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研究生:簡宗儒
研究生(外文):Zong-Ru JIAN
論文名稱:多變量統計分析在台灣水庫水質之應用
論文名稱(外文):Multivariate Analyses of Water Quality in Taiwanese Reservoirs
指導教授:倪怡訓
指導教授(外文):I-Hsun Ni
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立臺灣海洋大學
系所名稱:環境生物與漁業科學學系
學門:農業科學學門
學類:漁業學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2004
畢業學年度:92
語文別:中文
論文頁數:164
中文關鍵詞:水庫水質主成份分析因素分析營養鹽
外文關鍵詞:Taiwan reservoirswater qualityPrincipal Component AnalysisFactor Analysisnutrient
相關次數:
  • 被引用被引用:19
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本研究目的在於分析台灣地區主要水庫長期水質監測數據,以整體地瞭解影響水庫水質變異的型式和主要因子與重要的污染源,掌握水庫水質時空分布與變動特性,並依據水質標準提出建議。以作為水庫水質管理工作之參考資訊。
利用多變量統計的方法,應用於1993至2003年間台灣二十三座水庫的數據,運用主成份分析選檢出水庫的水質型式,再找出其代表性的水庫;另外用因素分析找出水質參數間不同性質的共同因子。
主成份分析選檢出四個水質型式:「營養鹽型式」,其代表性水庫為翡翠、石門、阿公店、澄清湖及鳳山水庫;「混濁型式」為仁義潭、鏡面及鯉魚潭水庫;「季節型式」為鯉魚潭及石門水庫;「陽離子型式」為德基、霧社、日月潭及仁義潭水庫。由因素分析從十六個水質參數中,歸納出水質參數間的四個共同因子,依序為「營養鹽因子」、「混濁因子」、「生物因子」及「季節因子」。
本研究歸納出營養鹽是影響台灣主要水庫水質變異的最主要原因,此結果與前人的結果是一致的。而由營養鹽結果也導出了南部高雄的阿公店、澄清湖及鳳山水庫等三座水庫,與北部翡翠及石門等二座水庫發生差異化的現象,南部高雄的水庫營養鹽遠高於北部,造成其飲用口感普遍不佳。另從主成份分析中,選檢出新的水質型式為陽離子型式,代表性水庫全位於中部地區,顯示該地區的工廠須特別注意鍋垢的問題,避免工廠的鍋爐爆炸;從因素分析中,找出新的水質參數間共同因子「季節因子」,顯示季節性的變化,對於水庫水質參數影響更加劇烈。
關鍵字:水庫、水質、主成份分析、因素分析、營養鹽
The objective of this research is to analyze the water quality in Taiwan reservoirs from multivariate analyses so as to find patterns from reservoirs and also common factors from water parameters. These patterns and common factors can then be the basis for water quality control.
Water quality monitoring database are on 17 water parameters from 23 Taiwanese reservoirs collected from 1993 to 2003. Univariate analysis was conducted on every water variable in each reservoir for their seasonal and yearly changes. All water variables from all reservoirs were then analyzed together by using principal component analysis and factor analysis.
Principal component analysis has yielded four principal components from 23 reservoirs that explained 68.54% of the total variance. The four principal components are: (PC1) nutrient mode with Fei-Cui, Shi-Men, A-Gong-Dian, Cheng-Qing Lake and Feng-Shan reservoirs; (PC2) turbidity mode with Ren-Yi Lake, Jing-Mian and Li-Yu Lake reservoirs; (PC3) seasonal mode with Li-Yu Lake and Shi-Men reservoirs; and (PC4) cation mode with De-Ji, Wu-She, Sun-Moon Lake and Ren-Yi Lake reservoirs. The factor analysis has displayed four common factors from 16 water parameters as (1) nutrient factor, (2) turbidity factor, (3) biological factor, and (4) seasonal factor.
Water qualities in Taiwanese reservoirs are mainly affected by nutrients. Nutrients are increasing from northern to southern reservoirs, particularly in Kaohsiung reservoirs as A-Gong-Dian, Cheng-Qing Lake and Feng-Shan reservoirs. Central reservoirs have been found with high cations as De-Ji, Wu-She and Sun-Moon Lake reservoirs. It is recommended that the water quality would be improved if the high nutrients in reservoirs can be reduced, particularly in southern areas.

