臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

國家社會主義制度下的蘇聯，政治和經濟集權化，國家對社會進行全面而深入的干預與管控。一直到了蘇聯末期，戈巴契夫推動「重建」與「公開性」等重要的改革政策之後，公民社會才開始萌芽。一九九一年蘇聯正式解體後，共產黨的威權統治被民主制度取代，因此，俄國的公民社會、民主制度和市場經濟的建立，幾乎是同步進行的。由於葉爾欽為了能順利進行改革而不受到社會的牽絆，因而對公民社會刻意疏離。公民社會就在政治混亂與經濟衰退的條件下，自謀生路。

在進入了普丁時代後，為結束俄國轉型過程中的混亂，普丁透過「垂直的總統權力」與「法律獨裁」手段來打造強大的國家。俄羅斯原本的混合政權在普丁「管理式民主」的治理下，以轉型為某種準威權主義政權。

在普丁「管理式民主」框架下的國家與公民社會關係是：國家承認公民社會的存在，並為公民社會提供制度性的法律保障，同時，國家也要對公民社會進行必要的干預和調節，為公民社會確立人人適用的普遍法律規則、對公民社會自身無力解決的矛盾或衝突進行干預協調；然而在這裡，存在一個國家對公民社會干預的界限確定問題。而二ＯＯ一年十一月由克里姆林宮所舉辦的「公民論壇」則是最受爭議也最具有代表性的例子。普丁透過公開的對話正式地承認了公民社會團體在政治和社會上的重要性，但事實上，「公民論壇」只是政府收編俄羅斯支離破碎之公民社會的實質工具。

Political power and economy were highly centralized under state socialism. Society was intervened thoroughly and overwhelmed by the Soviet state. Civil society was unable to emerge until the final years of the Soviet Union due to Gorbachev’s reform programs of perestroika and glasnost. Since the Soviet Union disintegrated in 1991, Russia’s civil society, democratic institutions, and market economy have to develop simultaneously. Because of Yeltsin’s alienated attitude toward civil society for the sake of smooth reforms without considering social demands, civil society had to develop on its own under the conditions of political chaos and economic depression.

In order to end the transition turmoil left by Yeltsin, Putin has been trying to craft a strong state through the “presidential vertical” and the “dictatorship of law.” Russia’s hybrid regime under Putin has been transformed to a sort of quasi-authoritarianism which is caused by the so called “managed democracy.”

The relationship between the state and civil society under the framework of “managed democracy” is the following: State recognizes the existence of civil society and provides legal regulations for the latter’s development. The Civic Forum which was held in November 2001 by the Kremlin authorities represented the most controversial case of state’s role in the development of civil society. Putin officially recognized the importance of civil society through open dialogue, but in fact the Civic Forum was just a tool for the government to co-opt Russia’s fragmented civil society.

第一章、 緒論...............................................1
第一節 研究動機與目的.......................................4
第二節 研究方法、研究範圍與限制.............................8
第三節 文獻述評............................................11
第四節 研究架構與章節安排..................................18

第二章、 俄國公民社會發展回顧..............................21
第一節 公民社會之概念界定..................................24
第二節 俄國政權本質........................................31
第三節 俄羅斯公民社會的興起與發展進程......................44
第四節 俄國公民社會發展的侷限..............................55
第五節 小結................................................65

第三章、 普丁時期國家的強化與公民社會的弱化................67
第一節 普丁的強國策略......................................70
第二節 普丁的「管理式民主」................................81
第三節 「管理式民主」下公民社會的革新......................99
第四節 普丁時期的公民社會現況.............................107
第五節 小結...............................................116

第四章、 個案分析—克里姆林宮的公民論壇...................119
第一節 舉辦公民論壇之動機與緣起...........................122
第二節 公民論壇之過程.....................................128
第三節 普丁與公民論壇—合作還是收編？.....................134
第四節 公民論壇的意義與影響...............................140
第五節 小結...............................................146

