臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本文主要探討兩個主題：蚯蚓為何在大雨過後的夜晚到清晨爬出地表的原因及日出後為何不爬回土壤而死於地表。以往的學者常將”為何爬出地表”及”爬出地表後會死亡”視為一件事，但在本文中發現爬出地表的原因與耗氧有關，而紫外線的照射是蚯蚓致死的重要原因。
從呼吸生理的角度，綜合實驗結果及野外觀察，有一類蚯蚓包含了A. gracilis，會在下過大雨後的夜晚爬出地表，其耗氧量在夜晚(從晚上到清晨)較白天高，因此在大雨後，土壤飽含雨水，會將孔隙封住，使得土壤中氧氣降低，由於這類蚯蚓清晨時的活動力及耗氧量皆最高，因此當蚯蚓將土壤及雨水中氧氣用盡時，就會被迫此時必須爬出地表呼吸；但另一類包括P. corethrurus的蚯蚓，耗氧量較低，對無氧環境的耐受力高，因此不需在下過大雨後的清晨爬出地表，以求獲得更多的氧氣。
蚯蚓在爬出地表後會死亡的原因與紫外線有很大的關係，以UV-A及UV-B進行實驗發現，一般而言，UV-A所產生的傷害遠低於UV-B，不同蚯蚓對紫外線的耐受性也不同，P. corethrurus耐受性最佳，M. posthuma次之，而A. gracilis則最差。根據本文的研究發現這些耐受性與多種生理反應有關，如：呼吸調節，行為收縮，體表組織的氧化壓力等等有關。UV-B會影響Amynthas gracilis會的爬行能力並造成死亡率的增加。由照射時立即的行為反應及之後發生的體表病變，可分為急性及慢性反應，急性為蚯蚓照射時會立即出現肌肉強烈收縮，有不正常S型爬行行為及跳動；慢性反應則會造成表皮和肌肉細胞的破損及個體的死亡。在測量蚯蚓照射UV-B後耗氧會降低，但泡過水再加以UVB照射，其耗氧會明顯降的更低，推測是由於蚯蚓氧氣的取得是藉由濕潤的體表讓氧氣滲透，再經由肌肉的收縮使血液中的氧氣帶至身體各處，因此當紫外線照射後，體表的傷害會阻擋部分的氧氣進入血管中，且紫外線使肌肉無法正常運動，造成蚯蚓血液循環變緩，最後造成缺氧（耗氧降低）而死。在缺氧情況下，容易造成細胞的氧化壓力增加，再者，紫外線也可能直接影響體表組織的氧化壓力，在測量與氧化壓力有關的物質及酵素發現，蚯蚓體表組織在照射UV-B後，脂質過氧化現象會增加，抗氧化酵素(catalase及GPx)的活性會降低，並且直接測量其中的H2O2發現含量會增加，顯示氧化壓力亦是造成蚯蚓體表傷害及死亡的原因之一。
因此UV-B對A. gracilis的影響，可能開始於神經傳導的異常，造成肌肉的收縮不正常，爬行能力降低，並且出現體表的病變，這些變化導致蚯蚓的耗氧降低，所需氧氣無法獲得，加上體表細胞的氧化壓力增加，大量細胞死亡，最後造成蚯蚓的死亡。而P. corethrurus或M. posthuma沒有如此嚴重的行為及死亡現象，可能與在耗氧上的適應，體表氧化壓力的耐受性較佳有關，甚至可能身體具有一些物質可以有效保護他們免於紫外線的傷害，但此部分有待進一步實驗證實。

The main purpose of this thesis is to investigate two topics: 1. why do earthworms crawl out of soil at night after a heavy rain. 2. why earthworm do not crawl back into soil after sunrise and die on the ground? In the past, researchers considered them as the same. In this study, I found oxygen consumption was one of the major reasons for earthworms crawled out the soil and ultraviolet exposure is the lethal event for earthworms.
Two types of earthworms were investigated. Amynthas gracilis, may crawl out of the soil after a rain. However, the secondary types of earthworms like Pontoscolex corethrurus, never disperses after a rain, which suggest that they could stay in oxygen-deprived water for a couple days. A. gracilis has a diurnal rhythm of oxygen consumption which consumes more oxygen at night. This could explain why A. gracilis disperses on the soil surface at night after a heavy rain. When a rain is heavy enough to fill up the soil, the water in the soil content less oxygen for earthworm respiration. A. gracilis showed higher activity and consumed more oxygen at night, they were forced to surface at night after a heavy raining day to consume more oxygen.
After the earthworms surface the soil, they might die in few hours after sunrise. According to the results for this study, ultraviolet exposure is the cause of death. In general, UV-B has stronger damage effect than UV-A. Different species of earthworms have different tolerance to UV exposure. In this study, P. corethrurus showed the highest tolerance and A. gracilis is most sensitive to UV. The damage of ultraviolet radiation on earthworms can induce two responses: acute and chronic response. The acute response is charactering by the appearance of abnormally strong muscle contraction generate S-shape movement and jumping behavior. The phenomenon might be caused by bad coordination between circular muscle and longitudinal muscle in the earthworms. The chronic response showed damage of the skin and muscle cells and generate high mortality rate. The oxygen consumption of A. gracilis was significantly decreased after UV-B exposure. And the effect was more significant in the drown earthworms. Since the circulation of earthworms is mediated by muscle contraction, and the oxygen has to diffuse through their moisture skin, it is reasonable too explain abnormal muscle contraction and damaged epithelium could cause the stifle of earthworm. In addition, UV also increased oxidative stress on earthworm tissue. It was found the lipid peroxidation and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (such aaaaas catalase, GPx or SOD) were increased in the UV-B exposure earthworms. Therefore, I suggest that oxidative stress is the other reason that caused earthworms dead after UV-B exposure.
The adaptation of low oxygen consumption and high toleration of oxidative stress may explain why P. corethrurus and M. posthuma could alive under such ultraviolet exposure. They maybe have other specialized mechanisms to prevent the damage of ultraviolet exposure. However, it need more study to prove that in the future.

