臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

新竹科學工業園區與矽谷同為研發與生產夥伴聚集地，在科技領域扮演技術領先角色，一直以來對我國經濟貢獻卓著。竹科為高科技群聚之典範，該園區的成功已引起各國注意並仿而效之，近年來有意以群聚發展國家或區域性經濟的政府，都競相參考竹科的價值創造效應。
Porter(1990)主張群聚是地理上的企業的聚集，是經濟發展的重要推手。區域得以持續地吸引相關企業形成群聚社會資本是主要原因(Maskell,1999)，社會資本涉及制度，人際關係以及塑造社交互動的質與量等基準的討論。社會資本不僅僅是所有社會制度支撐力的總和，也是粘合這些制度的接著劑(Burt,1999)。國內過去對於竹科之研究主題多為競爭策略、經營績效、組織人力資源、企業文化、區域發展等，對於高科技群聚的社會資本、知識分享與價值創造的互動關係研究則相對較少，忽略廠商與廠商的管係網絡的建立的探討。是以本研究乃建立以社會資本為自變數，知識分享為中介變數，價值創造為應變數的研究架構。
本研究針對新竹科學園區六大產業為研究對象，總共發出384份問卷，有效問卷73份，有效回收率19.1%。配合多元迴歸分析，所得實證結果為：
(1)結合型社會資本提供經證實或過濾的可靠且方便的知識與資源，在共同目標與互惠的認知下，能加速知識或資源分享的過程，對於生產力提升有很大助益。(2)橋接型社會資本則提供媒介外部資訊與資源的機會，藉由廣大的網絡連結，有助於提高創新的可能性。(3)鏈結型社會資本的專屬資源通道，能大幅降低特定資源取得的成本。(4)知識分享是一項具社交脈絡的活動，竹科廠商頻繁的互動，將降低新知識取得的成本，鼓勵創新與提高生產力，其利益並將擴展至此一高科技群聚的價值創造，使得竹科維持競爭的優勢。
社會資本在現有社交網絡，透過垂直與水平的方式，整合各種資源與協助。對於結合型社會資本方面，竹科廠商不妨主動參與各種同業的組織與工會以及其活動，透過這些組織水平整合同業資源的力量，達成鞏固同業向心力凝據共識的目的。除了同業以外，竹科廠商可以和異業之廠商或協會組織多多聯繫，以蓄積橋接型社會資本，藉著擴大網絡，取得新產品開發的不同點子或技術。另外，建議注重於與政府等公家單位的關係，加強鏈結型社會資本的蓄積，適時表達對園區發展政策的意見，或要求財政等支援，這些都可以促成業務順利執行。本研究建議竹科廠商隨時把握機會蓄積社會資本，以協助知識分享的達成，並進而提升竹科之價值創造。

The edge of innovation and productivity received attention while Porter (1990) stressed on the significance of the cluster that fostered by social capital. Hsinchu science-based industrial park, HSIP, in Taiwan is frequently cited for its miracle achievement amongst clusters in the world. The state-of-the-art technology of HSIP enables Taiwan to connect with Silicon Valley, California that drives the industrial and technology upgrading (Saxenian, 1999).

The research presented in this thesis illustrates an empirical analysis of the relationship between social capital, knowledge sharing, innovation and productivity that existing in HSIP, which evaluated by the SPSS. The result of this thesis demonstrates that various social capitals are determinants of innovation and productivity in HSIP. We argue that social capital can yield rich firm-level value creation in HSIP through knowledge sharing. An improvement of social capital proved to be beneficial to knowledge sharing and value creation.

With the empirical analysis of the HSIP, we found:
1) Bonding social capital assists to supply proved and filtered knowledge and resource in the HSIP. It speeds up process of resource sharing together with knowledge.
2) Bridging social capital acts as the intermediate of information and resource outside between networks. This brings up firms in the HSIP opportunities of innovation in business.
3) Linking social capital is the appropriated channel that greatly reduces the transaction cost of specific resource and information for all in the HSIP.
4) Knowledge sharing is an activity of social context. Through knowledge sharing, firms in the HSIP earn the chances and ideas on innovation and productivity.
Furthermore, this thesis offers to an implication in the development of social capital and knowledge sharing within this high technology cluster. Vertically and horizontally, social capital in existing network integrates resources and supports. We propose that firms in the HSIP participate in any activities of industrial organizations and association that extend the network coverage and foster social cohesion vastly. We too propose the contacts established with counterparts of different industries in HSIP more deeply. This accumulates bridging social capital that contributes to form new ideas inside and to develop new markets outside the network. We expect shortly to see more vigorous and intensified relationship between the HSIP and relative authority units and universities. This thesis believes a linking social capital help sustains the smooth business operation all through government. In addition, these three types of social capitals underpin the value creation in the HSIP.