第五章、 結論.............................................149


附錄
�D�d�g�a�U�c�^�Z �I�Z�Y�Z�f�U�a�r�c�d�b�i �F�d�V�f�U�c�^�t �E�dПослание Федеральному Собранию Российской Федерации 2000….......................................................159
Послание Федеральному Собранию Российской Федерации 2003.........................................................176
Послание Федеральному Собранию Российской Федерации 2004.........................................................179
Рабочая Группа Оргкомитета Гражданского Форума, Образованная из Трех Равных по Составу Квот.....................182
О целях и задачах Гражданского Форума..................185

參考文獻.....................................................191


圖表目錄

圖2-1 政治、經濟和公民社會團體關係圖.........................28
圖2-2 1987-1999年前蘇聯時期抗議動員活動次數表................49
圖3-1 1996-2004年俄國公民社會組織與社團數量圖...............109

表3-2　俄羅斯GDP指標.........................................112
表3-3　「自由之家」的評比：俄羅斯公民自由程度................114
表5-1　「自由之家」的評比：俄羅斯民主自由程度................156

中文資料
一、 書籍
王桂香 等譯，�E�d�_ �A�Z�Y�W�Z�Y�Z�W 原著，《普京時代—世紀之交的俄羅斯》，北京：世界知識出版社，2001.8。
王謙 等譯，David Potter et al. 原著，《民主化的歷程》，台北：韋伯文化，2000。
尹耀慶，《蘇維埃帝國的消亡》，台北：五南圖書，1994。
田弘茂、朱雲漢等主編，《鞏固第三波》，台北：國家政策研究中心，1997。
田弘茂、朱雲漢等主編，《新興民主的機遇與挑戰》，台北：國家政策研究中心，1997。
孟樊，《後現代的認同政治》，台北：揚智文化，民90。
吳玉山，《俄羅斯轉型1992~1999：一個政治經濟學的分析》，台北：五南圖書，2000。
明居正、高朗 編，《憲政體制新走向》，台北：新台灣人基金會，2001。
周陽山，《自由與權威》，台北：三民書局，民79。
哈伯瑪斯 & 泰勒 & 黃宗智，《社會主義：後冷戰時代的思索》，香港：牛津大學出版社，1995。
陳其南，《公民國家意識與台灣政治發展》，台北：允晨文化，民81。
徐葵 等 譯，⑴�c�Y�f�U�c�u�c �A�^�X�f�U�c�u�c 原著，《俄羅斯現代化與公民社會》，北京：新華出版社，2003.10。
李酉潭、陳志瑋 譯，索倫森 (Georg Sorensen) 著，《最新民主與民主化》(Democracy and Democratization: Processes and Prospects in a Changing)，台北：韋伯文化，2003。
曹廷清、楊成竹，《蘇聯簡史》，台北：五南圖書，民82。
張樹華，《過渡時期的俄羅斯社會》，北京：新華出版社，2001.12。
鄧正來，《市民社會》，台北：揚智文化，2001。


二、 論文、期刊專文
王立新，〈俄羅斯的民主與民主化解析〉，《當代世界社會主義雙月刊》，2002，第5期，頁83-87。
郁建興、呂明再，〈治理：國家與市民社會關係理論的再出發〉，《求是學刊》，2003年，第30期，第4卷，頁34-39。
郝宇偉，〈簡析俄羅斯司法改革的路徑、績效和問題〉，《俄羅斯研究》，2002，第三期，頁25-28。
盛世良，〈普京第二任期對內政策的調整〉，《當代世界與社會主義雙月刊》，2004，第二期，頁96-99。
許文傑，〈公民參與公共行政之理論與實踐—「公民性政府」的理想型建構〉，政治大學公共行政所，博士論文，民89.6。
許新，〈普京總統新任期的經濟治國方略〉，《俄羅斯中亞東歐研究》，2004，第二期，頁8-18。
張彭飛，〈俄羅斯的司法改革及其對我國的啟示〉，《鄭州大學法學院學報》，2004，第20期，第3卷，頁64-66。
張震威，〈市民社會之探究〉，師範大學公民訓育研究所，碩士論文，民83.6。
馮瑞傑，〈台灣市民社會與民主化之研究 (1980-2000)〉，政治大學中山人文社會科學研究所，碩士論文，民93.5。
趙龍庚，〈普京強化國家權力的方針和措施〉，《和平與發展》，2000，第4期，頁。潘永強，〈馬來西亞國家機關與公民社會之研究〉，政治大學東亞研究所，碩士論文，民89.1。
暢征，〈強內以制外—俄羅斯總統普京的治政之道〉，《領導科學》，2004，八月號，頁42-43。
劉清才，〈俄羅斯總統普京的對內政策〉，《東北亞論壇》，2002，第1期，頁12-15。
羅彥傑，〈蘇聯末期公民社會萌芽之研究〉，政治大學俄羅斯研究所，碩士論文，民90.6。


