臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

西施舌是分布在台灣西南沿岸的深埋型二枚貝類，具有很長之出入水管以及發達之斧足。根據養殖場及實驗室飼育之經驗，發現西施舌在無泥沙潛埋的環境下，便會於數日內死亡，但若將之綑綁橡皮筋或切斷絞鍊，則可以在實驗室中飼育超過一個月。本實驗探討西施舌閉殼情形與死亡之關係，並與生活環境相似之文蛤相比較。在型態上，測量西施舌與文蛤閉殼肌面積相對於殼面的大小之百分比、絞鍊張殼力量之大小（閉殼力）以及對閉殼肌進行組織切片，並與文蛤比較；並在生化上，以Fructose 2,6-biphosphate為指標物質，來判斷西施舌閉殼肌是否持續進行醣解作用，而產生大量的能量。結果顯示，西施舌平均閉殼肌比例為36.65﹪，文蛤為41.19﹪；兩物種間之閉殼力與閉殼肌面積回歸線以及閉殼力與閉殼肌溼重回歸線趨勢相同，但兩者閉殼力有顯著差異，西施舌大小個體之閉殼力差異較文蛤來得小；西施舌平均單位面積肌原纖維之比例為55.60﹪，文蛤為83.29﹪，表示西施舌閉殼肌確實較文蛤鬆散；鬆開綑綁橡皮筋的西施舌閉殼肌在前六小時內fru 2,6-BP含量變化起伏甚大，最高可達到7.58μmole/mg，六至二十四小時內，未有上升之現象，顯示西施舌鬆開橡皮筋六小時內會耗能，而後無耗能現象。

Sanguinolaria rostrata is a deep site-burrowing bivalve commonly found in the southwest coastal waters of Taiwan. It has a long siphon extending to the surface. It is reported that exposed S. rostrata dies in few days without silt. However trussing it up rubber bands or cut off the hinge, it can survive for over one month in the laboratory. In this study the relation of shell closing and mortality for S. rostrata were examined and compared with the hard clam Meretrix lusoria in the similar environments. The size of adductor muscle and its ratio to the shell size, the strength of shell closing and the tissue structure of adductor muscle were examined. The quantities of fructose 2,6- biphosphate, an intermediate of glycolysis, in the adductor muscle of S. rostrata were determined. The results indicated that the average strength of closing shell for S. rostrata was 36.65% and for M. lusoria was 41.19%. The trends of tropic shell closing strength and the size of adductor muscle as well as shell closing strength and the adductor muscle wet weight were the same for the two species. The ranges of strength for muscle closing among S. rostrata of different sizes were smaller than those of M. lusoria. The average ratio of the adductor muscle microfiber to muscle was 55.6﹪for S. rostrata and 83.2﹪ for M. lusoria. Therefore, the adductor muscle of S. rostrata is looser to M. lusoria. The concentration of fructose 2,6- biphosphate fluctuated widely to the unclamped S. rostrata in the first 6 hours and the concentration reached 7.58μmole/mg at most. The concentration did not rise between 6 and 24 hours, indicating that unclamped S. rostrata consumed energy within the first 6 hours, then showed no sign of consuming energy.

中文摘要………………………………………………………..…….…Ι
英文摘要……………………………………...………...………………Ⅱ 　　
目錄…………………………………………………..………….……...Ⅳ
表目錄………………………………………………….…………….…Ⅴ
圖目錄………………………………………………….…………….…Ⅵ

前言…………………….………….………………………………....….1
材料與方法…………………………………..……………………….…7
1.西施舌與文蛤之來源……………………………………………7
2.馴養及飼育………………………………………………….…...7
3.藻類來源與培養…………………………………………………7
4.閉殼肌大小比例之測定…………………………………………8
5.二枚貝之閉殼力量測定.……………………………….………..9
6.閉殼肌組織觀察………………………………………………...10
7.生化方面測定………………………………………….………..11
8.資料處理………………………………..…….…………………13
結果………………………………………………..…………………....15
1.閉殼肌大小比例…………………………………………..…….15
2.閉殼力測定……………………………………………………...16
3.組織觀察…………………………………………………...……16
4.生化方面檢定………………………………… …...……..….…17
討論…………………………………………………….….……………18
1.閉殼肌大小比例…..…………………………………………….18
2.閉殼力…………………………………………..……….…..…..19
3.組織觀察……………………………………….………………..21
4.生化方面測定…………………………………………………...22
總結……………………………………………………………………..24
參考資料………………………………………………………………..25

王曉萍（1992）台灣西施舌養殖概況。國立中山大學漁業推廣工作專刊第8期，第40-42頁。

呂雅蕙（2003）毒藻Alexandrium minutum之生長產毒性受不同氮源之影響及其毒化貝類機制之探討。國立海洋大學食品科學系博士論文。

李慶玲（1993）以Benzalkonium Chloride（BKC）處理浮游植物時之水質變化。國立中山大學海洋生物研究所碩士論文。

巫文隆（1980）台灣重要食用雙貝類研究。貝類學報第7期，第101-114頁。

巫文隆、劉秀平（1989）文蛤資源研究Ⅱ.本省文蛤研究的回顧與展望。貝類學報第14期，第49-61頁。

杜啟安（1993）組織病理技術手冊。國興出版社。新竹。

陳致中、劉莉蓮（1992）文蛤養殖經營管理。魚葉推廣工作專刊第8期，第10-15頁。
陳治宇、周宏農（1997）西施貝與麻痺性貝毒。中國水產月刊第531期，第35-42頁。

沈明來（1999）試驗設計學第二版。九州圖書文物股份有限公司。台北。

陳昭伶（2001）溫鹽對文蛤、西施舌之鰓纖毛運動及耗氧量影響之研究。國立中山大學海洋資源研究所碩士論文。

楊鴻禧、丁雲源（1985）西刀舌人工繁殖之研究。台灣省水產試驗所試驗報告第38號，第123-135頁。

Ali, F., Nakamura, K., Yamasaki, S., 1999. Physiological characteristics of aerial survival in Japanese clam, Ruditapes philippinarum (Adams&Reeve). Suisanzoshoku.47(3), 381-390.