目 錄
頁次
表次 viii
圖次 ix
第 壹 章 緒論 1
第 一 節 研究背景與動機------------------------------------1
第 二 節 研究目的 2
第 三 節 研究流程3
第 四 節 研究範圍與限制6

第 貳 章 文獻探討 9
第 一 節 群聚的意義、形成與價值創造 9
第 二 節 社會資本的意義、形成與價值創造 16
第 三 節 社會資本對知識分享之影響 22
第 四 節 社會資本對價值創造之影響 24
第 五 節 知識分享對價值創造之影響 25

第 參 章 研究設計 27
第 一 節 研究架構 27
第 二 節 研究假設 28
第 三 節 研究變數與操作型定義 31
第 四 節 抽樣對象及問卷回收 33
第 五 節 統計方法 34
第 六 節 效度與信度分析 35

第 肆 章 實證分析 41
第 一 節 敘述性統計 41
第 二 節 社會資本與知識分享關係之檢定 45
第 三 節 知識分享與群聚的價值創造關係之檢定 47
第 四 節 社會資本與群聚的價值創造關係之檢定 50

第 伍 章 結論與建議 53
第 一 節 研究結論 53
第 二 節 研究建議 56

參考文獻 61
附錄一、問卷 69



表　　次

表 2-1-1：群聚的定義 10
表 2-1-2：竹科整體營業額 16
表 2-2-1：社會資本的定義 17
表 2-2-2：不同社會資本的特性 21
表 2-2-3：社會資本的構面 22
表 2-3-1：社會結對知識移轉之關係 23
表 3-1-1：本研究各衡量變數之效度與信度分析 36
表 4-1-1：填答者公司之基本資料 42
表 4-1-2：填答者個人之基本資料 44
表 4-2-1：社會資本與知識分享之迴歸分析 47
表 4-3-1：知識分享與群聚的價值創造之迴歸分析 49
表 4-4-1：社會資本與群聚的價值創造之迴歸分析 51