總目錄
中文摘要……………………………………………………………………………15
英文摘要……………………………………………………………………………18
第一章 緒論………………………………………………………………………20
第一節紫外線的介紹………………………………………………………20
第二節 紫外線對生物的影響………………………………………………22
不同紫外線對生物的影響程度不同………………………………23
紫外線對水生生物的影響………………………………………..25
紫外線對陸生動物的影響…………………………………………26
紫外線對細胞產生的影響………………………………………….28
紫外線對動物的間接影響………………………………………….29
第三節 蚯蚓漫遊地表的行為與紫外線的關係…………………………31
第四節 研究動機及目的…………………………………………………...33
第二章 蚯蚓在雨後清晨爬出地表與耗氧關連性之探討………………………...34
第一節 前言……………………………………………………………...…34
第二節 材料及方法……………………………………………………..….37
實驗動物…………………………………………………………….37
測量蚯蚓在水中存活的時間……………………………………….37
蚯蚓耗氧的測量…………………………………………………….38
耗氧速率的計算…………………………………………………….38
數據分析…………………………………………………………….39
第三節 結果…………………………………………………………….…40
各實驗組蚯蚓的體重……………………………………………….40
蚯蚓在水中的存活時間及最後的水中溶氧量…………………….40
在不同溫度下蚯蚓耗氧的日週期變化…………………………….40
溫度對蚯蚓耗氧的影響………………………………………….....41
兩種蚯蚓的耗氧比較……………………………………………….42
第四節 討論……………………………………………………………....43
附表……………………………………………………………………….50
附圖…………………………………………………………………….…56
第三章 紫外線A或B對蚯蚓爬行行為及死亡率的影響………………………..52
第一節前言……………………………………………………………..…52
第二節 材料及方法……………………………………………………...65
實驗動物………………………………………………………….…65
紫外線的照射………………………………………………………66
照射UV-A及UV-B時發生的蚯蚓行為…………………………..66
照射UV-A及UV-B後蚯蚓的爬行活力………………………..…66
蚯蚓在照射UV-A及UV-B後的死亡率…………………………..67
蚯蚓UV-A或UV-B在照射後，體表組織出現的傷害……………67
數據統計…………………………………………………………….68
第三節 結果………………………………………………………………69
蚯蚓在照射UV-A及UV-B時的行為…………………………..…69
UV-A或UV-B對蚯蚓爬行能力的影響……………………………69
UV-A或UV-B照射蚯蚓後的死亡率………………………………70
UV-A及UV-B照射下體表組織的傷害……………………………71
第四節 討論……………………………………………………………....72
附表……………………………………………………………………….77
附圖…………………………………………………………………….…79
第四章 紫外線對蚯蚓耗氧的影響……………………………………………..….89
第一節 前言………………………………………………………………89
第二節 材料及方法…………………………………………………..….92
實驗動物…………………………………………………………….92
紫外線的照射……………………………………………………….92
蚯蚓耗氧的測量………………………………………………….…93
耗氧速率的計算…………………………………………………….94
處理後蚯蚓之存活率及存活時間測定…………………………….94
數據分析…………………………………………………………….94
第三節 結果………………………………………………………………96
蚯蚓各種處理的體重……………………………………………….96
蚯蚓在照射UV-B時不同處理下的耗氧量…………………….…96
蚯蚓在照射UV-A時不同處理下的耗氧量……………………….97
蚯蚓在照射UV-B或UB-A後的死亡率及存活時間………….…97
第四節 討論………………………………………………………………99
附表………………………………………………………………………104
附圖……………………………………………………………………104
第五章 蚯蚓照射紫外線後的氧化壓力之研究………………………………….123
第一節 前言…………………………………………………………..…124
第二節 材料與方法…………………………………………………..…132
實驗動物…………………………………………………………132
蚯蚓照射紫外線…………………………………………………...132
蚯蚓組織均質液的製備…………………………………………133
脂質過氧化的測定………………………………………………133
GSH的含量測定………………………………………………….134
Catalase的活性測定…………………………………………..134
Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) 的活性測定…………………….135
H2O2的含量測定…………………………………………………..136
總蛋白質含量的測定……………………………………………136
細胞程式死亡判定………………………………………………136
數據統計…………………………………………………………137
第三節 實驗結果………………………………………………………..138
總蛋白質含量與組織重量的關係………………………………138
蚯蚓組織中TBARS含量…………………………………………138
組織中GSH的含量………………………………………………138
蚯蚓組織中catalase的活性……………………………………..138
蚯蚓組織中Glutathione peroxidase（GPx）的活性………….…140
蚯蚓組織中H2O2的含量………………………………………….141
外加抗氧化酵素對於UVB引起脂質過氧化現象影響…………..141
蚯蚓體表組織在照射UV-B後產生apoptosis的現象………….142
第四節 討論……………………………………………………………..143
附圖……………………………………………………………………...151
第六章 總結……………………………………………………………………….156
附圖…………………………………………………………………..….176
參考文獻…………………………………………………………………………...177
表目錄
Table 2-1 蚯蚓在不同處理下的體重…………………………………………..…50
Table 2-2 A. gracilis在溫度、時段及各時間點的耗氧量以摺疊設計進行變方分析………………………………………………………………………51
Table2-3. Table 2-3. 摺疊設計中，蚯蚓Amynthas gracilis 在不同溫度及不同時段下的耗氧量以最小顯著差異測驗法(LSD)之統計結果………………………………………………………………….…......52
Table2-4. 摺疊設計中，蚯蚓P. corethtutus 在不同溫度及不同時段下的耗氧量以最小顯著差異測驗法(LSD)之統計結果……………………………53
Table 2-5. Amynthas gracilis 及 Pontoscolex corethrurus耗氧量(oxygen consumption (Mo2))的Q10值…………………………………….……54
Table 2-6. A. gracils and P. corethrurus在25℃下不同時段的耗氧比較…..…55
Table 3-1先冰敷再照射UV-B 1,500 J/m2後蚯蚓死亡率……………………….77
Table 3-2 照射UV-B1,500J/m2後，以冰浴方式處理蚯蚓後的死亡時間…..…78
Table 4-1. UV-A處理中，蚯蚓A. gracilis及M. posthuma的重量……………….106
Table 4-2. UV-B處理中，蚯蚓A. gracilis及M. posthuma的重量…………….107
Table 4-3. M. posthuma 在UV-B照射後，各種處理間耗氧的差異…………...108
Table 4-4. A. gracilis 在UV-B照射後，各種處理間耗氧的差異………………109
Table 4-5. M.posthuma 在UV-A照射後，各種處理間的差異………………...110
Table 4-6. A. gracilis 在UV-A照射後，各種處理間的差異……………………111
Table 4-7. 蚯蚓A. gracilis及M. posthuma在UV-B 照射下，各種處理的死亡率及平均死亡時間………………………………………………………112
Table 4-8. 蚯蚓A. gracilis及M. posthuma在UV-A 照射下，各種處理的死亡率及平均死亡時間……………………………………………………..103
圖目錄
Fig. 1-1紅斑作用光譜、日光作用光譜及太陽紅斑有效光譜………………….24
Fig. 2-1 測量蚯蚓耗氧儀器………………………………………………………55
Fig. 2-2 蚯蚓的存活時間………………………………………………………….57
Fig. 2-3 蚯蚓存活後的人工礦泉水在25 ℃所剩的溶氧量……………………58
Fig. 2-4 Amynthas gracilis 在不同溫度及不同時段下的累積耗氧量…………..59
Fig. 2-5 P. corethrurus 在不同溫度及不同時段下的累積耗氧量………………60
Fig. 2-6 兩種蚯蚓在不同溫度下的總耗氧量比較……………………………….61
Fig. 3-1 蚯蚓A. gracilis在照射 UV-A 或 UV-B後出現S形爬行…………...79
Fig. 3-2 在UV-A 或 UV-B 照射下，A. gracilis出現跳動的個體百分比….…79
