臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

近年來，許多的論文大多針對創新育成中心經營績效進行研究，但對其網絡與廠商創新績效之關係的研究並不多，由於研發能量不足之廠商會選擇創新育成中心以提升其創新能力，產、官、學界除了要探討進駐廠商之創新績效外，更應進一步強調透過社會互動關係如何促進知識流通，進而提升創新績效。
　　本研究以網絡之社會資本觀點，區分內部網絡與外部網絡，探討社會資本與知識流通之關係，亦驗證知識流通所促成之廠商創新績效。此外，本研究亦加入組織學習能力以驗證其調節效果。研究目的有四項：(一)創新育成中心之內部網絡與外部網絡之內涵為何？(二)創新育成中心之內部網絡與外部網絡對其知識流通分別扮演什麼角色？(三)創新育成中心之知識流通，對於其廠商創新績效的影響為何？(四)探討組織學習能力對知識流通與創新績效之影響。
　　實證研究發現：(一)內部網絡社會資本之資源互補確實能促進廠商吸收來自育成中心之知識與技術，而廠商在外部網絡社會資本之核心地位亦能提升自育成中心外部協力單位獲取之知識流量與知識專精度。(二)進駐廠商所能獲得的知識流量愈多，且知識專精度愈高，則愈能提升廠商之創新績效。(三)而組織學習能力皆能對於在知識流通與創新績效之組織、策略績效的過程中顯示出具有正向的調節效果。
　　本研究透過實證整理出促進創新有用之資訊，針對育成中心網絡如何透過所擁有之社會資本以進行網絡間之知識流通，提出對創新育成中心、進駐廠商與後續研究者的建議，以作為提升中小企業創新績效的參考。

In recent years, lots of thesis focused on the operation performance of the innovation incubation center, but there were fewer topics about the relationships between networks and the innovation performances of the firms. Due to the lack of competitive advantages of the new firm will choose the innovation incubation center to improve their innovation capabilities, in consideration of the importance of domestic incubation mechanisms, the practice, government, and academic circles should discuss not only the innovation performance of small firms, but also should emphasize on how to improve knowledge flow through social interaction, and to improve the innovation performance.
This research based on the perspective on social capital of the networks. To distinguishing from internal networks and external networks, in order to discuss the relationship of social capital and knowledge flows, examine the firm’s innovation performance through the knowledge flow. Besides, this research also inducted organizational learning competence to examine the moderating effects. The purposes of this research are four: (1) What are the content of internal networks and external networks of innovation incubation centers? (2) What roles do social capital of internal networks and external networks in innovation incubation centers play to affect its knowledge flow? (3) How do knowledge flows of incubator affect firm’s innovation performance? (4) Discussing the effects of knowledge flow and innovation performance by organization learning competence.
The research proved that (1) The resource complementarity of internal network social capital actually could improve firms to absorb the knowledge and techniques from incubation center, and the firms in the central position of external network social capital also could obtain knowledge quantity and knowledge uniqueness from the cooperation and the interaction among support organizations. (2) The knowledge flow and the higher knowledge uniqueness obtained by the small firms could improve the innovation performance of the firms. (3) Organization learning competence showed positive moderate effects on the processes of organization, strategic performance of the knowledge flow and innovation performance.
This research integrated the useful information of improving innovation through examinations, focused on how incubation center networks proceeded to the knowledge flow between networks through owned social capital, to address suggestions to the small firms and follow researchers, and the references of improving the innovation performance of small-medium enterprises.

