臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本實驗的目的，是利用不同粒徑大小之狼尾草作為芻料來源，探討對瘤胃性狀、乳量、乳蛋白率及乳牛行為的影響。試驗動物為三頭瘤胃開窗牛(二頭為泌乳牛，一頭為乾乳牛)，試驗分為四種不同狼尾草長度之處理組，分別為2公分、4公分、6公分、12公分組，精粗乾物質比為40：60，每一處理試驗期為3天，於第一天與第三天作24小時行為觀察，各項行為依不同處理組、階段、時段進行統計分析其變化及交互作用。飼養管理：每日餵飼三次，分別為早上6：00、中午12：00、下午6：00，且於隔日早晨5：50收集剩料，記錄攝食量。每一個別欄中有一水碗及獨立水表，提供清潔飲水任飲並記錄飲水量。上午5：30及下午5：30擠乳計步與秤重，記錄產乳量，導電度並採集個別乳樣進行乳成分分析。總試驗天數為12天，試驗期間於早晨5：50分作尾根採血進行生化分析，早晨6：00開始，每三小時採瘤胃液進行分析其溫度、pH值、氨態氮、硝酸態氮、氧化還原電位等。結果與討論：攝食量各處理組間無顯著差異，但以2公分組有最高的攝食量，飲水量隨處理組長度增加而減少(p<0.01)。24小時行為統計中發現，隨處理組粒徑長度增加，採食時間有增加之趨勢(p>0.05)。但在總反芻時間，以短粒徑增加至長粒徑時，反芻時間極顯著地減少(p<0.001)。不同階段上，乾乳牛站立時間要多於泌乳牛(p<0.001)，而排糞、排尿次數泌乳牛要顯著多於乾乳牛。在不同時段上，乳牛主要活動在白天，包括吃、飲水、站立、移動、舔鹽磚等，而在晚上主要是休息，躺臥、反芻時間增加。瘤胃液分析上，各處理組隨狼尾草粒徑減短，瘤胃pH值呈顯著下降(p<0.01)。不同階段，泌乳牛瘤胃溫度極顯著高於乾乳牛(p<0.01)，pH值則極顯著低於乾乳牛(p<0.01)。血液生化分析，各處理組以2公分組血中葡萄糖最高，隨粒徑增加有減少的趨勢。血中尿素氮以2公分組最低，隨粒徑增加有增加之趨勢。不同階段，泌乳牛血中葡萄糖顯著低於乾乳牛，而尿素氮則極顯著高於乾乳牛(p<0.01)。產乳量及乳成分分析，各處理組隨粒徑減短，產乳量與乳糖率呈極顯著增加(p<0.01)，乳蛋白率有上升之趨勢(p>0.05)，乳脂率有下降之趨勢(p>0.05)，與乳品質相關的導電度及體細胞數也有下降之趨勢(p>0.05)。因此，減短狼尾草粒徑至2公分，具有增加產乳量及提高乳蛋白率及提升乳品質的效果。

The purpose of this experiment was to study effect of the different particle size Napier Grass on the dairy cow by rumen characteristics, milk yield and milk protein percentage. Three ruminally cannulated Holstein cows were used in this experiment (two is a lactation cow, other one is a dry cow). Four particle size treatment is involved in the experiment. Treatment 1: 2 centimeter, treatment 2:4 centimeter, treatment 3:6 centimeter, treatment 4:12 centimeter. Every treatment was conducted for three days. Behavior observation was conducted 24 hours at the 1st and 3rd day of each treatment. Observation item, are eating (E), drinking (D), standing (S), lying (L), moving (M), urination (U), defecation (De), eructation (Er), lick salt (LK), milking (MK), standing rumination (SR), left lying rumination (LR), right lying rumination (RR). The ratio of concentrate to forage(C:F) is 40:60. Each cow have individual pen. Feed was provided three times per day (06:00,12:00,18:00). Feed and water were provided ad libitum and record everyday. Milking was twice a day(0530, 1730). Milk yield, pedometer, conductivity and body weight were recorded by computer system (S.A.E. afikim system). Take the 50ml milk sample analyses component and SCC. During the trail drive blood sample of tail root in the morning (0550) to proceed biochemical analyses. Sampling to be taken at three-hour intervals. The following item of ruminal liquid were measured: temperature, pH, NH4+, NO3-, ORP, VFA component etc. The result of dry matter intake of cow was similar in all diet treatment. There is a tendering that the cow in 2 centimeter treatment has higher feed intake (p>0.05). Water intake was reduced by increasing the particle size (p<0.01). The results of 24 hours behavior observation shown there was a tendering to spend longer time to eating when the particle size increasing. Total rumination time were increased with reducing the particle size (p<0.01). Dry cow spend more stand up time when compare with the lactation cow (p<0.001). Lactation cow spend the more defecation and urination time then the dry cow (p<0.001). The dairy cow activity were mainly in the daytime, include eating, drinking, stand up, move, lick etc. The cows were take a rest, include lying and rumination, in night. Rumen pH a drop with decreasing the particle size (p<0.001). Lactation cow has lower rumen pH then dry cow, but rumen temperature were high then the dry cow. The longer particle size induce arise acetate production. The shorter particle size causes higher propionate production. The shorter particle size causes higher blood glucose and reduce BUN. The shorter particle size causes higher lactose production and lower fat in milk, but there is a tendering that milk protein increasing with decreasing of particle size. Milk yield were increasing with decreasing particle size. The milk quality, conductivity and S.C.C, reduced with decreasing particle size. The above result shown that the shorter particle size of Napier grass, about 2 centimeter the better milk quality and quantity of milk yield and milk protein percentage.