Fig. 3-3 蚯蚓在照射UV-A or UV-B後的延遲爬行活力值………………………81
Fig. 3-4 A. gracilis及M. posthuma在照射UV-B後的死亡率…………………83
Fig. 3-5 A. gracilis 照射 UV-B 前後的個體外觀圖…………………………….85
Fig 3-6 A. gracilis 在照射UV-B 1500 J/m2 後的體表變化………………….…86
Fig. 3-7. A. gracilis的體表組織及個體傷害量化圖……………………………..87
Fig. 3-8 M. posthuma在照射UV-B 1500 J/m2 後的體表變化…………………88
Fig. 4-1 未照射UV-B時，兩種正常蚯蚓的耗氧量……………………………..104
Fig. 4-2 M.posthuma 在UV-B的各種處理下20分鐘內的總耗氧量及累積耗氧量……………………………………………………………………..…115
Fig. 4-3 A. gracilis 在UV-B的各種處理下20分鐘內的總耗氧量及累積耗氧量………………………………………………………………………..116
Fig. 4-4未照射UV-A時，兩種正常蚯蚓的耗氧量………………………………118
Fig. 4-5 M .posthuma 在UV-A的各種處理下30分鐘內的總耗氧量及累積耗氧量……………………………………………………………….….…119
Fig. 4-6 A. gracilis 在UV-A的各種處理下30分鐘內的總耗氧量……………120
Fig. 4-7 紫外線照射造成蚯蚓A. gracilis耗氧降低引發相關效應示意圖….…122
Fig. 5-1 紫外線造成光氧化反應圖………………………………………………124
Fig. 5-2 光氧化反應後的脂質過氧化物型態…………………………………...125
Fig. 5-3組織重量與總蛋白質含量吸光值……………………………………….151
Fig. 5-4 A. gracilis 與P. corethrurus在UV-B照射後脂質過氧化現象………152
Fig. 5-5 以A. gracilis組織粹取液照射UV-B後脂質過氧化現象…………….154
Fig. 5-6 將蚯蚓照射UV-B後GSH含量變化………………………………….155
Fig. 5-7以A. gracilis組織粹取液照射UV-B後的GSH含量…………………157
Fig. 5-8蚯蚓A. gracilis及P. corethrurus在不同處理下的catalase活性…..158
Fig. 5-9以A. gracilis去粒線體上清液照射不同輻射量UV-B後的變化…….160
Fig. 5-10將純化的catalase 照射不同紫外線輻射量後的活性變化…………161
Fig. 5-11 A. gracilis組織中GPx在照射UV-B後的活性變化…………………162
Fig. 5-12以A. gracilis去粒線組織粹取液照射UV-B後的GPx的活性變化…163
Fig. 5-13 蚯蚓A. gracilis及P. corethrurus在照射不同輻射量UV-B後的H2O2的變化……………………………………………………………………164
Fig. 5-14以去粒線體組織粹取液照射UVB後，H2O2的含量…………………166
Fig. 5-15外加抗氧化酵素對於UVB引起脂質過氧化現象影響……………….167
Fig. 5-16在A. gracilis照射1,500J/m2會出現DNA片段化的現象…………..168
Fig. 5-17在A. gracilis照射3,000J/m2會出現DNA片段化的現象……….…169
Fig. 5-18 蚯蚓照射UV-B後，產生光氧化反應的途徑………………………..174
Fig. 6-1 紫外線照射對蚯蚓A. gracilis產生影響示意圖………………………175

參考文獻
Abe AS. 1985. Oxygen uptake of active and aestivating earthworm Glossoscolex paulistus (Oligochaeta, Glossoscolecidae). Comp Biochem Physiol 81A (1): 63-66.
Albro PW, Bilski P, Corbett JT, Schroeder JL and Chignell CF. 1997. Photochemical reactions and phototoxicity of sterols: novel self-perpetuating mechanism for lipid photooxidation. Photochem Photobiol 66: 316-325.
Albro P W, Schroeder JL and Corbett JT. 1992. Lipids of the earthworm Lumbricius terrestris. Lipid 27(2):136-143.
Andersen NC. 1987. Respiration of earthworms. In: Andersen NC, editor. Investigations of the ecology of earthworms (Lumbricidae) in arable soil. Copenhagen. Denmark. Statens Planteavlsforsøg. p: 60-78.
Ankley GT, Erickson RJ, Philips GL, Mattson VR, Kosian PA, Cox JS, 1995. Effects of light intensity on the phototoxicity of fluroanthene tto a benthic macroinvertebrate. Environ. Sci. Technol., 29: 2823-2833.
Aragane Y, Kulms D, Kothny G, Metze D, Pöppelmann B, Luger T A and Schwarz T. 1998. Ultraviolet light induced apoptosis via direct activation of CD95 (FAs/ApO-1) independently from its natural ligand CD95 (Fas/APO-1). L Cell Biol 140:171-182.
Arnould JPY, Green JA and Rawlins DR. 2001. Fasting metabolism in Antarctic ful seal (Arctocephalus gazelle) pups. Comp Biol Physiol 129A: 829-841.
Arrigoni O, de Tullio M C 2000. The role of ascorbic acid in cell metabolism:between gene-directed functions and unpredictable chemical reactions. J. Plant Physiol 157:481-488.
Ashkenazi A and Dixit V M. 1998. Death receptor signaling and modulation. Science. 281:1305-1308.
Banaszak AT and Trench RK. 1995a. Effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on marine microalgal-invertebrate symbiosis. I. Responses of the algal symbionts in culture and in hospite. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 194: 213-232.
Banaszak AT and Trench RK. 1995b. Effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on marine microalgal-invertebrate symbiosis. II. The synthesis of mycosporine-like amino acids in response to exposure to UV in Anthopleura elegantissima and Cassiopeia xamachana. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 194: 233-250.
Belden LK, Moore IT, Mason RT, Wingfield JC and Blaustein AR. 2003. Survival, the hormonal stress response and UV-B avoidance in cascades frog tadpoles (Rana cascadae) exposed to UV-B radiation. Functional Ecology 17: 409-416.
Berghahn R, Bullock AM and Karakiri M. 1993. Effects of solar radiation on the population dynamics of juvenile flatfish in the shallows of the Wadden sea. J. Fish Biol. 43:329-345.
Beyer RE. 1959. The effect of ultraviolet light on mitochondria. 2. Restoration of oxidative phosphorylation with vitamin K after near-ultraviolet treatment. J Biol Chem 234:688-692.
Blaustein AR, Edmond B, Kiesecker JM, Beatty JJ and Hokit DG. 1995. Ambient ultraviolet radiation causes mortality in salamander eggs. Ecological Applications 5: 740-743.
