類………………………………………3
2.1.1 煤的分類……………………………………………3
2.1.2 有機質（油母質）的分類…………………………5
2.2 成熟度指標 …………………………………………12
2.2.1 鏡煤素反射率 ……………………………………12
2.2.2 熱裂分析 …………………………………………13
第三章 樣品介紹 ………………………………………18
3.1 樣品之選取 …………………………………………18
3.2 台灣地區有機材料樣品介紹 ………………………18
3.2.1採樣點………………………………………………18
3.2.2中新世含煤地層概述………………………………20
3.2.3中新世沈積環境……………………………………25
3.3 大陸地區有機材料樣品介紹 ………………………31
3.3.1樣品位置分佈………………………………………31
3.3.2樣品地層概述………………………………………31
3.3.3沈積環境概述………………………………………35
3.4 美國地區有機材料樣品介紹 ………………………41
3.4.1樣品位置分佈與地層概述…………………………41
3.4.2沈積環境概述………………………………………41
第四章 實驗方法 ………………………………………44
4.1 樣品製備 ……………………………………………44
4.1.1粉煤餅之製作………………………………………44
4.1.2煤餅之拋光…………………………………………45
4.1.3煤素質群之分離……………………………………46
4.2 煤素質群成分數點分析 ……………………………49
4.3 煤樣主要元素分析 …………………………………51
4.4 鏡煤素反射率量測 …………………………………52
4.5 煤樣熱裂分析 ………………………………………53
第五章 結果與討論 ……………………………………57
5.1 實驗結果 ……………………………………………57
5.1.1煤素質成分百分比…………………………………57
5.1.2主要元素分析………………………………………61
5.1.3鏡煤素反射率量測…………………………………61
5.1.4 熱裂分析 …………………………………………66
5.2 綜合討論 ……………………………………………70
5.2.1重液分離煤素質之有機材料與熱成熟度探討……70
5.2.2生油岩之比較與探討………………………………74
5.2.2.1 同一生油岩區樣品材料比對 …………………74
5.2.2.2 有機材料與熱成熟度相關參數探討 …………75
5.2.2.3 台灣、大陸地區之有機材料與熱成熟度探討.78
第六章 結論與建議 ……………………………………82
6.1 結論 …………………………………………………82
6.2 實驗之困難與建議 …………………………………82
參考文獻 …………………………………………………85
附錄：鏡煤素反射率量測頻譜圖 ………………………93
英文摘要…………………………………………………104

ASTM, 1975, Standard D-2797, ASTM Standard manual, Part 26, p.350-354.
ASTM, 1980, Standard D-2797, Microscopical determination of volume percent of physical components in a polished specimen of coal, ASTM. Philadelphia, Pa.
Behar, F., Beaumont, V., De, B., Penteado, H.L., 2001. Rock- Eval 6 technology: performances and developments. Oil & Gas Science and Technology—Rev. IFP 56, p.111–134.
Bostick, N.H., Daws, T.A., 1994. Relationships between data from Rock-Eval pyrolysis and proximate, ultimate, petrographic, and physical analyses of 142 diverse U.S. coal samples. Organic Geochemistry 21, p. 35–49.
Breger, I. A., 1961, Kerogen. In：McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, New York, McGraw Hill. Cited in, Tissot, B. and Welte, D. H. (1984) Petroleum formation and occurrence；a New approach to oil gas exploration, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, NewYork, p. 131.
Burgess, J. D., 1974, Microscopic examination of kerogen (dispered organic matter) in petroleum exploration. Geol. Soc. Am.,Special Paper 153, p. 19-30.
Bustin, R. M., 1991, Quantifying macerals: some statistical and practical considerations, International journal of coal geology, V.17, p. 213-238.
Cardott, B.J., and M.W. Lambert, 1985, Thermal maturation by vitrinite reflectance of Woodford Shale, Anadarko basin, Oklahoma: AAPG Bulletin, v. 69, p. 1982-1998.
Cloke, M., Clift, D.A., Gilfillan, A.J., Miles, N.J., Rhodes, D., 1994, Liquefaction of density separated coal fractions, Fuel Processing Technology, v.38, p. 153-163.
Copard, Y., Disnar, J. R., Becq-Giraudon, J. F., 2002, Erroneous maturity assessment given by Tmax and HI Rock-Eval parameters on highly mature weathered coals. International Journal of Coal Geology, vol.49, p. 57– 65.
Davis, A., 1978, The reflectance of coal. In: Karr, C., Jr. (ed.): Analytical Methods for Coal and Coal Products. Academic Press, Inc., New York, p. 27-81.
Demaison, G.J., A. J. J. Holck, R. W. Jones, and G. T. Moore, 1983, Predictive source bed stratigraphy ; a guide to regional petroleum occurrence: Procedings of the 11th World Petroleum Congress, London, v.2, p.17-29.
Dormans, H.N.M., Huntjens, F.J., and van Krevelen, D.W., 1957, Chemical structure and properties of coal XX-composition of the individual macerals (vitrinites, fusinite, micrinites and exinites), Fuel, V.36. p. 321-339.