目 錄
中文摘要…………………………………………………………….……....1
英文摘要…………………………………………………………….………4
誌謝………………………………………………………………….………6
目錄………………………………………………………………….………8
表次目錄…………………………………………………………………...11
圖次目錄………………………………………………………………..….14
縮寫索引…………………………………………………………….…..…16
壹、前言………………………………………………………………..….20
貳、文獻探討…………………………………………………..………….22
一、反芻動物消化率測定方式……………………………..…………22
（一）In vivo動物試驗………………………………..…………..22
（二）In vitro簡單實驗室試管試驗…………………..…………..25
（三）In vitro酵素試驗………………………………..…………..26
（四）In vitro gas醱酵試驗…………………………..……………27
（五）精密In vitro實驗室試驗（人工瘤胃）……..………….…30
（六）In situ評估法…………………...……………...……………32
二、影響反芻動物瘤胃消化因子及可導致的代謝性疾病………..…34
（一）影響瘤胃消化因子………………………………………….34
（二）瘤胃代謝疾病…………………………………………....….40
三、影響乳成分及產乳量變動之因素…………………………....…..64
（一）影響主要乳成分變動之因素…………………………....….64
（二）碳水化合物與蛋白質的搭配…………………………....….71
（三）添加脂肪對產乳量及乳蛋白率之影響………………....….81
（四）代謝蛋白對乳蛋白合成之影響………………………....….87
（五）粒徑對產乳量及乳成分之影響…………………….…..….107
參、材料與方法………………………………………………………..…115
一、試驗動物…………………………………………………………..115
（一）試驗牛隻…………………………………………………….115
（二）適應期……………………………………………………….115
（三）試驗日糧處理……………………………………..………..116
（四）行為觀察………………………………………….…………118
二、飼養管理…………………………………………………..………120
（一）欄位……...………………………………………….………120
（二）工作內容...………………………………………….….……121
三、測定項目與方法………………………………………………….122
（一）日糧分析……………………………………………..……..122
（二）採血與血液生化分析……………..……………….………122
（三）產乳量、導電度、活動步數及體重…………….…..……123
（四）乳成分………………...………………………….…...……126
（五）瘤胃液採樣與分析…..………………………….…………127
四、統計分析…………………………………………………………133
肆、結果與討論………………………………………………………….134
一、對行為之影響…………………………………………....………134
二、對瘤胃性狀之影響……………………………………...….……162
三、對血液性狀之影響……………………………………...….……177
四、對產乳性狀之影響……………………………………....………181
五、對乳成分之影響………………………………………...….……181
伍、結論………………………………………………………...….…….184
參考文獻………………………………………………………………….186
附錄………………………………………………………………….……225
作者簡介…………………………………………………………….……230
表次目錄
表2-1. 利用化學分析比較各種蛋白質來源與乳蛋白中限制胺基酸及必需胺基酸指數..………………………….….………………...…...102
表2-2. 比較牛乳蛋白質、菌體蛋白與各種蛋白質來源中離胺酸及甲硫胺酸含量……………………………………….…………….……103
表2-3. 利用化學分析表示牛乳蛋白與各種蛋白質來源之關係………..104
表3-1. 試驗套管牛之基本資料…………………………………..………115
表3-2. 試驗期間飼養管理流程…………………………………….…….121
表4-1. 不同狼尾草粒徑對牛隻攝食量之影響…………………………..136
表4-2. 不同泌乳階段牛隻攝食量之變化………………………………..137
表4-3. 不同狼尾草粒徑對牛隻飲水量之影響…………………………..138
表4-4. 不同狼尾草粒徑對牛隻行為24小時統計之影響………………141
表4-5. 不同狼尾草粒徑處理組對乳牛12小時行為統計之影響……….142
表4-6. 不同時段對牛隻行為12小時統計之影響……………………….143