英文資料
一、 書籍
Breslauer, George, W., Gorbachev and Yeltsin as Leaders, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Brown, Archie, & Lilia Shevtsova, Gorbachev, Yeltsin, and Putin: Political Leadership in Russia’s Transition, Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2001.
Birch Sarah, ed., Embodying Democracy: Electoral System Design in Post-Communist Europe, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
Barany Zoltan and Moser G Robert., eds., Russian Politics: Challenges of Democratization, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Cohen, Jean L. & Andrew, Arato, Civil Society and Political Theory, Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1992.
Colton, Timothy J., & Michael McFaul, Popular Choice and Managed Democracy: The Russian Elections of 1999 and 2000, Washingtion, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2003.
Dahl, Robert A., A Preface to Democratic Theory, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1995.
Danks, Catherine, Russian Politics and Society: Introduction, London: Pearson Education Limited, 2001.
Diamond, Larry, eds., Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies: Themes and Perspectives, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.
Diamond, Larry, Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.
Fish, M. Steven, Democracy from Scratch: Opposition and Regime in the New Russian Revolution, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1995.
Graeme, Gill, Democracy and Post-Communism: Political Change in the Post-Communist World, New York: Routledge, 2002.
Howard, M. Marc, The Weakness of Civil Society in Post-Communist Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
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Lapidus, Gail W., The New Russia: Troubled Transformation, Colorado: Westview Press, 1995.
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McFaul Michael, Russia’s Unfinished Revolution: Political Change from Gorbachev to Putin, New York: Cornell University Press, 2002.
McFaul, Michael,; Nikolai Petrov, & Andrei Ryabov, Between Dictatorship and Democracy: Russian Post-Communist Political Reform, Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2004.
Putnam, Robert D., Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993.
Reshetar, John S., The Soviet Polity: Government and Politics in the U.S.S.R., New York: Harper & Row, 1978.
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Shevtsova, Lilia, Putin’s Russia, Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2003.
Smith, Gordon, B., ed., State-Building in Russia: The Yeltsin Legacy and the Challenge of the Future, Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1999.
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Urban, Michael, The Rebirth of Politics in Russia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
White, Stephen,; Alex Pravda & Zvi Gitelman, Developments in Russian Politics 5, Durham: Duke University Press, 2001.

二、 論文、期刊專文
Alekseyeva, Lyudmila, “The third sector and the authorities,” Social Sciences, 2003, 34 (3): 122-130.
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俄文及電子文獻
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�D�f�d�l�Z�Y�i�f�U �C�h�V�d�f�U �H�m�U�g�h�c�^�`�d�W ⑷�f�U�\�Y�U�c�g�`�d�X�d �I�d�f�i�b�U；Procedure for selection of Civic Forum participants), Moscow, 24 October 2001, <http://www.civilforum.ru/work/421.html>
�E�Z�n�Z�c�^�Z �E�U�V�d�m�Z�_ ⑷�f�i�e�e�_ �C�f�X�`�d�b�^�h�Z�h�U ⑷�f�U�\�Y�U�c�g�`�d�X�d �I�d�f�i�b�U �C �E�Z�X�^�d�c�U�a�r�c�^�k ���W�d�h�U�k ⑸�a�u ⑽�m�U�g�h�c�^�`�d�W ⑷�f�U�\�Y�U�c�g�`�d�X�d �I�d�f�i�b�U；Decision by the Working Group of the Civic Forum Organizing Committee on regional quotas for Civic Forum participants), Moscow, 9 October 2001, <http://www.civilforum.ru/chronicle/247.html>
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