圖　　次

圖1-3-1： 研究流程圖 5
圖3-1-1： 研究架構圖 28

1.Adler P. S., & Kwon, S. (2000), Social Capital: The Good The Bad and The Ugly. In Lesser E. L., (Ed.) Knowledge and Social Capital: Foundations and Applications. Boston, Butterworth Heinemann.
2.Adler, P. (2001), “Market, Hierarchy, and Trust: The Knowledge Economy And The Future of Capitalism”, Organization Science, Vol. 12 No. 2, pp. 215-34.
3.Adler, P.S. & Kwon, S. (2002), “Social capital: Prospects for a New Concept”, Academy of Management Review,27: 17–40.
4.Alter, C. & Hage, J. (1993),Organizations Working Together. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
5.Appleyard, M. (1996), “How Does Knowledge Flow? Interfirm Patterns in the Semiconductor Industry”, Strategic Management Journal.17 (winter): 137-154
6.Arenius, P. M. (2002) Creation of Firm Level Social Capital, Its Exploitation, and the Process of Early Internationalization, Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Institute of strategy and international business, Helsinki University of Technology
7.Bahrami, H., & Stuart E. (2000), Flexible Recycling and High Technology Entrepreneurship in Understanding Silicon Valley: The Anatomy of an Entrepreneurial Region, ed. Martin Kenney. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
8.Barner-Rasmussen, W. (2003): Knowledge Sharing In Multinational Corporations, Publications of the Swedish School of Economics and Business Administration, Helsingfors
9.Bergman, E. (2001), Background Paper #2, Asheville meeting, www.rtsinc.org.
10.Bourdieu P. (1986),The Forms Of Capital. In J. G. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of Theory and Research for The Sociology Of Education: 241–258. New York: Greenwood.
11.Breschi, S. & Malerba, F. (2001), “The Geography of Innovation And Economic Clustering: Some Introductory Notes”, Industrial and Corporate Change 10(4), December, 817-834.
12.Burt, R. S. (1982) Toward a Structural Theory of Action. New York: Academic Press.
13.Burt, R. S. (1992), Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
14.Burt, R. S. (1997), “The Contingent Value of Social Capital.” Administrative Science Quarterly 42: 339-365.
15.Burt, R.S. (1999), Entrepreneurs, Distrust, and Third Party: AStrategic Look at the Dark Side of Dense Ntworks. L. L. Thompson, J.M. Levine, D. M. Messick, eds. Shared Cognition in Orgazination. Mahwah, NJ: Lawremce Erlbaum Associates, 213 -243
16.Burt, R. S. (2000), “The Network Structure of Social Capital.” Research in Organizational Behavior 42: 339-365.
17.Carayannis, E.G., J. Alexander & A. Ioannidis(2000), “Leveraging Knowledge, Learning, and Innovation in Forming Strategic Government-University-Industry R&D partnerships in the US, Germany, and France”. In: Technovation 20 pp. 477-488.
18.Carayannis, E.G.(2004), “Measuring Intangibles: Managing Intangibles for Tangible Outcomes in Research and Innovation”, Int. J. Nuclear Knowledge Management, Vol. 1, Nos. 1/2, pp. 49-67
19.Castells, M. & Hall, P. (1994): Technopoles of the World – The Making of The 21st Century Industrial Complexes. London: Routledge.
20.Cohen, D. & Prusak, L. (2001), In Good Company: How Social Capital makes Organizations Work. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
21.Coleman J. (1999), “Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital”, American Journal of Sociology, vol 94, pp. S95-S121
22.Collier P. (1998), Social Capital and Poverty, Social Capital Initiative, Working Paper No 4, World Bank.
23.Davenport, T.H. (1998), Working Knowledge, Harvard Business School Press, Boston.
24.Davenport, T.H. & Prusak, L. (1998),Working Knowledge.: How Organizations Manage What They Know, Harvard Business School Press, Boston,
25.Disterer, G. (2003)”Fostering Knowledge Sharing: Why and How?”, in:Reis, A. P.d.,Isaias, P.(Edt)., Proceedings of the IADIS International Conference e-Society 2003, Lissabon:IADIS, 2003, pp. 219-226
26.Doeringer, P. B.& Terkla, D. G. (1995), “Business Strategy and Cross-Industry Clusters”. Economic Development Quarterly, 9(3): 225-37.
27.Elsner, W. (1998), “An Industrial Policy Agenda 2000 and Beyond: Experience, Theory and Policy”. Bremen Contributions to Institutional and Social-Economics (Eds.)Biesecker, A./ Elsner, W./ Grenzdörffer, K., No. 34.
28.Fahey, L. & L. Prusak. (1998), “The Eleven Deadliest Sins of Knowledge Management”California Management Review 40(3): 265-277.
29.Falk, I. & Kilpatrick, S. (1999), What is Social Capital? A Study of Interaction in a Rural Community, Centre for Research and Learning in Regional Australia, discussion paper D5.
30.Fukuyama, F. (1995), Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. New York: Free Press.
31.Fukuyama, F. (1999), The Great Disruption: Human Nature and the Reconstitution of Social Order. New York: The Free Press.
32.Gambetta, D. ed. (1988), Trust: Making and Breaking Relationships. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
33.Gittell, R. & Vidal, A. (1998), Community Organizing: Building Social capital as a Development Strategy, Sage, San Francisco.
34.Gomez-Perez, A. (1996), “Towards a Framework to Verify Knowledge Sharing Technology” Expert Systems with Applications, Vol 11 No 4, pp. 519–529.
