臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究探討除草劑嘉磷塞施用於土地處理系統之漫灌區中對優勢植物種的死亡、轉運、吸收及代謝之情形，並瞭解嘉磷塞施用前後土地處理系統中漫灌區水質之去除成效。由研究成果顯示優勢植物蔓澤蘭能吸收高量的嘉磷塞達2986.53 mg glyp╱kg 植物乾重。另外，植物對嘉磷塞的代謝能力由高至低分別為蔓澤蘭、葎草、咸豐草，三者皆能去除體內50%的嘉磷塞。一般而言，植物體中嘉磷塞主要的代謝物質是AMPA，觀察植物體內AMPA的代謝情形發現葎草有較好的代謝成效，再者是咸豐草，最差的是蔓澤蘭，且三種優勢植物對嘉磷塞的去除成效皆比AMPA還好。植物體內的嘉磷塞經由轉化後會形成AMPA，計算AMPA相對嘉磷塞的比例後發現三種植物其比例皆介於0.48~2.54%之間，顯示植物體中AMPA對嘉磷塞的相對累積量相當低，此可能是因為植物代謝嘉磷塞的同時，也大量的代謝AMPA所致。在三種優勢植物失水率對嘉磷塞降解成效的比較中，發現葎草及咸豐草的失水率與植體中嘉磷塞降解之關係有些相關性，其中又葎草的關係較為明顯，有隨失水率升高產生代謝延緩的現象。本研究為了瞭解嘉磷塞及其代謝物質AMPA在植物體內的轉運情形，因此將咸豐草植株裁切成根、莖、葉三部份，測定三部位之嘉磷塞及其代謝物質AMPA之濃度，結果顯示嘉磷塞主要的貯存位置是葉片。AMPA則主要累積於根部(42%)及葉片(36%)，但經由植物的轉運後，莖及根部的AMPA含量會減少，最後主要累積於葉片上(56%)。由嘉磷塞施用前後比較了土地處理系統中漫灌區水質之去除成效，發現嘉磷塞對漫灌區水質磷酸鹽的去除效率並無顯著之影響。但是，各採樣點的重金屬鐵及鋅卻有釋出的現象發生。因此於實驗室中所進行的不同濃度的嘉磷塞對重金屬鐵及鋅吸附之研究，發現土壤溶液中的嘉磷塞似乎不是造成重金屬鐵脫附的主要關鍵。但對重金屬鋅而言，高濃度的嘉磷塞土壤溶液(100mg/L)會略為影響土壤對重金屬鋅的吸附能力，但是其影響不致於造成重金屬鋅的釋出。因此判斷嘉磷塞不會直接地影響漫灌區土壤對重金屬的吸附，推論漫灌區中重金屬鐵及鋅的釋出應該是受到植物的影響較大，其乃植物受嘉磷塞藥害無法再吸收重金屬，又植物死亡後會釋出大量的重金屬所致。

This research was investigated that Glyphosate was metabolized, absorbed and transolcated for three dominant plant on irrigated area of the Land treatment system, and to understand the effect of water quality of irrigated area of the Land treatment system before and after spraying Glyphosate. The result of the experiment showed that Mikania cordata could absorb a large amount of Glyphosate and reach the level of 2986.53 mg glyp/ kg plant dry weight. In addition, metabolism of three plant to Glyphosate from high to low were Mikania cordata, Humulus scandens, Bidens alba respectively, but Glyphosate could be metabolized more than 50% for the body of three plant. Generally, aminomethyphosphonic acid (AMPA) is the major metabolite of Glyphosate in plant. For three dominant plants, the amount of AMPA metabolized were respectively Humulus scandens, Bidens alba, Mikania cordata from large to less, and Glyphosate was metabolized much than AMPA. Glyphosate was converted to AMPA by the plant. After calculating, the ratio of AMPA to Glyphosate measured in the amount of three plants is 0.48~2.54%. The data showed that the accumulation amount of AMPA in three plants was quite few. This possible reason was that AMPA was metabolized largely at the same time when the plants were metabolizing Glyphosate. Compared the percentage of water loss of three plants with metabolism of three plants to Glyphosate, we found a little of relation. Humulus scandens had the most obvious phenomenon which the efficiency of metabolism became delayed with the percentage of water loss raised. Furthermore, in order to understnd Glyphosate and its metabolite AMPA was translocated in body of plant. We cut the Bidens alba into root, stem and leaf, and determined the amount of Glyphosate and AMPA. The result of experiment showed that the main storing sites of Glyphosate in plant ware leaves. AMPA was accumulated mainly in the root (42% ) and leaves (36% ). After translocating via plant, the AMPA content of stems and roots would be reduced, and mainly accumulated in the leaves finally (56%). Before and after spraying Glyphosate, we compared the removal efficiency of water quality of irrigated area in the Land treatment system. We found that Glyphosate did not make any influence to remove phosphate of river water in the irrigated area. However, the heavy metal iron and zinc were released in every sampled site of irrigated area after spraying Glyphosate. Further, we found that Glyphosate did not the main key to make heavy metal iron desorbed by experimenting with the soil-water solution contained heavy metal iron and zinc and Glyphosate of different concentration. However, the soil-water solution contained high concentration of Glyphosate will slightly influence heavy metal zinc adsorbed by soil, but it will be unlikely to release into the solution. Therefore, we judged that Glyphosate will not directly influence soil to adsorb heavy metal in irrigated area. And we concluded the the plants of irrigated area had a great effect upon the removal efficiency of heavy metal iron and zinc.

