本研究探討各種電解液添加劑對提昇釕氧化物電極儲電性能的影響，包括電極阻抗、電極電容量、氣體生成過電位、漏電流、電極平衡電位和循環充放電量等之變化，並深入評估各種電解液添加劑之效果，求得實用的電解液和添加劑的配方，克服電容器的漏電流、正負二極儲電量不對稱及過充或過放反應等問題。
實驗結果顯示，釕氧化物電極在4.5M硫酸電解液中，具有較佳的電容值與最低的阻抗值。由CV掃描測試，求得在4.5M硫酸電解液中，添加硫酸鈷與硫酸錳添加劑對電容量的變化，結果顯示，其電容量有提升的趨勢，當添加濃度達0.010M時，電容分別增加0.02及0.05 C/cm2。阻抗分析結果顯示，添加低濃度之硫酸鈷與硫酸錳添加劑，具有降低阻抗的功效，當添加濃度為0.01M時，阻抗分別降低0.03及0.05 ohm/cm2。利用線性掃描法，分析在4.5M硫酸電解液中，添加硫酸鈷與硫酸錳添加劑之陽極與陰極極化行為，結果顯示，硫酸鈷與硫酸錳能有效降低生成氧氣的活性，增加氧氣生成的過電位，由塔佛線，求得陽極產生氧氣的轉移係數α，會隨著硫酸鈷與硫酸錳濃度的增加而下降，交換電流I0值則隨著濃度的上升而增加。
由CV掃描測試，求得在4.5M硫酸電解液中，添加檸檬酸與葡萄糖添加劑對電容量的影響。結果顯示，添加檸檬酸與葡萄糖會影響電極的充放，在較高的掃描速率下，會造成電容下降。從阻抗分析結果得知，在4.5M硫酸電解液中，添加低濃度之檸檬酸與葡萄糖添加能降低阻抗值。利用線性掃描法，分析在4.5M硫酸電解液中，添加檸檬酸與葡萄糖添加劑之陽極與陰極極化行為，從結果得知，添加檸檬酸與葡萄糖，能有效抑制氧氣/氫氣的生成，增加氧氣/氫氣生成的過電，由塔佛線，可求得在4.5M的硫酸電解液中，添加檸檬酸與葡萄糖添加劑對電極產生氣體之動力學參數的影響，結果顯示，陽極產生氧氣與陰極產生氫氣的轉移係數α，皆隨著添加濃度的增加而下降，交換電流I0值不論在陽極或陰極皆隨著濃度的上升而增加。
從元件的漏電流測試結果得知，在4.5M的硫酸電解液中，添加硫酸鈷、硫酸錳、葡萄糖與檸檬酸添加劑，均能有效降低氧氣產生的漏電流，其中硫酸錳對氧氣漏電流的抑制最為明顯。由元件漏電流測試亦可得知，鐵離子會增加元件的漏電流，從實驗結果也驗證了，在 4.5M的硫酸電解液中，添加12-Crown-4與15-Crown-5能有安定鐵離子的功用，降低系統漏電流。而 EDTA在強酸中非常安定，不易解離，因此沒辦法與鐵離子形成穩定的錯化合物，來達到安定鐵離子的功效。

Abstracts
Inorganic and organic electrolyte additives, including CoSO4 , MnSO4, citric acid, dextrose, 12-crown-4 and 15-crown-5 for improving the performance of the ruthenium oxide electrode supercapacitors have been studied in this work. The effects of these electrolyte additives on anodic and cathodic polarization curves, cyclic voltammetric behavior and impedance of the individual electrodes in the electrolyte are investigated systematically.
The result shows that the ruthenium oxide electrode has the lowest impedance and high capacity in 4.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte solution. Analysis of the polarization behavior shows that the additives in the electrolyte decrease the transfer coefficient α and depress the evolution of oxygen on the ruthenium electrodes which increase the potential window for the operation and tolerance to overcharge of the devices. The CV behavior analysis shows the CoSO4 and MnSO4 additives in the electrolyte increase the capacity of the ruthenium oxide electrodes of ca 0.02~0.05 Coul/cm2, while citric acid and dextrose have little effects. In addition, the impedance measurement shows the additives in the electrolyte decrease the impedance by 0.03~0.05 ohm/cm2 as a result of depolarization of the ruthenium oxide electrode.
A leakage current Il measurement of the ruthenium oxide electrode capacitors also reveals that CoSO4 , MnSO4, citric acid, dextrose decrease Il contributed from O2 successfully at charge potential larger than 1.0 V, while 12-crown-4 and 15-crown-5 decrease Il resulted from ferrous/ferric impurity effectively between 0.4~0.8V.

頁次
中文摘要 .................................................. i
英文摘要 .................................................. iii
誌謝 .................................................. iv
表目錄 .................................................. viii
圖目錄 .................................................. ix
第一章 緒論............................................... 1
1.1 電化學電器.......................................... 1
1.2 釕氧化物超高電容器特性原理........................... 2
1.2.1釕氧化物超高電容器之儲電特性........................ 4
1.2.2釕氧化物電極的漏電流與自放電反應..................... 7
1.2.3 釕氧化物電極的阻抗特性............................. 8
1.3 交流阻抗分析原理........................................ 12
1.3.1.電化學系統等效電路及其阻抗分析...................... 12
1.3.2電感阻抗現象....................................... 14
1.3.3擴散阻抗........................................... 15
1.4 研究動機................................................ 19
第二章 實驗方法與步驟........................................... 21
2.1 使用儀器與藥品........................................... 21
2.2 電極與電解液的前製工作.................................... 22
2.3 電化學測試.............................................. 23
2.2.1循環伏安法測試...................................... 23
2.2.2線性掃瞄法.......................................... 23
2.2.3阻抗分析........................................... 23
2.4 電極表面分析............................................. 24
2.5 釕氧化物超高電容器的封裝.................................. 26
2.3.1封裝示意圖.......................................... 26
第三章 結果與討論............................................... 27
3.1 釕氧化物電極之表面分析與結構鑑定........................... 27
3.2 電解液影響釕氧化物電極的特性分析........................... 31
3.2.1硫酸電解液濃度對釕氧化物電極儲電特性之探討............. 31
3.2.2硫酸電解液濃度對釕氧化物電極生成氣體之影響............. 31
3.2.3硫酸電解液濃度對釕氧化物電極阻抗的特性探討............. 31
3.3 電解液添加劑對釕氧化物電極儲電特性的影響.................... 38
3.3.1CoSO4及MnSO4添加劑對釕氧化物電極儲電量的影響.......... 38
3.3.2 CoSO4及MnSO4添加劑對抑制釕氧化物電極生成氣體之影響.... 43
3.3.3 CoSO4及MnSO4添加劑對生成氣體之反應動力學探討......... 49
3.3.4 CoSO4及MnSO4添加劑對釕氧化物電極阻抗的特性探討....... 51
3.3.5 Citric acid及Dextrose添加劑對釕氧化物電極儲電量的特性分
析............................................... 60
3.3.6 Citric acid及Dextrose添加劑對釕氧化物電極氣體過電位的抑制效
應............................................... 65
3.3.7 Citric acid及Dextrose添加劑對生成氣體之反應動力學探討 71
3.3.8 Citric acid及Dextrose添加劑對釕氧化物電極阻抗的特性探
討............................................... 72
3.4 電解液添加劑對釕氧化物電極產生氧氣漏電流之特性分析........... 81
3.5 系統中鐵離子雜質對漏電流的影響............................. 89
第四章 總結................................................... 100
參考文獻 ....................................................... 102
附錄 ....................................................... 107

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