Blaustein AR, Hoffman PD, Hokit DG, Kiesecker JM, Walls SC and Hays JB 1994. UV repair and resistance to solar UV-B in amphibian eggs: a link to population declines? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 1791-1795.
Blaustein AR, Kiesecker JM, Chivers DP and Anthony RG. 1997. Ambient UV-B radiation causes deformities in amphibian embryos. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 13735-13737.
Blaustein AR, Kiesecker JM, Chivers DP, Hokit DG, Marco A, Beloden LK and Hatch A. 1998. Effect of ultraviolet radiation on amphibians: filed experiments. Amer Zool 38: 799-812.
Blaustein AR, Wildy EL, Belde LK and Hatch A. 2001. Influence of abiotic and biotic factors on amphibians in ephemeral ponds with special reference to long- toed salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum). Israel J zool 47: 335-345.
Bloch K. 1983. Sterol structures and membrane function. Crit Rev Biochem 13:47-92.
Blokhina O, Virolainen E and Fagerestedt V. 2003. Antioxidants, Oxidative damage and oxygen deprivation stress; a review. Ann Bot 91:179-194.
Borton G W. 1990. Vitamin E:antioxidant activity, biokinetics and bioavailability. Ann rev nutria 10:357-382.
Bowler C, van Montagu M and Izne D. 1992. Superoxide dismutase and stress tolerance. Ann Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 43:83-116.
Burton GW, Joyce A and Ingold KU 1983. Is vitamin E the only lipid-soluble chain —breaking antioxidant in human blood plasma and eryocyte membranes? Arch Biochem Biophys 221:281-290.
Bykov VJ, Kumar R, F¨orsti A and Hemmiki K. 1995. Analysis of UV-induced DNA photoproducts by 32P-postlabelling. Carcinogenesis 16: 113—118.
Byzova, JB. 1965. Comparative rates of respiration in some earthworms. Rev Ecol Biol Sol 2: 207-216.
Cao C, Leng C and Kufe D. 2003. Catalase activity is regulated by c-AB1 and Arg in oxidative stress response. J. Biol Chem 278(32):29667-29675.
Carefoot TH, Harris M, Taylor BE, Donovan D and Karentz D. 1998. Mycospoine-like amino acids:possible UV protection in eggs of the sea hare Aplysia dactylomela. Mar Biol 130: 289-396.
Chandwaney R, Leichtweis S, Leeuwenburgh C and Li JL. 1998. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle: effects of aging and exercise training. Age 21: 109—117.
Chang C and Zheng R 2003. Effects of ultraviolet B on epidermal morphology, shedding, lipid peroxide and antioxidant enzymes in Cope’s snake (Elaphe taeniura). J. Photochem Photobiol B Biol 72:79-85.
Charron RA, Fenwick JC, Lean DRS and Moon TW. 2000. Ultraviolet-B radiation effects on antioxidant status and survival in the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio. Photochem Photobiol 72(3): 327-333.
Chuang SC Lee H and Chen JH. 2004. Diurnal rhythm and effect of temperature on oxygen consumption in earthworms, Amynthas gracilis and Pontoscolex corethrurus J Exp Zool in press.
Cope RB, Pabacher DL, Lieske C and Miller C A. 2001. Resistance of a lizard (the green anole, Anolis carolinensis, Polychridae) to ultraviolet radiation-induced immunosuppression. Photochem Photobiol 74:46-54.
Creed D. 1984. The photophysics and photochemistry of near-UV absorbing amino acids. 1 Tryptophan and its simple derivatives. Photochem Photobiol 39:537-562.
Crump D, Berril M, Coulson D, Lean D, McGillivray L and Smith A. 1999. Sensitivity of amphibian embryos, tadpoles and larvae to enchanced UV-B radiation in natural pond conditions. Can J Zool 77: 1956—1966.
Darwin C. 1881. The formation of vegetable mould through the action of worms, with observation of their habits. London. John Murray.
Davies MJ and Truscott RJW. 2001. Photo-oxidation of proteins and its role in cataractogenesis. J. Photochem Photobiol B. Boil. 63:114-125.
Davies RJH. 1995. Ultraviolet radiation damage in DNA. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 23: 407-418.
Denning MF, Wang Y, Tibudan S, Alkan S, Nickoff BJ and Qin JZ. 2002. Caspaase activation and distruption of mitochondrial membrane potential during UV radiation-induced apoptosis of human keratinocytes requires activation of protein kinase C. Cell Death and Differentiation. 9: 40-52.
Diffy BL. 2002. Sources and measurement of ultraviolet radiation. Methods 28:4-13.
Dissemond J, Schneider LA, Brenneisen P, Briviba K, Wenk J, Wlaschek M and Scharffetter-kochanek K. 2003. Protective and determining factors for the overall lipid peroxidation in ultraviolet A1 irradiated fibroblasts: in vitro and in vivo investigations. British J Dermatol 149: 341-349.
Dissemond J, Schneider L A, Wlaschek M, Brauns TC, GoosM and Scharffetter-Kochanek K. 2003.The lazaroid tirilazad is new inhibitor of direct and indirect UVA-induced lipid peroxidation in human dermal fibroblasts. Arch Dermatol Res 295:287-292.
Edwards CA and Bohlen PJ. 1996. Biology and Ecology of Earthworms. p. 426, Chapman & Hall, USA.
Epel D, Hemela K, Shick M and Patton C. 1999. Development in the floating world: defenses of eggs and embryos against damages from UV radiation. Amer Zool 39: 271-278.
Eshky AA, Taylor AC and Atkinson RJA. 1996. The effects of temperature on aspects of respiratory physiology of the semi-terrestrial crab, Uca inverse (Hoffmann) and Metopograpsus messor (Forskål) from Red Sea. Comp Biochem Physiol 114A(4): 297-204.
Faist V, Koenig J, Hoeger H and Elmadfa I. 1998. Mitochondrial oxygen consumption, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme system in skeletal muscle of senile dystrophic mice. Eur J Physiol 437: 168—171.
Feder ME. 1981. Effect of body size, trophic state, time of day and experimental stress on oxygen consumption of anuran larvae: an experimental assessment and evaluation of the literature. Comp Biochem Physiol 70: 497—508.
Flohe L. 1982. Glutathione peroxidases brought into focus. In Free Radicals in Biology. Vol. 5. ‘Pryor W. A. eds.’ Academic Press. New York. P. 223-253.
Foote CS. 1968. Mechanisms of photosensitized oxidation. Science 162:963-970.
Foote CS. 1991. Difinition of type 1 and type 2 photosensitized oxidation. Photochem Photobiol. 659.
Formicki G, Zamachowski W and Stawarz R. 2003. Effects of UV-A and UV-B on oxygen consumption in common toad (Bufo bufo) tadpoles. J Zool Lond 259: 317-326.