35.Granovetter, M. S. (1992), Problems of Explanation in Economic Sociology. In Nohria, N. & Eccles, R. (eds.). Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form and Action. Boston: Harvard Business School Press
36.Granovetter, M.S. (1973), “The Strength of Weak Ties”. American Journal Sociology 78,1360-1380.
37.Granovetter, M.S. (1995), Getting a Job: A Study of Contacts and Careers (2nd Ed.), Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
38.Halpern, D. (2001), “Moral Values, Social Trust and Inequality - Can Values Explain Crime?” British Journal Criminology 41:236-251.
39.Hanifan, L.J. (1916),”The Rural School Community Center” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 67: 130–138.
40.Hansen, M.T. (1999), “The Search-Transfer Problem: The Role of Weak Ties in Sharing Knowledge across Organization Subunits” Administration Science Quarterly 44, 82-111.
41.Hazleton, V. & Kennan, W. (2000), “Social Capital: Reconceptulizing the Bottom Line” Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 5, 81-86.
42.Hill, E. W., & Brennan, J. F. (2000), “A Methodology for Identifying the Drivers of Industrial Clusters: The foundation of regional competitive advantage.” Economic Development Quarterly. 14(1), 65-96.
43.Hospers, G. J., & S. Beugelsdijk (2002), “Regional Cluster Policies; Learning by Comparing?” Kyklos 3:381-401.
44.Huber G.P. (1999), “Facilitating Project Team Learning and Contributions to Organizational Knowledge”. Creativity and Innovation Management. 8(2), 70–76.
45.Inkpen, A. C., & Dinur, A. (1998), “Knowledge Management Processes and International Joint Ventures.” Organization Science, 9: 454–468.
46.Kearns, A. & Forrest, R. (2000), “Social Cohesion and Multilevel Urban Governance,” Urban Studies, 37(5-6): 995-1017.
47.Kostova, T., & Roth, K. (2003), “Social Capital in Multinational Corporations and a Micro-Macro Model of its Formation.” Academy of Management Review,28: 297–317.
48.Krugman, P., (1979), “A Model of Innovation, Technology Transfer, and the World Distribution of Income,” Journal of Political Economy,253-266, April 1979.
49.Krugman, P.,(1994),”The Myth of Asian Miracle” Foreign Affairs 73, no. 6 (November/December)
50.Leana, C. R., & Van Burren III, H. J. (1999), “Organizational Social Capital and Employment Practices.” Academy of Management Review. 24(3): 538-555
51.Lee, L. & Al-Hawamdeh, S. (2002), “Factors impacting knowledge sharing” Journal of Information & Knowledge Management, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 49-56.
52.Loebecke, C., P. Van Fenema & P. Powell(1999), “Co-opetition and Knowledge Transfer”, The DATA BASE for Advances in Information Systems, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 14-25.
53.Luo, Y. (2000), “Determinants of Local Responsiveness: Perspectives from foreign subsidiaries in an emerging market”, Journal of Management,27: 451-477.
54.Mansfield, E., Romeo, A. & Wagner, S. (1979), “Foreign Trade and U.S. Research and Development”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 61: 49- 57.
55.Maskell, P (2000), Knowledge Creation and Diffusion in Geographic Clusters, Mimeo, DRUID, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark.
56.Maskell, P. (2001), “Towards a Knowledge-Based Theory of the Geographic Cluster”, Industrial and Corporate Change,10(4), pp. 921-43.
57.Maskell, P., H. Eskelinen, I. Hannibalsson, A. Malmberg, & E. Vatne (1998), Competitiveness, Localised Learning and Regional Development: Specialization and Prosperity in Small Open Economies, London: Routledge
58.Mathews, J. A. (1997), “A Silicon Valley of the East: Creating Taiwans Semiconductor Industry”, California Management Review. v. 39, n. 4,
59.McPherson, J. M., P. A. Popielarz, & S. Drobnic (1992), “Social Networks and Organizational Dynamics”, American Sociological Review, 57(2),153-170.
60.McCormick, D. (1999), “African Enterprise Clusters and Industrialization: Theory and Reality.” World Development 27 (No.9) 1693:1531-1551
61.Mueller, F. (1996), “Human Resources as Strategic Assets: An Evolutionary Resource-Based Theory” Journal of Management Studies, 33: 6, 757-785.
62.Nahapiet, J., & Ghoshal, S. (1998), “Social Capital, Intellectual Capital, and the Organizational Advantage”, Academy of Management Review,23: 242-266.
63.Narayan, D. & Pritchett, L. (1997), Cents and Sociability: Household Income and Social Capital in Rural Tanzania, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, June, Washington D.C: The World Bank.
64.Narayan, D. (1997), “Voices of the Poor: Poverty and Social Capital in Tanzania.” ESSD Studies and Monographs Series, Vol. 20. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
65.Narayan, D. (2000), Voices of the Poor: Can Anyone Hear Us? New York: Oxford University Press.
66.Narayan, D. (2002), Bonds and Bridges: Social Capital and Poverty. In Jonathan Isham, Thomas Kelly, and Sunder Ramaswamy, eds. Social Capital and Economic Development: Well-Being in Developing Countries. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar,