中文摘要i
英文摘要ii
誌謝iv
目錄 v
表目錄vii
圖目錄ix

第一章 緒論
第一節 研究背景與動機1
第二節 研究問題與目的3
第三節 研究流程4

第二章 文獻探討
第一節 育成中心之起源與定義6
第二節 社會資本18
第三節 知識流通24
第四節 組織學習能力27
第五節 創新績效30

第三章 研究方法
第一節 研究架構34
第二節 研究假說35
第三節 變項操作型定義與衡量39
第四節 問卷設計及研究對象、問卷發放與回收46
第五節 實證分析方法之設計48


第四章 研究結果
第一節 基本資料之敘述統計分析51
第二節 效度與信度分析63
第三節 各研究變項之相關分析71
第四節 主要構念間之迴歸分析73
第五節 組織學習能力對知識流通與創新績效之關聯性84
第六節 研究假說檢定結果89

第五章 結論與建議
第一節 研究結論90
第二節 研究意涵與建議94
第三節 研究限制98


參考文獻99
附錄：「調查問卷」106

1.方世杰、方世榮，2000，「知識管理-觀念架構的建立」，商管科技季刊，第一卷，第三期，頁355-374
2.方世杰，2002，「在台外商研發投資與台灣知識流通體系之影響」，管理學報，第十九卷第一期，頁147-174。
3.吳思華，「知識流通對產業創新的影響」，第七屆產業管理研討會，國立政治大學科技管理研究所主辦，1998年
4.汪昭芬，2000，「組織學習、知識創造、知識蘊蓄與創新績效之關聯性研究--科技、一般製造業及服務業之實證」，國立成功大學，碩士論文。
5.林文成，1995，「台灣育成中心模式之研究--科技研發成果商品化的培育設施」，國立交通大學科技管理研究所，碩士論文。
6.翁明祥，1989，「技術創新政策與事業經營玫策對技術創新績效之影響－台灣合成樹指業實證研究」，國立政治大學，博士論文。
7.袁建中，1996，我國中小企業創新育成中心之規劃，規劃學報，第23期，頁85-103。
8.徐作聖，1999，全球化科技政策與企業經營，華泰，民國88年二版，臺北市。
9.徐作聖，1999，國家創新系統與競爭力，聯經出版社。
10.郭宗銘，2002，「以網路觀點探討育成中心進駐廠商之組織學習及績效」，長榮大學碩士論文。
11.野中郁次郎 & 竹內弘高 (Ikujiro Nonaka & Hirotaka Takeuchi)，1997，創新求勝－智價企業論 (The Knowledge-Creating Company)，楊子江、王美音譯，台北：遠流。
12.經濟部中小企業處，1998，「台灣地區中小企業育成中心」，中華創業育成協會。
13.賴士葆，1994，「設計╱製造整合機制與新產品開發績效相關之研究」，行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計劃，台北。
14.賴士葆、王秉鈞、黃佑安，1997，「創新能力與新產品研發過程關係之研究」，1997年科技管理研討會論文集。
15.Ahuja G., 2000, “Collaboration networks, structural Holes, and Innovation: a longitudinal study”, Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 45, pp425-455.
16.Allen, D. N., 1985, Small Business Incubators and Enterprise Development, Report Prepared for the U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC.
17.Allen, D. N. & McCluskey, Richard, 1990, “Structure, Policy, Services, and Performance in the Business Incubator Industry,” Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, pp.61-68, Winter.
18.Alder, P. S. & Kwon Seok-Woo, 2002, “Social capital: Prospects for a new concept”, Academy of Management Review, vol.27, pp.17–40.
19.Andersson U, For Sgren M.,1996, “Subsidiary Embeddedness and Control in the Multinational Corporation.” International Business Review, vol.5, pp. 487-508.
20.Badaracco, J. R., 1991,”Alliances Speed Knowledge Transfer”, Planning Review, Vol. 19, pp10-16.
21.Baker, W. E. and Sinkula, J. M.,1999, “The Synergistic Effect Of Market Orientation And Learning Orientation On Organizational Performance”, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, pp411-427.
22.Birkinshaw, J., Nobel, R. and Ridderstrale, J.,2002, ”Knowledge as a contingency variable: do the characteristics of knowledge predict organization structure”, Organization Science, vol.13, no.3, pp.274–289.
23.Bourdieu, P., & Wacquant, L. J. D.,1992, An invitation to reflexive sociology, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
24.Brass, DJ., 1992, Power in organizations: a network perspective, In Research in Politics and Society, Moore G., Whitt J.(eds.), 4,: JAL Press: Greenwich, CT; pp.295–323.
25.Brass,D.,&M,Burkhardt.,1992,”Centrality and power in organizations.”, in Networks and organizations: structure, form, and action, edited by Nitin Nohria and Robert G. Eccles.Boston,Mass:Harvard Business School Press.
26.Burt, R. S., 1992, Structural holes: The social structural of competition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
27.Burt, R. S., 1997, ”The contingent value of social capital.”, Administrative Science Quarterly. Vol.42, pp.339–365.