Foss A and Øiestad VT. 2003. Growth and oxygen consumption in normal and O2 supersaturated water, and interactive effect of O2 saturattion and ammonia on growth in spotted wolfish (Anarhichas minor Olafsen). Aquaculture 224: 105-116.
Frank TM and Widder EA. 1994. Evidence for behavioral sensitivity to near-UV light in the deep-sea crustacean Systellaspis debilis. Mar Biol 118:279-284.
Frankel EN. 1985. Chemistry of free radical and singlet oxidative of lipids. Prog Lipid Res 23:197-227.
Freitag JF, Steeger HU, Storz UC and Paul RJ. 1998. Sublethal impairment of respiratory control in plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) larvae induced by UV-B radiation, determined using a novel biocybernetical approach. Mar Biol 132: 1—8.
Gao N, Foster RG and Hardie J. 2000. Two opsin genes from the vetch aphid, Megoura viciae. Insect Mol Bio 9(2):197-202.
Gies HP, Roy CR, Toomey S, MacLennan R and Watson M. 1995. Solar UVR exposures of three groups of outdoor workers on the sunshine coast, Queenland. Photochem Photobiol 62(6): 1015-1021.
Gilchrest BA, Park HY, Eller MS and Yaar M. 1996. Mechanisms of ultraviolet light-induced pigmentation. Photochem Photobiol 63: 1-10.
Girotti AW. 1990. Mechanisms of lipid peroxidation. J Free Radic Biol Med 1:87-95.
Girotti AW. 2001. Photosensitized oxidation of membrane lipids: reaction pathways, cytotoxic effects and cytoprotective mechanisms. J Photochem Photobiol B: Biology 63: 103-113.
Grant KP and Licht LE. 1995. Effects of ultraviolet radiation on life-history stages of anurans from Ontario, Canada. Can J Zool 73: 2292—2301.
Grant WC. 1955. Temperature relationships in the megascolecid earthworm, Pheretima hupeiensis. Ecology 36(3): 412-417.
Gwynn-Jones D, Huanh W Easton G, Goodacre R and Scullion J. 2003. UV-B radiation induced changes in litter quality affects earthworm growth and cast characteristics as determined by metabolic fingerprinting. Pedobiologia. 47(5-6):784-787.
Häder DP and Worrest RC. 1991. Effects of enhanced solar ultraviolet radiation on aquatic ecosystems. Photochem Photobiol 53:717-725.
Hamman A, Momo FR, Duhour A, Falco L, Sagario MC and Cuadrado ME 2003. Effect of UV radiation on Eisenia fetida populations. Pedobiologia 47(5-6):842-845.
Han J, Colditz GA, Samson LD, Hunter DJ. 2004. Polymorphisms in DNA double-strand break repair genes and skin cancer risk. Cancer Res. 64(9):3009-13.
Harm H. 1976. Repair of UV-irradiated biological systems;photoreactivation. In Photochemistry and photobiology of nucleic acids. Vol. 2 ‘Wang, S. Y. eds’ Academic Press. New York. P. 219-263.
Hassoni AA, Kerkut GA and Walker RJ. 1985. The action of cholinomimetic and cholinolytic agents, hemicholinium-3 and α- and β- bungarotoxin on body wall muscle of earthworm, Lumbricius terrestris. Comp Biochem Physiol 82C: 179-192.
Hauser JE, Kadekaro AL, Terzieva S, Kavanagh RJ, Lemasters G, Abdel-Malek ZA. 2004. Assessment of UV-induced DNA photoproducts and their repair in cultured human Melanocytes: Role of constitutive Melanin content and MC1R status. Pigment Cell Res. 17(4):438.
Hayashi N, Togawa K, Yanagisawa M, Hosogi J, Mimura D and Yamamoto Y 2003. Effect of sunlight exposure and aging on skin surface lipids and urate. Experimental Dermatology 12: 13-17.
Heatwole H, Muri R and Davison E. 1986. Oxygen consumption of some terrestrial invertebrate from the persaharan steppe of tunisia. J arid environ 11(3): 219-226.
Heck DE, Gerecke DR, Vetrano AM and Laskin JD. 2004. Solar ultraviolet radiation as a trigger of cell signal transduction. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 15;195(3): 288-297.
Heck DE, Gerecke DR, Vetrano AM, Laskin JD. 2004 .Solar ultraviolet radiation as a trigger of cell signal transduction. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 15;195(3):288-97.
Heelis P, Kim S, Okamura T and Sancar A. 1993. The photorepair of pyrimidine dimmers by DNA photolyase and model systems. J Photochem Photobiol B boil 17:219-228.
Hock RJ and Robert JC. 1966. Effect of altitude on oxygen consumption of deer mice: relation of temperature and season. Can J Zool 44:365-369.
Holm-Hansen O, Helbling EW and Lubin D. 1993. Ultraviolet radiation in antarctica: inhibition of primary production. Photochem Photobiol 58(4): 567-570.
Howell CD. 1939. The responses to light in the earthworm, Pheretima agrestis goto and habit, with spectial reference to the function of the nervous system. J Experi Zool 81(2): 231-259.
Hunter JR, Taylor JH and Moser HG. 1979. Effect of ultraviolet irradiation on eggs and larvae of the Northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax, and the pacific mackerel, Scomber japonicus, during the embryonic stage. Photochem Photobiol 29: 325-338.
Ichihashi M, Ueda M, Budiyanto A, Bito T, Oka M, Fukunaga M, Tsuru K and Horikawa T. 2003. UV-induced skin damage. Toxicology 189: 21-39.
Iizawa O, Kato T, Tagami H, Akamatsu H and Niwa Y. 1994. Long-term follow up study of changes in lipid peroxide levels and the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in mouse skin after acute and chronic UV irradiation. Arch Dermatol Res 286: 47—52.
Ingold KU. 1987. Biokinetics and discrimination between dietary RRR and Srr-α-tocopherols in the rat. Lipid 22:163-172.
Isoda M, Ueda S, Imayama S and Tsukahara K. 2001. New formulation of chemical peeling agent: histological evaluation in sun-damaged skin model in hairless mice. Journal of Dermatological Science 27: S60-S67.
Iyengar B. 1994. Indoleanmines and the UV-light-sensitive photoperiodic responses of the melanocyte network: a biological calendar. Experientia. 50:733-736.
Johar SRK., Rawal UM, Jain NK and Vasavada AR. 2003. Sequential effects of ultraviolet radiation on the histomorphology, cell density and antioxidative status of the lens epithelium- an in vivo study. Photochem Photobiol 78(3): 306-311.
Johnson ML. 1942. The respiratory function of the haemoglobin of earthworm. J Exp Biol 45: 266-277.
Jokinen EI, Salo HM, Markkula SE, Aaltonen TM and Immonen AK. 2000. Effects of ultraviolet light on immune parameters of the roach. Toxicology Letters (112-113) 303-310.
Jørgensen CB. 2000. Amphibian respiration and olfaction and their relationship: from Robert Towson (1794) to the present. Biol Rev 75: 297—345.