Key words: Taiwan reservoirs, water quality, Principal Component Analysis, Factor Analysis, nutrient
摘要 I
Abstract III
目 錄 V
表目錄 VII
圖目錄 VIII
第一章 緒論 1
1--1前言 1
1--2研究動機 2
1--3研究目的 4
1--4論文架構流程圖 5
第二章 材料與方法 7
2--1研究對象 7
2--1--1水質監測水庫 7
2--1--2水質監測項目 10
2--2研究方法:多變量統計分析 19
2--2--1主成份分析 20
2--2--2因素分析 25
2--2--3驗證季節潛在變數 35
第三章 結果與討論 38
3--1水庫水質資料基本分析 38
3--1--1相關係數矩陣 38
3--1--2數據常態化 38
3--1--3缺失值百分比 39
3--2水質參數之地理分布及時間趨勢變化 42
3--3水庫水質之影響型式(主成份分析) 61
3--3--1水庫型式說明 62
3--3--2水庫型式的圖形分析 64
3--3--3水庫型式結論 68
3--3--4水質參數中加入季節參數 71
3--4水質參數之共同因子(因素分析) 72
3--4--1參數共同因子說明 72
3--4--2參數共同因子的圖形分析 74
3--4--3參數共同因子結論 78
3--5營養鹽南北差異化比較 79
第四章 結論與建議 84
References 86
附錄目錄 95
Appendix A 時間趨勢圖 95
Appendix B 常態機率點圖 151
Appendix C 水庫集水區水質標準 153













表目錄

表1 全臺灣由北至南共23座水庫資料表 8
表2 物理性、化學性及生物性水質參數代碼 17
表3 台灣23座水庫的每一水質參數之記錄狀況 18
表4 台灣水庫17項水質參數相關係數矩陣 41
表5 台灣23座水庫主成份分析荷量 62
表6 台灣23座水庫主成份分析荷量含季節參數 71
表7 台灣水庫16個水質參數因素分析荷量 74
表8 因素分析圖形各水質參數的代號說明 74
















圖目錄

圖1 台灣水庫研究流程圖 6
圖2 台灣23座水庫地理位置圖 9
圖3 每一季抽樣頻率圖 37
圖4 台灣23座水庫水溫空間變異圖 51
圖5 台灣23座水庫pH 空間變異圖 52
圖6 台灣23座水庫溶氧空間變異圖 52
圖7 台灣23座水庫總磷空間變異圖 53
圖8 台灣23座水庫化學需氧量空間變異圖 53
圖9 台灣23座水庫懸浮固體空間變異圖 54
圖10 台灣23座水庫比導電度空間變異圖 54
圖11 台灣23座水庫濁度空間變異圖 55
圖12 台灣23座水庫透明度空間變異圖 55
圖13 台灣23座水庫硬度空間變異圖 56
圖14 台灣23座水庫總鹼度空間變異圖 56
圖15 台灣23座水庫氨氮空間變異圖 57
圖16 台灣23座水庫亞硝酸氮空間變異圖 57
圖17 台灣23座水庫硝酸氮空間變異圖 58
圖18 台灣23座水庫有機氮空間變異圖 58
圖19 台灣23座水庫磷酸鹽空間變異圖 59
圖20 台灣23座水庫葉綠素 a空間變異圖 59
圖21 各水質參數變異係數CV圖 60
圖22 營養鹽 (PC1) 與濁度型式 (PC2) 散佈圖 65
圖23 營養鹽 (PC1) 與季節型式 (PC3) 散佈圖 66
圖24 營養鹽 (PC1) 與陽離子型式 (PC4) 散佈圖 67
圖25 水質型式代表性的水庫地理圖 70
圖26 營養鹽 (Factor 1) 與濁度因子 (Factor 2) 散佈圖 75
圖27 營養鹽 (Factor 1) 與生物因子 (Factor 3) 散佈圖 77
圖28 營養鹽 (Factor 1) 與季節因子 (Factor 4) 散佈圖 78
圖29 營養鹽型式 (PC1) 代表性水庫之總磷盒形圖 82
圖30 營養鹽型式 (PC1) 代表性水庫之硝酸鹽氮盒形圖 82
圖31 營養鹽型式 (PC1) 代表性水庫之葉綠素a盒形圖 83

附錄目錄

Appendix A 時間趨勢圖 95
Appendix A AXS 95
Appendix A CFC 99
Appendix A DSM 103
Appendix A EBS 108
Appendix A HLY 112
Appendix A IDJ 116
Appendix A JWS 120
Appendix A LSM 125
Appendix A NRY 129
Appendix A SJM 133
Appendix A TAG 137
Appendix A UCQ 142
Appendix A VFS 146
Appendix B 常態機率點圖 151
Appendix B 水溫常態機率點圖 151
Appendix B 總磷常態機率點圖 152
Appendix C 水庫集水區水質標準 153
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