表4-7. 不同狼尾草粒徑處理組對乳牛每6小時行為統計之影響.….….144
表4-8. 不同時段對乳牛每6小時行為統計之影響……………………..145
表4-9. 不同狼尾草粒徑長短處理組對乳牛每3小時行為統計之影響...147
表4-10.不同時段對牛隻行為3小時統計之影響………………………...148
表4-11.不同狼尾草粒徑對牛隻行為1小時統計之影響………………...151
表4-12.不同時段對牛隻行為1小時統計之影響………………………...152
表4-12.續……………………………………………...…………………...153
表4-13.不同狼尾草粒徑對乳牛不同階段24小時行為統計之影響.……156
表4-14.不同泌乳階段對牛隻行為12小時統計之影響…………….……157
表4-15.不同泌乳階段對乳牛每6小時行為統計之影響………….……..158
表4-16.不同泌乳階段對牛隻行為3小時統計之影響…………….……..159
表4-17.不同泌乳階段對牛隻行為1小時統計之影響…………….……..160
表4-18.每1小時行為統計對處理、階段、時段之交互作用…….……..161
表4-19.不同狼尾草粒徑長短處理組對牛隻瘤胃液測定之影響..………164
表4-20.不同泌乳階段牛隻瘤胃液測定之變化…………………………..165
表4-21.不同採樣時段對瘤胃液測定之影響……………………………..166
表4-22.不同處理組、階段、時段對瘤胃液之影響及交互作用………..167
表4-23.不同處理組對揮發性脂肪酸之影響……………………………..172
表4-24.不同泌乳階段對揮發性脂肪酸之差異…………………………..173
表4-25.不同時段對揮發性脂肪酸之差異………………………………..174
表4-26.不同處理及時段對揮發性脂肪酸之交互作用…………………..175
表4-27.不同狼尾草粒徑對牛隻血液測定之影響………………………..179
表4-28.不同泌乳階段牛隻血液成分測定之變化………………………..180
表4-29.不同狼尾草粒徑對產乳量、導電度及體重之影響……………..182
表4-30.不同狼尾草粒徑對泌乳牛乳成分之影響………………………..183
圖次目錄
圖2-1. 高產牛發生代謝障礙的危險來源…………………………..……...41
圖2-2. 瘤胃過酸症pH值變化之影響流程圖…………………………...…46
圖2-3. 各種可能影響蹄葉炎發生之流程圖………………………….……56
圖2-4. 可能引發第四胃異位影響之流程…………………………..……...59
圖2-5. 各項可能影響酮症發生之流程圖……………………………..…...62
圖3-1. 屏東科技大學畜牧場種植之台畜二號狼尾草…………………...116
圖3-2. 切草機將狼尾草切成四種不同粒徑大小之處理……………...…117
圖3-3. 四種不同粒徑之狼尾草處理……………………………………...117
圖3-4. 每一試驗第一及第三天行為觀察人員24小時連續記錄牛隻各項行為……………………………………………………………...118
圖3-5 .試驗期間瘤胃開窗牛之個別欄………………………...………….120
圖3-6. 試驗期間利用尾根採血進行血液生化分析…………..………….123
圖3-7. 試驗牛於左後腿帶上該計步器代表其識別碼並記錄活動步數...124
圖3-8. 六個獨立擠乳站記錄牛隻個別資料並傳送至電腦管理系統儲存……..124
圖3-9. 乳量計中導電度感應器…………………………………………...125
圖3-10.牛隻自動秤重器…………………………………………….……..125
圖3-11.S.A.E.-AFI farm電腦管理系統儲存每頭牛之各項記錄………...126
圖3-12.近紅外線乳成分分析儀及體細胞分析儀…………………….…..127
圖3-13.試驗期間每三小時採取瘤胃液樣品進行分析…………………...128
圖3-14.利用四層紗布過濾瘤胃液………………………………………...128
圖3-15.測定氨態氮、硝酸態氮及氧化還原電位之測定儀器……….……129
圖3-16.測定pH及溫度之測定儀器…………………………………….…129
圖3-17.瘤胃液離心後待取樣品…………………………………………...131
圖3-18.1µm微注射管……………………………………………..…….…131
圖3-19.氣相分析儀……………………………………………….…….….132
圖3-20.氣相分析儀配套之操作軟體(CE Trace 2000 Chrom-Card, Italy)………132
圖4-1. 不同時段對牛隻3小時行為統計之影響…………………...….…149
圖4-2. 不同時段對牛隻1小時行為統計之變化………………….….….154
圖4-3. 攝食行為與總反芻行為對瘤胃pH值之影響……………..……..168
圖4-4. 不同狼尾草粒徑處理組對瘤胃pH值之影響……………...….….169
圖4-5. 不同採樣時段瘤胃內揮發性脂肪酸之變化………………..…….176

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