Jurkiewicz BA and Buettner GR. 1994. Ultraviolet lightinduced free radical formation in skin — an electron paramagnetic resonance study. Photochem Photobiol 59: 1—4.
Kambayashi H, Odake Y, Takada K, Funasaka Y and Ichibashi M. 2003. Involvement of changes in stratum corneum keratin in wrinkle formation by chronic ultraviolet irradiation in hairless mice. Exp. Dermatol 12(suppl. 2) 22-27.
Kats LB, Kiesecker JM, Chivers DP and Blaustein AR. 2000. Effects of UV-B radiation on anti-predator behavior in three species of amphibians. Ethology 106: 921—931.
Kawanishi S, Oikawa S. 2004. Mechanism of Telomere Shortening by Oxidative Stress. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1019:278-284.
Kiesecker JM and Blaustein AR. 1995. Synergism between UV-B radiation and a pathogen magnifies amphibian embryo mortality in nature. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 11049-11052.
Kim S, Malhotra K, Smith C, Taylor J and Sancar A. 1993. DNA photolyase repairs trans-syn cylobutane thymine dimmer. Biochemistry 32:7065-7069.
Kring JB. 1977. Structure of eyes of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. Ann Ent Soc Am 70:855-860.
Kring JB and Kring TJ. 1990. Aphid flight behavior. In aphid-plant interaction;populations to Molecules ‘Peter, D. C., Webster, J. A. and Chlouber, C. S. eds’ p. 203-214. MP-132 USDA/ARS, Oklahoma State University. USA.
Kulms D and Schwarz T. 2000. Molecular mechanisms of UV-induced apoptosis. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 16: 195-201.
Kulms D and Schwarz T. 2002. Independent contribution of three different pathways to ultraviolet-B-induced apoptosis. Biochem Pharmacol 64: 837-841.
Kvam E and Dahle J. 2003. Pigmented melanocytes are protected against ultraviolet-A-induced membrane Damage. J Invest Dermatol 121:564-569.
Landmann L. 1979. Keratin formation and barrier mechanisms in the epidermis of Natrix natrix (Reptilia:Serpentes): an ultrastructural study. J Morph 162:93-126.
Langhelle A, Lindell MJ and Nystr¨om P. 1999. Effects of ultraviolet radiation on amphibian embryonic and larval development. J Herpetol 33: 449—456.
Lankester ER. 1921. Earthworms drowned in puddles. Nature 107: 329-330.
Lavelle P. 1974. Les vers de terre de la savane de Lamto. In: Lavelle P, editor. Analyse d’un Ecosysteme Tropical Humide: La Savane de Lamto. (Cote d’Ivore). Bull. De Liaison des Chercheurs de Lamto. No. Spec, p. 5: 133-136.
Lee KE. 1985. The physical environment. In: Lee, KE, editor. Earthworms. The ecology and relationships with soils and land use. North Ryde. Australia. Academic Press. p. 35-55.
Lee SC, Jung JW, Lee HW, Chun SD, Kang IK, Won YH and Kim YP. 2000. Protective role of nitric oxide-mediated inflammatory response against lipid peroxidation in ultraviolet B-irradiated skin. British J Dermatol 142: 653-659.
Lesser EJ. 1910. Chemische Prozesse bei Regenwürmern. 3. Über anoxybiotische Zersetzung des Glykogens. Z biol 50.
Li Y., Kim S. and Sancar A. 1993. Evidence for lack of DNA photoreactivating enzyme in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:4389-4393.
Licata A, Ainis L, Martella S, Ricca MB, Licata P, Lauriano ER, Zaccone G. 2002. Immunohistochemical localization of nNOS in the skin and nerve fibers of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris L. (Annelida Oligochaeta). Acta Histochem. 104(3):289-95.
Licata A, Ainis L, Martella S, Ricca MB, Licata P, Lauriano ER and Zaccone G. 2002. Immunohistochemical localization of nNOS in the skin and nerve fibers of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris L. (Annelida Oligochaeta). Acta Histochem 104 (3): 289-95.
Licht LE and Grant KP. 1997. The effects of ultraviolet radiation on the biology of amphibians. Am Zool 37: 137—145.
Long L, Saylor LS and Soule ME. 1995. A pH/UV-B synergism in Amphibians. Conserv Biol 9(5):1301-1303.
Maldague M. and Couture G. 1971. Utilisation de litieres radioactives par Lumbricus terrestris. In : J. d’Aguilar. Editor. 4 Colloquium pedobiologie, Institut National des Recherches Agriculturelles Publ. 71-7. Paris. p. 147-154.
Mangum CP. 1978. Temperature adaptation. In: Mill PJ, editor. Physiology of annelids. p. 447-478. London. Academic Press.
Marco A, Lizana M, Alvarez A and Blaustein AR. 2001. Egg wrapping behaviour protects newt embryos from UV radiation. Anim Behav 61: 639—644.
Matsui MS, Peak JG and Jones CA. 1985. Different direct and indirect mechanisms for the induction of DNA-protein crosslinks in himan cells by far and near far ultraviolet radiations (290 and 405nm). Photochem Photobiol 42: 141-146.
Matsui MS, Wang N and DeLeo V A. 1996. Ultraviolet radiation B induces differentiation and protein kinase C in normal human epidermal keratinocytes. Photodermatol. Phoimmunol. Photomed. 12: 103-108.
Matsumura Y and Ananthaswamy HN. 2004. Toxic effects of ultraviolet radiation on the skin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 195(3): 298-308.
May MJ. 1999. Is ascorbic acid an antioxidative for the okasma membrane> FASEB 13: 995-1006.
Mazza CA, Zavala J, Scopel AL and Ballare CL. 1999. Perception of solar UVB radiation bby phytophagous insects:behavioral responses and ecosystem implications. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:980-985.
McArdle J. and Bullock AM. 1987. Solar ultraviolet radiation as a cavsal factor of ‘summer syndrome’ in cage-reared Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L: a clinical and histophological study. J Fish Dis 10: 255-264.
Meister A. 1983. Selective modification of glutathione metabolism. Science 220:427-477.
Meister A. 1994. Glutathione-ascorbic antioxidant system in animal. J Biol Chem 269:9397-9400.
Michael D. and Freedman JH. 2001. Protective effects of aspirin and Vitamin E(α-Tocopherol) against copper- and cadmium-induced toxicity. Biochem Biophy res communi 285:921-925.
Misra RB, Babu GS, Ray RS and Hans RK. 2002. Tubifex: a sensitive model for UV-B-induced phototoxicity. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 52: 288-295.
Mizutani K, Ogawa H, Saito J and Oka K. 2002. Fictive locomotion induced by octopamine in the earthworm. J exp Biol 205: 265-271.
Monson PD, Ankley GT and Kosian PA. 1995. Phototoxic response of Lumbriculus variegatus to sediuments contaminated by polycyclic amromatic hydrocarbons. Enviorn. Toxicol. Chem., 14: 891-894.