28.Cohen, W. M. & Levinthal, D. A.,1990, “Absorptive capacity: a new perspective on learning and innovation.”, Administrative Science Quarterly, vol.35, no.1, pp.128–152.
29.Coleman, J. S., 1988, “Social capital in the creation of human capital”, American Journal of Sociology, Vol.94, pp.S95-S120.
30.Cooper, R. G., 1986, “The Strategy-Performance Link in Product Innovation,” R& D Management, vol.14, no.1, pp.247-259
31.Davenport, T., & Prusak, L., 1998, Working knowledge: how organizations manage what they know., Harvard Business School Press.
32.Davidson, Colin H., 1989, “The Business and Industrial Incubator ─A Tool for Local Development and Entrepreneurship,” High-Technology Workplace ─Integrating Technology, Management, and Design for Productive Work Environments, Edited by Pierre Goumain, pp.97-100.
33.Dyer, J. H. & Singh, H., 1998,”The Relational View: Cooperative Strategy And Sources Of Interorganizational Competitive Advantage”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp.660-679.
34.Dyer, J. H. & Nobeoda, K., 2000, “Creating and Managing A High-Performance Knowledge-Sharing Network: The TOYOTA Case”, Strategic Management Journal, vol.21, pp.345-367.
35.Dussauge, p., Garrette, B. & Mitchell, W., 2000, “Learning from Competing Partners: Outcomes and Durations of Scale and Link Alliances in Europe, North America and Asia”, Strategic Management Journal, vol.21, pp.99-126.
36.Fahey, L. ＆ Prusak, L.,1998, ” The Eleven Deadliest Sins of Knowledge Management”, California Management Review, Vol.40, no.3, pp.265-276.
37.Finkle, J. A., 1988, “Incubator resource Kit,” National Council for Urban Economic Development, Washington, DC.
38.Fukuyama F., 1995, Trust: Social virtues and the creation of prosperity., Hamish Hamilton: London.
39.Grant, R. M., 1996a, ”Toward a knowledge-based theory of the firm.”, Strategic Management Journal, vol.17, pp.109–122.
40.Grant, R. M., 1996b, “Prospering in dynamically-competitive environments: Organization capability as knowledge integration.”, Organization Science, vol.7, no.4, pp.375–387.
41.Gupta & Govindarajan, 1991, “Knowledge Flows and the Structure of Control within Multinational Corporations”, Academy of Management Review, vol.16, no.4, pp.768~792.
42.Gupta, A. K. & Govindarajan, V., 2000, “Knowledge Flows Within Multinational Corporations”, Strategic of Management Journal, vol.20, pp.473-496.
43.Gulati, R.,1998, ”Alliances and networks.”, Strategic Management Journal, vol.19, pp.293–317.
44.Gulati, R., Nohria N., & Zaheer A., 2000, “Strategic Networks”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 21, Special Issue, pp.203-215.
45.Gulati, Ranjay and Gargiulo, 1999, “Where do Interorganizational Networks Come From?”, American Journal of Sociology, pp.177-231.
46.Gulati, R. M., & Singh, H., 1998),”The architecture of cooperation Managing coordination uncertainty and interdependence in strategic alliance”, Administrative Science Quarterly, vol.43, pp.781-814.
47.Hamel, G., 1991, “Competition for competence and interpartner learning within international strategic alliances.”, Strategic Management Journal, vol.12, pp.83–103.
48.Hansen, M. T., 2002, “Knowledge Networks: Explaining Effective knowledge Sharing in Multiunit Companies’, Organization Science, vol.13, no.3, pp.232-248.
49.Holtshouse D., 1998, “Knowledge research issues.”, California Management Review, vol.40, no.3, pp.277-280.
50.Inkpen, A. C. & Dinur, A., 1998, “Knowledge management processes and international joint ventures.”, Organization Science, vol.9, no.4, pp.454–468.
51.Kale, P. ; Singh, J. and Perlmutter, H., 2000,”Learning And Protection Of Assets In Strategic Alliances: Building Relational Capital”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol.2, No.3, pp.217-237.
52.Kogut, B. & Zander, U., 1992, “Knowledge of the firm, combinative capabilities and the replication of technology.” Organization Science, vol.3, pp.383–397.
53.Kogut, B. & Zander, U., 1993, “Knowledge of The Firm and The Evolutionary Theory of The Multinational Corporation”, Journal of International Business Studies, pp.625-645.