Beal, B.F., 2002. Adding value to live, commercial size soft-shell clams (Mya arenaria L.) in Maine, USA: results from repeated, small-scale, field impoundment trials. Aquaculture. 210, 119-135.

Brooks, S.P.J., Storey, K.B., 1997. Glycolytic controls in estivation and anoxia:a comparison of metabolic arrest in land and marine molluscs. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 118A, 1103-1114.

Cadée, G.C., 2002. Floating articulated bivalves, Texel, North Sea. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 183, 355-359.

De Goeij, P., Luttikhuizen, P.C., 1998. Deep-burying reducesgrowth in intertidal bivalves: field and mesocosm experimentswith Macoma balthica. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 228, 327-337.

De Goeij, P., Pieter, J.C. Honkoop., 2002. The effect of immersion time on burying depth of the bivalve Macoma balthica (Tellinidae). Journal of Sea Research. 47, 109-119.

Emerson, C.W., Grant, J.,1991. The contral of soft-shell clam(Mya arenaria ) recruitment on intertidal sandflats by bedload sediment transport. Limnology and Oceanography. 36, 1288-1300.

Enomoto, T., Nakao, C., Ohyama, H., 2000. Regulation of glycolysis during acclimation of scallops（Patinopecten yessoensis Jay）to anaerobiosis. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 127B, 45-52.

Franz, DR., 1993. Allometry of Shell, and Body-Weight in Relation to Shore Level in the Intertidal Bivalve Geukensia Demissa (Bivalvia, Mytilidae). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 174( 2 ), 193-207.

Garden, G.M., 1998. Instrumentation for mussel (Perna canaliculus)shell strength measurement. Computers and Electronics Agriculture. 19, 311-315.

Gäde, G., Grieshaber, M.K., 1986. Pyruvate reductases catalyze the formation of lactate and opines in anaerobic invertebrates. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B. 83, 255-272.

Kato-Noguchi, H., Yamada, K., Hasegawa, K., 2001. Lepidimoic acid increases fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in Amaranthus seedlings. Phytochemistry. 56, 499-503.

Kamermans, P., Van der Veer, H.W., Witte, J.IJ., Adriaans, E.J., 1999. Morphological differences in Macoma balthica (Bivalvia, Tellinacea) from a Dutch and three southeastern United States estuaries. Journal of Sea Research. 41( 3 ), 213-224.

Lastra, M., Huz, R., LÓpez, J., 2002. The influence of sediment grain size on burrowing, growth and metabolism of Donax trunculus L.（Bivalvia:Donacidae）.In Collaboration with the Netherlands Institute for Sea Research. 47, 85-95.

Madzvamuse, A., Thomas, R.D.K., Maini, P.K., Wathen, A.J., 2002. A Numerical Approach to the Study of Spatial Pattern Formation in the Ligaments of Arcoid Bivalves. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology. 64(3), 501-530.

McLachlan, A., Jaramillo, E., Defeo, O., Dugan, J., de Ruyck, A., Coetzee, P., 1995. Adaptions of bivalves to different beach types. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 187, 147-160.

Pecheik, J.A., 2000. Biology of the Invertebates. 4th. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. United States of America.

Saleuddin, A.S.M., Wilbur, K.M., 1983.The Mollusca.Vol4. Physiology Part1. New York.

Stryer, L., 1998.Biochemistry. 4th . W.H.Freeman and Company. New York.

Takahashi, I., Shimada, M., Akimoto, T., Kishi, T., Sugi, H., 2003. Electron microscopic evidence for the thick filament interconnections associated with the catch state in the anterior byssal retractor muscle of Mytilus edulis. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology. 134, 115-120.

Tallqvist, M., 2001. Burrowing Behavior of the Baltic Clam Macoma Balthica Effects of Sediment Type, Hypoxia and Predator Presence. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 212, 183-191.

Thompson, T.M., Younge, C.M., 1976. Living Marine Molluscs. William Collins & Sons Ltd. London.

Yonge, C.M., 1949. On the structure and adaptations of the Tellinacea, deposit-feeding Eulamellibranchia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B. 234, 29-75.

Van Schaftingen, E., Leder, B., Bartrons, R., Hers, H.G., 1982. A kinetic study of pyrophosphate:fructose 6-phosphate phosphotransferase from potato tubers. Application to a micro assay of fructose 2,6-phosphate. European Journal of Biochemistry. 129, 191-195.

Zaklan, S., Ydenberg, R., 1997. The body size-burial depth relationshipin the infaunal clam Mya arenaria. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 215, 1-17.

Zwarts, L., Wanink, J.H., 1989. Siphon size and burying depth in deposit- andsuspension-feeding benthic bivalves. Marine Biology. 100, 227-240.