Morita A. and Krutmann J. 2000. Ultraviolet A radiation- induced apoptosis. Methods enzymol 319: 302-309.
Mu Y, Lv S, Ren X, Jin G, Liu J, Yan G, Li W, Shen J and Luo G. 2003. UV-B induced keratinocyte apoptosis is blocked by 2-selenium-bridged β-cyclodextrin, a GPx mimic. J Photochem Photobiol B Biology 69: 7-12.
Mulloney B. 1970. Structure of the giant fibers of earthworms. Science 168: 994-996.
Murphy G, Young AR, Wulf HC Kulms D and Schwarz T. 2001. The molecular determinants of sunburn cell formation. Exp Dermatol 10:155-160.
Nagano T. 1934. The duration of life of earthworms in water and in pure gases. Sci Report Tohoku Imperial Univer B 9(2&3): 97-109.
Nagl AM and Hofer R. 1997. Effects of ultraviolet radiation on early larval stages of the Alpine newt, Triturus alpestis, under natural and laboratory conditions. Oecologia (Berl.) 110: 514—519.
Noceda C, Gonzalez-Sierra S. and Martinez JL. 1997. Histopathology of UV-B irradiated brown trout Salmo trutta skin. Dis Aquat Org 31: 103—108.
Noctor G, Arisi AC M, Jouanin L and Foyer CH. 1998. Manipulation of glutathione and amino acid biosynthesis in the chloroplast. Plant Physiol 118:471-482.
Noonal FP and Lewis FA. 1995. UVB-induced immune suppression and infection with Schistosoma mansoni. Photochem Photobiol 61(1): 99-105.
Norbury C. and Hickson ID. 2001. Cellular responses to DNA damage. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 41: 367-401.
Nordström S and Runderen S. 1974. Environmental factors and lumbricid associations in Southern Sweden. Pedobiologia 14: 1-27.
NRC report (National Research Council). 1982. Causes and effects of stratospheric Ozune depletium: a update. National Acadey. Press. Washington. D.C.
OECD, 1984. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. Guideline for testing of chemicals, No. 207. Earthworm acute toxicity tests. Adopted April 1984.
Ovaska K, Davis, TM and Novales-Flamarique I. 1997. Hatching success and larval survival of the frogs Hyla regilla and Rana aurora under ambient and artificial enhanced solar ultraviolet radiation. Can J Zool 75: 1081—1088.
Palenik B, Price NM And Morel FMM. 1991. Potential effects of Uv-B on the chemical environment of marine organisms: a review. Envir Pollut 70: 117-130.
Peter ME. and Krammeer PH. 1998. Mechanisms of CD95 (APO-a/Fas) -mediated apoptosis. Curr Opin Immunol 10:545-551.
Phillipson J. and Bolton PJ. 1976. The respiration metabolism of selected lumbricidae. Oecologia 22: 135-152.
Picardo SB. 2003. Antioxidant activity, lipid peroxidation and skin diseases. What’s new. JEADV 17: 663-669.
Pierce BA., Hoskins JB and Epstein E. 1984. Acid tolerance in Connecticut wood frogs (Rana sylvatica). J Herpetol 18: 159-167.
Pomert GM. and Zarrow MT. 1936. The effect of temperature on the respiration of the earthworm. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 22: 270-272.
Pool R. 1991. Ozone loss worse than expected. Nature 350: 451.
Pourzand C. and Tyrrel RM. 1999. Apoptosis, the role of oxidative stress and the example of solar Uv radiation. Photochem Photobiol 70:380-390.
Quest AFG, 1996. Regulation of protein kinase C: a tale lipids and protein. Enzyme Protein, 49: 231-261.
Raffy A. 1930. La respiration des vers de terre dans I’eau. Action de la teneur en oxygene et de la lumiéu sur I’intensite de la respiration pendant I’immersion. C. R. Hebd. Séanc Acad Sci Paris 105: 862-864.
Ralph CL. 1957. Persistent rhythms of activity and O2 consumption in the earthworm. Physiol Zool 30: 41-55.
Rapp LM. and Ghalayini AJ. 1999. Influence of UVA light stress on photoreceptor cell metabolism: decreased rates of rhodopsin regeneration and opsin synthesis. Exp Eye Res 68: 757-764.
Ravanat JL., Douki T and Cadet J. 2001. Direct and indirect effects of UV radiation on DNA and its components. J Photochem Phobiol B Biol 63:88-102.
Reddy DS and Rao MB. 1986. Oxygen consumption in the prosobrance snail Bellamya bengalensis effect of weight and diurnal rhythms. Indian J Comp Animal phy 4(1): 61-66.
Rijnkels JM., Moison RM, Podda WE and Gerard MJ. van Henegouwen B . 2003. Photoprotection by antioxidants against UVB-radiation-induced damage in pig skin organ culture. Rad Res 159: 210—217.
Robert C, Muel B, Benoit A, Dubertret L, Sarasin A and Stary A. 1996. Cell survival and shuttle vector mutagenesis induced by ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B radiation in human cell line. J invest Dermatol 106: 721—728.
Rogers CS, Chan L, Sims YS, Byrd KD, Hinton DL and Twining SS. 2004. The effects of sub-solar levels of UV-A and UV-B on rabbit corneal and lens epithelial cells. Experimental Eye Research 78: 1007-1014.
Rozema J., Björn LO, Bornman JF, Gaberšcik A, Häder DP and Trošt T. 2002. The role of UV-B radiation in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems─an experimental and functional analysis of the evolution of UV-absorbing compounds. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 66: 2-12.
Saint-Denis M, Labrot F, Narbonne JF. and Ribera. D.1998. Glutathione, Glutathione related enzymes and catalase activities in earthworm Eisenia fetida Andrei. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 35: 602-614.
Salo MH., Jokinen EI., Markulla SE, Aaltonen TM and Pentilla HT. 2000. Comparative effects of UVA andUVB irradiation on the immune system of fish. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 56: 154—162.
Sammaruga R. 2001. The role of solar UV radiation in the ecology of alpine lakes. J photochem Photobiol 62B(1-2): 35-42.
Sander CF, Hamm S, Elsner P and Thiele JJ. 2003. Oxidative stress in malignant melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. British J Dermatol 148: 913-922.
Saroja K. 1961 Seasonal acclimatization of oxygen consumption to temperature in a tropical poikilotherm, the earthworm, Megascolex mauritii. Nature 190: 930-931.
Satchell JE. 1967. Lumbricidae, In: Burgess A, Raw F, editors. Soil biology. London. Academic Press p. 259-322.
Savage RM and Danilchik MV. 1993. Dynamics of germ plasm localization and its inhibition by ultraviolet irradiation in early cleavage Xenopus eggs. Dev Biol 157: 371-382.