54.Kotabe, M., Martin, X & Domoto, H., 2003, “Gaining form Vertical Relationships: Knowledge Transfer, Relationship Duration and Supplier Performance in the U.S. and Japanese Automotive Industry”, Strategic Management Journal, vol.24, Forthcoming.
55.Lalkaka, Rustam, 1994, “Business Incubator as a Means to Small Enterprise Creation and Growth,” International Small Business Congress, p.318.
56.Lane, P., & Lubatkin, M., 1998, “Relative Absorptive Capacity and Interorganizational Learning”, Strategic Management Journal, vol.19, pp.461-477.
57.Lane, P. J., Salk, J. E. & Lyles, M. A., 2001, “Absorptive Capacity, Learning, and Performance in International Joint Ventures”, Strategic Management Journal, vol.22, pp.1139-1161.
58.Liebeskind, J. P., Oliver, A. L., Zucker, L. & Brewer, M., 1996, “Social Network, and Flexibility: Sourcing Scientific Knowledge in New Biotechnology Firms”, Organization Science, Vo1.7, No.4, pp.428-441.
59.McEvily, S. K., Das, S. & McCabe, K., 2000, “Avoiding Competence Substitution Through Knowledge Sharing”, Academy of Management Review, vol.25, no.2, pp.294-311
60.Makhija, M. V. & Ganesh U.,1997, ”The relationship between control and partner learning-related joint venture”, Organization science, vol.8, no.5, pp.508-527
61.Meyers, P. W., 1990, “Non-linear learning in Large Technological Firm : Period Four Implies Chaos”, Research Policy, vol.19, pp.97-115.
62.Mian, S. A., 1997, “Assessing and Managing the University Technology Business Incubator: An Integrative Framework”, Journal of Business Venturing, pp. 251-285. December.
63.Monlar, L., Grimes, D. R., Edelstein, J., Pietro, R. D., Sherman H., Adkins, D., and Tornatzky L., 1997, “Business Incubation Works: The Result of the Impact of Incubator Investment Study,” Athens, Ohio: National business Incubator Association.
64.Moore, Longenecker, 1991 , “Small Business Management: An Entrepreneurial Emphasis,” 8th Edition, pp.228-229, pp.437-438.
65.Mowery, D. C., Oxley, J. E. & Silverman, B. S., 1996, “Strategic Alliances and Interfirm Knowledge Transfer”, Strategic Management Journal, vol.17, pp.77-91.
66.Nahapiet, J. & Ghoshal, S., 1998, “Social Capital, Intellectual Capital, and the Organization Advantage”, Academy of Management Review, vol.23, pp. 242-266.
67.Nonaka, I., 1994, “A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation”, Organization Science, vol.5, no.1, pp.14-37.
68.Organization Economic Co-operation and Development, 1997, “Technology Incubators : Background Report,” Working Group on Innovation and Technology Policy, pp.1-26.
69.Putnam RD., 1995, ”Bowling alone: America’s declining social capital.”, Journal of Democracy, vol.6, no.1, pp.65–78.
70.Pappas, C., 1984, “Strategic Management of Technology,” Journal of Product Innovation, vol.1, pp.30-35.
71.Pennings, J. M. & Harianto, F., 1992, “The Diffusion of Technological Innovation in the Commercial Banking Indust”, Strategic Management Journal, vol.13, pp. 29-46.
72.Portes, A.,1998, ‘Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology”, In Lesser E. L. (ed.). Knowledge and Social Capital: Foundations and Applications, pp. 43-68. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann press.
73.Rogers, E. and Kincaid, D. L., 1981, "Communication networks: Toward a new paradigm for research", Free Press, New York.