中文摘要 ..............................................................i
英文摘要 ..............................................................iii
誌謝 ..............................................................v
目錄 ..............................................................vi
表目錄 ..............................................................viii
圖目錄 ..............................................................ix
一、 緒論 ..............................................................1
二、 文獻回顧..........................................................4
2.1 土地處理系統.......................................................4
2.1.1 土地處理系統的應用研究...........................................5
2.2 嘉磷塞農藥結構、物理化學性質及毒性.................................8
2.2.1 嘉磷塞農藥結構、物理化學性質.....................................8
2.2.2 嘉磷塞毒性及其對生態、人體的影響................................11
2.3 嘉磷塞在環境中的降解..............................................11
2.3.1 嘉磷塞在土壤中微生物的代謝作用..................................13
2.3.2 嘉磷塞在土壤中的吸附作用........................................15
2.3.3 嘉磷塞在植物(雜草)中的作用、吸收代謝及轉運情形..................18
三、 材料與方法.......................................................23
3.1 土地處理系統末端漫灌區之建構......................................23
3.2 研究架構..........................................................23
3.3 漫灌區中嘉磷塞降解實驗............................................27
3.3.1 除草劑嘉磷塞的配製及噴灑劑量....................................27
3.3.2 除草劑嘉磷塞施用之方式..........................................27
3.3.3 採樣時程........................................................27
3.4 土壤基本性質分析..................................................29
3.4.1 粒徑分析........................................................29
3.4.2 酸鹼度(pH值)....................................................29
3.4.3 含水率測定......................................................29
3.4.4 有機物含量測定..................................................29
3.4.5 陽離子交換容量..................................................29
3.4.6 土壤有效磷的測定................................................30
3.4.7 土壤重金屬分析..................................................30
3.5 嘉磷塞分析實驗 ....................................................30
3.5.1 樣品之前處理--萃取及濃縮........................................30
3.5.2 衍生化步驟......................................................31
3.5.3 GC-MS儀器操作條件...............................................31
3.6 農藥噴灑前後對漫灌區水質中重金屬及磷酸鹽含量的變化................32
3.7 不同土壤的嘉磷塞降解實驗(批次式實驗)..............................32
3.8 土壤溶液中嘉磷塞對磷酸根的競爭吸附實驗............................32
3.9 不同濃度的嘉磷塞對水中重金屬鐵及鋅影響............................33
四、 結果與討論.......................................................34
4.1 土壤基本性質......................................................34
4.2 嘉磷塞對植物的作用及藥害..........................................36
4.3 植物體中嘉磷塞的代謝情形..........................................44
4.3.1 葎草............................................................44
43.2 蔓澤蘭...........................................................47
4.3.3 咸豐草..........................................................49
4.5 除草劑嘉磷塞施用後對漫灌區採樣點水質之變化........................57
4.5.1 漫灌區採樣點水質的pH、ORP及水溫之變化...........................57
4.5.2 磷酸鹽..........................................................59
4.5.3 重金屬鐵及鋅....................................................63
五、結論與建議........................................................67
5.1 結論..............................................................67
5.2 建議..............................................................68
參考文獻..............................................................70

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