Scholzen TE, Brzoska T, Kalden DH, O''Reilly F, Armstrong CA, Luger TA and Ansel JC. 1999. Effect of ultraviolet light on the release of neuropeptides and neuroendocrine hormones in the skin: mediators of photodermatitis and cutaneous inflammation. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 4(1): 55-60.
Shen H, Spike JD, Smith CJ and Kopecek J. 2000. Photodynmic cross-linking of proteins. 5. Nature of tyrosine-tyrosine bonds formed in the FMN-sensitized intermolecular cross-linking of N-acetyl-L-tyrosine. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 133:115-122.
Shindo Y and Hashimoto T. 1997. Time course of changes in antioxidant enzymes in human skin fibroblasts after UVA irradiation. J Dermatol Sci 14: 225—232.
Soni AK and Joshi PC. 1997. High sensitivity of tubifex for ultraviolet-B. Biochem Biophy Res Commun 231: 818-819.
Spike JD. 1989. Photosensitization. In The science of photobiology. ‘Smith K. C. eds’ Plenum Press. New York. p. 79-110.
Stanier MW and Mount Z. 1984. Energy balance and temperature regulation. London. Cambridge University Press. p. 151.
Steeger HU, Freitag JF, Michl S, Wiemer M and Paul RJ. 2001. Effects of UV-B radiation on embryonic, larvaland juvenile stages of North Sea plaice (Pleuronectes platessa)under simulated ozone-hole conditions. Helgol mar Res 55: 56—66.
Steeger HU, Wiemer M, Freitag JF and Paul J. 1999. Vitality of plaice embryos (Pleuronectes platessa) at moderate UV-B exposure. J Sea Res 42:27-34.
Stephenson J. 1930. The Oligochaeta, Oxford University Press.
Stohs SJ and Bagchi D. 1995. Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of metal ions. Free Rad Biol Med 1892):321-336.
Suschek CV, Briviba K, Bruch-Gerharz D, Sies H, Kröncke KD and Kolb-Bachofen V. 2000. Even after UVA-exposure will nitric oxide protect cells from reactive oxygen inteemediate-mediated apoptosis and becrosis. Cell Death Different 8:515-527.
Taira J, Mimura K, Yoneya T, Hagi A, Murakami A and Makino K. 1992. Hydroxyl radical formation by UV-irradiated epidermal cells. J Biochem 111: 693-695.
Thomas MJ and Pryor WA. 1985. Singlet oxygen oxidation of methyl linoleate;isolation and characherization of borohydride-reduced peoducts. Lipid Res 23: 544-548.
Townson SM, Belinda BSW, Salcedo E, Chadwell LV, Pierce NE and Britt SG 1998. Honeybee blue- and ultraviolet-sensitive opsins: cloning, heterlogous expression in Drosophola, and physiological characterization. J neurosci 18(7): 2412-2422.
Tsai CF, Shen HP and Tsai SC. 2000. Occurrence of exotic earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus. (Müller) (Glosscolecidae: Oligochaeta) in Taiwan. End Species Res 2: 68-73.
Tyrrell RM. 1979. Leathal cellular changes induced by near-ultraviolet eadiation. Act Biol Med Germ 38:1259-1269.
Tyrrell RM. 1995. Ultraviolet radiation and free radical damage to skin. Biochem Soc Symp 61:47-53.
Urbach F. 1989. The biological effects of increased ultraviolet radiation; an update. Photochem Photobiol 50: 439-441.
Urisini F. and Bindoli A. 1984. The role of selenium peroxidase in the protection against oxidative damage of membranes. Chem Phys Lipids 44:255-276.
van de Mortel T, Buttemer W, Hoffman P, Hay J and Blaustein A. 1998. A comparsion of photolyase activity in three Australian tree frogs. Oecologia 115: 366-369.
van Weelden H. and Van der Leun JC. 1985. Carcinogenesis by UV-A in pigmented and albino hairless mice. Photochem Photobiol 41: 1095.
Viarengo A. 1990. Heavy metal effects on lipid peroxidation in the tissue of Mytilus galloprovincialis LAM. Comp Biol Physiol 97C;37-42.
Vining E. P. and Drewes CD. 1985. Restoration of sensory and motor function in earthworm escape reflex pathways following ventral nerve cord transplantation. J Neurobiol 16(4): 301-315.
Webb RB. 1977. Leathal and mutagenic effects of near-ultraviolet. In Photochemical and Photobiology reviews. Vol. 2. ‘Smith, K. C. eds’ Plenum Press, New York. P. 169-261.
Wells NG. 1980. Invertebrate respiration. The institution of biology’s studies in biology. No. 127. London. Edward Arnold. p. 42-55
Wilder-Smith E. and Chow A. 2003. Water immersion and EMLA cause similar digit skin wrinkling and vasoconstriction. Microvascular Research 66: 68-72.
Willekens H, Izne D, van Montagu M and van Camp W. 1995. Catalase in plants. Mol Breeding 1:207-228.
Winckler K and Fidhiany L. 1996. Significant influence of UVA on general metabolism in the growing cichlid fish, Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 33: 131—135.
Wlaschek M, Tantchevau PI, Naseri L, MA W, Schneider LA, Razi-Wolf Z, Schüller J. and Scharffetter-Kochanek K. 2001. solar UV irradiation and dermal photoaging. J. Photochem Photobiol B Biol 63:41-51.
Zaga A, Little E, Rabeni CF and Ellersieck MR. 1998. Photoenhanced toxicity of a carbamate insecticide to early life stage anuran amphibians. Environ. Toxicol Chem 17: 2543-2553.
Zhou L. and Steller H. 2003. Distinct patways mediate UV-induced apoptosis in Drosophila embryos. Dev Cell 4(4): 599-605.
Ziegler A, Jonason JS, Leffel DW, Simon JA, Sharma HW, Kimmelmann J, Remington L, Jacks T and Brash DE. 1994. Sunburn and p53 in the onset of skin cancer. Nature. 372:773-776.
Zigman S, Reddan J, Schultz JB and McDaniel T. 1996. Structural and functional changes in catalase induced by near-UV radiation. Photochem Photobiol 63(6):818-824.
吳佳倖. 2003. 蚯蚓雨後漫遊地表與含氮廢物排泄之關連性探討. 國立台灣大學動物學研究所碩士論文.
林潤庠.1986. 探討對紫外線高度敏感的泥鰍鰭細胞. 國立台灣大學動物學研究所碩士論文.
柳中明、黃韋菁. 國際紫外線指數預報系統之分析比較. 紫外線研討會論文集, p38-64.
張麗敏.1984. 紫外線在吳郭魚細胞複製及修補的影響. 國立台灣大學動物學研究所碩士論文.
陳俊宏、莊淑君、陳昀. 1998. 紫外線對於地球上動物的影響.紫外線研討會論文集, p99-104.
趙清貴、林淑端合譯. 1988. 日光紫外輻射生物學, 華香園出版社, 239頁。