67.Nonaka, I. & Konno, N. (1998), “The Concept of ‘Ba’: Building a Foundation for Knowledge Creation”, California Management Rev. 40 (Spring), 40-54.
68.Nonaka, I. (1994), “A Dynamic Theory Of Organizational Knowledge Creation”, Organization Science, 5,14–37.
69.Nooteboom, B. (2002), Trust. Forms, foundations, functions failures and figures. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
70.Porter, M. (1990), The Competitive Advantages of Nations. New York, Free Press
71.Porter, M. (1998), “Clusters and the New Economics of Competition”. Harvard Business Review, 76(6): 77–90.
72.Porter, M. (2001), The Netherlands Innovation Lecture, The Hague.
73.Portes, A. (1995), The Economic Sociology of Immigration: Essays on Networks, Ethnicity and Entrepreneurship. New York: Russell Sage.
74.Powell, W. W. (1996), “Inter-Organizational Collaboration in the Biotechnology Industry” Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics (JITE), Vol. 152,197-225.
75.Powell, W.W. , K.W. Koput, & L. Smith. (1996), “Inter-Organizational Collaboration and the Focus of Innovation: Networks of Learning in Biotechnology”, Administrative Science Quarterly. 41:116-145
76.Prahalad, C.K. & Gary, H., (1990), “The Core Competence of the Corporation”, Harvard Business Review. May-June: 79-91
77.Pretty, J. N. & Ward, H. (2001), What is Social Capital? World Development 29 (2) 209-227 University of Essex web site.
78.Prusak, L. (1996), “The Knowledge Advantage”, Strategy & Leadership.24(2):6-8
79.Putnam R. D. (1993), “The Prosperous Community: Social Capital and Public Life.” American Prospect 13: 35-42.
80.Putnam, R. D., (1996), “The Strange Disappearance of Civic America”, The American Prospect Vol. 24, pp. 34-48.
81.Putnam, R. D., (2000), Bowling Alone. The Collapse and Revival of American Community, New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
82.Rogers, E. & J. Larsen (1984), Silicon Valley fever: Growth of high-technology culture. New York: Basic Books.
83.Rosenfeld, S. A. (1995), Industrial-strength strategies: Regional business clusters and public policy, Washington: The Aspen Institute.
84.Rosenfeld, S. A. (1996), Overachievers: Business Clusters that Work. Carrboro, NC: Regional Technology Strategies, Inc.
85.Rosenfeld, S. A. (1997), “Bringing Business Clusters into the Mainstream of Economic Development.” European Planning Studies, 5(1), 3-23.
86.Saxenian, A. (1994), Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
87.Saxenian, A. (1999), The Silicon Valley - Hsinchu connection: Technical communities and industrial upgrading. Mimeo.
88.Saxenian, A. & Hsu, J. Y. (2002), “The Silicon Valley-Hsinchu Connection: Technical Communities and Industrial Upgrading.” Industrial and Corporate Change 10(4), December, 893- 920.
89.Schmitz, H. (1992), “On the Clustering of Small Firms”, IDS Bulletin, vol. 23, No. 3, July.
90.Schuller, T., Baron, S., & Field, J. (2000) Social Capital: A Review and Critique. In Social Capital: Critical Perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
91.Starkey, K., S. Tempest & McKinlay, A. (2004), How Organizations Learn The Search for Competitive Advantage. London: Thomson Learning.
92.Steiner, M. & Hartmann, C. (1998), Interfirm Co-Operation and Learning within SME Networks – two cases from the Styrian Automotive Cluster Paper presented at the 38th RSA European Congress, Vienna.
93.Szulanski, G. (1996), “Exploring Internal Stickiness: Impediments to the Transfer of Best Practice within the Firm.” Strategic Management J. 17,27-43.
94.Teece, D. (1976), The Multinational Corporation and The Resource Cost of International Technology Transfer, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
95.Teece, D. (1987), The Competitive Challenge: Strategies for Industrial Innovation and Renewal. Cambridge: Ballinger Publishing Company.
96.The World Bank (1999) What is Social Capital? PovertyNet http://www.worldbank.org/poverty/scapital/whatsc.htm
97.Tsai, W. & Ghoshal, S. (1998), “Social Capital and Value Creation: The Role of Intrafirm Networks.” Academy of Management Journal, 41: 464-476.
98.Winter, S.G. (1987), Knowledge and Competence as Strategic Assets, in D.J. Teece (ed.) The competitive challenge. Cambridge: Ballinger.
99.Woolcock, M. & Narayan, D. (2000), “Social Capital: Implications for Development Theory, Research, and Policy.” The World Bank Research Observer,15(2): 225-249.
100.Woolcock, M. (1998), Social Capital and Economic Development: Toward A Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework Theory and Society 27: 151-208
101.Woolcock, M. (1999), Managing Risk, Shocks, and Opportunity in Developing Economies: The Role of Social Capital. In Gustav Ranis, ed. Dimensions of Development. New Haven, CT: Yale Center for International and Area Studies, pp. 197-212.
102.Woolcock, M. (2001), “The Place of Social Capital in Understanding Social and Economic Outcomes.” ISUMA Canadian Journal of Policy Research 2 (1) 11-17.
103.Yli-Renko H., Autio E., & Sapienza H.J., (2001), “Social Capital, Knowledge Acquisition, and Knowledge Exploitation in young Technology-based Firms”, Strategic Management Journal N°22. 587-613.