74.Rowley, T., Behrens, D. & Krackhardt, D.,2000, “Redundant governance structures: An analysis of structural and relational embeddness in the Street and Semiconductor industries”, Strategic Management Journal, vol.21, pp.369–386.
75.Schulz, M., 2001, ”The uncertain relevance of newness: organizational learning and knowledge flow”, Academy of Management Journal, vol.44, no.4, pp.661–681.
76.Simonin B. L., 1999, “Ambiguity and the Process of Knowledge Transfer in Strategic Alliances”, Strategic Management Journal, vol.20, pp.267-286.
77.Smilor, R.W.,1987a, “Managing the Incubator System: Critical Success Factors to Accelerate New Company Development.”, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, vol.34, no.3, pp.146-148.
78.Smilor, R.W.,1987b, “Commercializing Technology through New Business Incubators.”, Research Management, vol.30, no.5, pp.36-41.
79.Smilor & Gill, 1986, “The New Business Incubator: Linking Talent, Technology, Capital, and Know-how,” Heath and Company, Lexington Massachusetts : D.C.
80.Smith, K., 1995, “Interactions in knowledge systems, foundations, policy implications and empirical methods.”, Sti Review, vol.16, pp.69–102.
81.Song, S. M. & Parry, M. E., 1996 ,“What Separates Japanese New Product Winners From Losers,“ Journal of Product Innovate Management, vol.13, pp.422-439.
82.Steffens, Richard, 1992, “What the Incubators Have Hatched”, Planning, Vo1. 58, pp. 28-29, May.
83.Szulanski, G.,1996, “Exploring internal stickiness: impediments to the transfer of best practice within the firm”, Strategic Management Journal, vol.17, pp.27–43.
84.Thorelli, Hans B., 1986, “Networks: Between Markets and Hierarchies”, Strategic Management Journal, No. 7 (January-February), pp.37-51.
85.Tichy, N. M., Tushman, M. L. and Forbrun C.,1979, “Social Network Analysis for Organizations.”, Academy of Management Review, vol.4, pp.507-519.
86.Tidd, Joseph. Bessant, John. & Pavitt, Keith, 1997, “Managing innovation: integrating technological, market, and organizational change”, Chichester, West Sussex, England; New York: John Wiley.
87.Tsai W.,2000, “Social capital, strategic relatedness and the formation of Intraorganizational linkages.”, Strategic Management Journal, vol.21, pp.925–939.
88.Tushman, M. L., & O'Reilly, A. C. (1996/1998). President & fellows of Harvard College. 周旭華（譯），勇於創新：組織的改造與重生，台北：天下。
89.Venkatraman, N, and V. Ramanujam., 1986, “Measurement of business performance in strategy research: A comparison of approaches.”, Academy of Management Review, vol.11, pp.901-914.
90.Woolcock, M., 1998, “Social capital and economic development: Toward a theoretical synthesis and policy framework.” Theory and Society, vol.27, pp.151-208.
91.Yli-Renko H., Autio, E. & Sapienza, H., 2001, “Social Capital, Knowledge Acquisition, and Knowledge Exploitation in Young Technology-Based Firms”, Strategic Management Journal, vol.22, pp.587-613.
92.Zahra, S. A. & George, G., 2002, “Absorptive Capacity: A Review, Reconceptualization, and Extension”, Academy of Management Review, vol.27, no.2, pp.185-203
93.Zaheer, A., McEvliy B. & Perrone, V.,1998, “Does Trust Matter? Exploring the Effects of Interorganizational and Interpersonal Trust on Performance”, Organizational Science, Vol. 9, pp.141-159.