Dow, W. G., 1974, Application of oil correlation and source rock data to exploration in Williston basin, AAPG Bulletin, v.58, p. 1253-1262.
Dow, W.G., 1977, Kerogen studies and geological interpretations. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 7 (2), p.77–79.
Espitalie, J., La Porte, J.L., Madec, M., Marquis, F., Le Plat, P., Paulet, J., Boutefeu, A., 1977. Methode rapide de caracterisation des roches meres de leur potential petrolier et de leur degre d’evolution. Revue l’Inst. Francais du Petrole 32(1), p. 23–42.
Espitalie’ , J., 1982, Me’thode pratique de caracte’ristation des roches me’re et des zones de formation du pe’trole, Pe’trole et Techniques, vol. 283, p. 99.
Espitalie’ , J., Deroo, G., Marquis, F., 1985. La pyrolyse Rock- Eval et ses applications. Partie 2. Revue de l’Institut Francais du Pe’ trole 40, p. 755–784.
Hood, A., Gutjahr, C.C.M., Heacock, R.L., 1975. Organic metamorphism and the generation of of petroleum. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 59, p. 986–996.
Hunt, J. M., Philp R. P., Kvenvolden K. A., 2002, Early developments in petroleum geochemistry. Organic Geochemistry vol. 33, p. 1025–1052.
Karas, J., Pugmire, R. J., Woolfenden, W. R., Grant, D. M., and Blair, S., 1985, Comparison of physical and chemical properties of maceral group separated by density gradient centrifugation, International journal of coal geology, v.5, p. 315-338.
Kim, J., Wagner, T., Bachmann, M., Kuss, J.,1999, Organic facies and thermal maturity of Late Aptian to Early Cenomanian shelf deposits, Northern Sinai（Egypt）. International Journal of Coal Geology, vol. 39, p. 251–278.
Lafargue, E., Marquis, F., Pillot, D., 1998. Rock-Eval 6 applications in hydrocarbon exploration, production, and soil contamination studies. Oil & Gas Science and Technology -Rev. IFP 53, p. 421–437.
Li, S., Pang X., Li, M., Jin, Z., 2003, Geochemistry of petroleum systems in the Niuzhuang South Slope of Bohai Bay Basin—part 1: source rock characterization. Organic Geochemistry, vol. 34, p. 389–412.
Peters, K.E., Cassa, M.R., 1994. Applied source-rock geochemistry. In: Magoon, L.B., Dow, W.G. (Eds.), The Petroleum System—From Source to Trap. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 60, p. 93–120.
Rimmer, S. M., Cantrell D. J., and Gooding, P. J., 1993, Rock-Eval pyrolysis and vitrinite reflectance trends in the Cleveland Shale member of the Ohio Shale, eastern Kentucky, Organic Geochemistry, vol.20, No.6, p. 735-745.
Robison, C. R., 1997, Hydrocarbon source rock variability within the Austin Chalk and Eagle Ford Shale（Upper Cretaceous）, East Texas, U.S.A. International Journal of Coal Geology, v.34, p.287-305.
Stach, E., Mackowsky, M-Th., Teichmüller, M., Taylor, G. H., Chandra, D. and Teichmüller, R., 1982, Stach’s Textbook of coal petrology (3rd ed.), Berlin Stuttgar, Gebruder Borntraeger, 535p.
Stopes, M. C., 1935, On the petrology of banded bituminous coals. Fuel 14, London, 4-13. Cited in, Stach, et al. (eds.) (1982) Stach’s Textbook of coal petrology(3rd ed.), Berlin Stuttgar, Gebruder Borntraeger, p. 2.
Sykes, R. and Snowdon, L. R., 2002, Guidelines for assessing the petroleum potential of coaly source rocks using Rock-Eval pyrolysis. Organic Geochemistry, vol. 33, p. 1441–1455.
Taulbee, D, Poe, S. H., Robl, T., and Keogh, B., 1989, Density gradient centrifugation separation and characterization of maceral groups form mixed maceral bituminous coal, Energy & Fuels, v.3, p. 662-670.
Taylor, A.W., Ritts, B.D., 2004, Mesoscale heterogeneity of fluval-lacustrine reservoir analogues: examples from the Eocene Green River and Colton Formations, Uinta Basin, Utah, U.S.A., Journal of Petroleum Geology, v.27, p. 3-26.
Teichmüller, M., 1958. Metamorphism du carbon et propection du petrole. Review of Industrial Minerals, Special Issue p. 1–15.
Teichmüller, M., Durand, B., 1983, Fluorescence microscopical rank studies on liptinites and vitrinites in peats and coals, and comparisons with results of the Rock-Eval pyrolysis. International Journal of Coal Geology 2, p.197–230.
Ting, F. T. C., 1978, Petrographic techniques in coal analysis. In: Karr, C., Jr. (ed.)：Analytical Methods for Coal and Coal Products. Academic Press, Inc., New York, p. 3-26.
Tissot, B. P., Durand, B., Espitalie, J., Combaz, A., 1974. Influence of nature and diagenesis of organic matter in formation of petroleum. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 58, p. 499–506.
Tissot, B. P., Pelet, R., Ungerer, P., 1987. Thermal history of sedimentary basins, maturation indices, and kinetics of oil and gas generation. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 71, p. 1445–1466.
Tissot, B. P. & Welte, D. H., 1984, Petroleum formation and occurrence；a New approach to oil gas exploration, Springer- Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, NewYork, 699p.
van Krevelen, D. W., 1961, Coal. Elsevier scientific publishing Co., Amsterdam-London-New York-Princeton, 514p.
Waples, D. W., 1985, Geochemistry in petroleum exploration, D. Reidel Publishing Co. Dordrecht- Boston- Lancaster. 232p.
White, A., Davies, M. R., and Jones, S.D., 1989, Reactivity and characterization of coal maceral concentrates, Fuel, v.68, p. 511-519.
王善第、趙柳生、盧廣智、劉星利、陳汝炎、張秋林、華貞英、焦多奎，1992，中國石油地質誌，第16號：沿海大陸架及毗鄰海域油氣區，第624-646頁。
王秋明、雍天壽、鄭德森、王世謙、劉萬祥、劉濟民、莫光榮、宋立勛、嚴寬亮、易能、羅春熙、范素英、侯杞昌、姚國範、夏公君、夏登斌、黃傳波、梁狄剛、童曉光、霍永祿，1995，中國石油地質誌，第15號：新疆油田，第515-564頁。
毛爾威、周俊男、王建國、張森吉，1988，新竹苗栗地區南莊層之沈積環境，台灣石油地質，第24號，第37-50頁。
余立凡、鄧屬予，2000，木山層的沈積相與沈積序列變化，經濟部中央地質調所彙刊，第十三號，第157-194頁。
李長之、梅文威，1996，台灣西北部地層分析與研究，探採研究彙報，第19期，第98-116頁。
何春蓀，1975，台灣地質概論台灣地質說明書，經濟部中央地質調查所出版，共163頁。
何春蓀，1983，台灣基隆沿海區至桃園縣大溪間煤田地質及構造，經濟部中央地質調查所彙刊，第2號，第17-70頁。
林朝棨、周瑞墩，1984，台灣地質，台灣省文獻會印行，共450頁。
洪奕星、王源，1988，台灣西北部上部中新統至下部上新統之盆地分析，地質，第8卷，第1∼2期，第1-22頁。
徐世榮、李建興、朱水安、楊春林、田萬祥、朱紹璧、孫秀斌、陳丙星、汪義先、范樹遠，1992，中國石油地質誌，第7號：南陽油田，第232-246頁。
翁成敏，蔡雲開，張愛雲，1991，單一有機質顯微組分的分離與富集方法，中國東部找煤研討會論文彙編，第155-160 頁。
孫立中，2000，抑制鏡煤素反射率之量測成因—以分離台灣裕峰煤樣為例，國立中央大學地球物理研究所博士論文，共81頁。
唐智、吳華元、高維亮、秦珂琳、劉毅，1988，中國石油地質誌，第5號：華北油田，第3-38頁。
郭政隆，1997，鏡煤素反光率在台灣西部油氣探勘的應用，國立台灣大學地質學研究所博士論文，共302頁。
游能悌、鄧屬予，1999，台灣北部大寮層與石底層之沈積環境，經濟部中央地質調所彙刊，第十二號，第99-131頁。
陳佳芬，2001，台灣中新世石底層煤中硫及微量元素含量之沈積涵義，國立中央大學地球物理研究所碩士論文，共79頁。
葛泰生、陳義賢、于天欣、王公肅、牛仲仁、申紹文、李應暹、朴明值、宋少英、吳鐵生、趙慶波、蔣寶銑、熊崇鈺，1993，中國石油地質誌，第3號：遼河油田，第474-494頁。
鄔立言、顧信章、盛志緯、范成龍、童箴言、陳克明，1986，生油岩熱解快速定量評價，科學出版社，北京，共198頁。
趙師慶，1991，實用煤岩學，地質出版社出版，共205頁。
趙志東、王炯章、李載沃、鄒宗淮、蔡燮孫、章吉福、劉志森、郭亦秋、張學清，1992，中國石油地質誌，第11號：滇黔桂油氣區，第34-122頁。
蔡龍珆，1988，基隆－台北間煤層鏡煤素之共生次序含意，地質第8卷，第1-2期，第63-70頁。
蔡龍珆，2003，石油系統之有機材料與熱成熟度生油潛能評估成果報告，經濟部石油基金管理委員會委辦，國立中央大學應用地質所執行。
蘇品如，2001，煤素質組成對熱裂分析之影響，國立中央大學地球物理研究所博士論文，共73頁。
蕭承龍、李進華、紀文榮、邱翠雲，1990，台灣西部盆地地層與沈積，探採研究彙報，第13期，第73-89頁。