未來行動通訊網路之傳輸層將以IP技術為主，各種IP多媒體服務的興起將產生複雜的訊務及動態且多樣化的服務品質(Quality of Service，QoS)需求；加上行動通訊網路具高度不穩定的特性，造成即時服務(real-time service)在IP傳輸層上的效能不彰，無法有效保證一定的服務品質。為有效滿足動態且多樣化的服務品質需求，不只需針對平均頻寬、延遲、抖動和封包丟失率作控制，更需即時的服務品質回饋機制以動態與精確的控制服務品質。本論文提出一回饋型服務品質控制架構與方法，將需要服務品質保證之即時服務的效能轉換為使用者滿意度並即時回饋此滿意度，以動態協商資源並調整到所需之服務品質。如此不僅更能真實反應使用者滿意程度，更能有效提升網路資源的使用。我們選擇UMTS系統，乃因該系統是以IP傳輸介面為傳輸層，並亟需服務品質控制的系統。末了，我們以模擬實驗來驗證本論文之回饋型服務品質控制架構的效能。

IP technology will be the core technology of transmission layer in the future mobile communication network. The rise of varied IP-based multimedia services will produce complicated traffic and diversified service quality (Quality of Service, QoS) demands. In addition, the wireless mobile communication network is highly error-prone, this will cause real-time services to have poor performance in IP transmission layer, and hard to guarantee services with a certain quality. To meet this, we not only need to control average bandwidth, delay, jitter and packet loss, but also a well-defined prompt feedback mechanism to dynamically and accurately control the service quality. This thesis proposes a feedback-based QoS control framework to convert QoS parameters of real-time services into user's satisfaction and then feedback this satisfaction immediately. The feedback information is used to dynamically negotiate demanding resource to guarantee a certain service quality. This framework can not only more closely reflect user's satisfaction, but also enhance the network resource usage more effectively. We choose UMTS as our target system is because its transmission layer is based on IP transmission interface, and it has emergent need to have better QoS control. At the end, we use Network Simulator-2 to verify the proposed framework is more effective.

TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF FIGURES vii
LIST OF TABLES ix
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 UMTS 1
1.1.1 3GPP R99 2
1.1.2 3GPP R4 2
1.1.3 3GPP R5 3
1.2 Quality of Service (QoS) 3
1.3 UMTS QoS 3
1.3.1 QoS Architecture of UMTS 4
1.3.2 QoS Management Functions 5
1.3.2.1 Mapping function 6
1.3.2.2 Classification function 6
1.3.2.3 Resource Manager 6
1.3.2.4 Traffic conditioner 7
1.3.3 IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) 7
1.4 Perception of User and QoS Control 7
CHAPTER 2 RELATED WORKS 9
2.1 Service Quality Quantification 9
2.1.1 Subject Method 9
2.1.1.1 Mean Opinion Score (MOS) 9
2.1.2 Object Method 10
2.1.2.1 Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality (PESQ) 10
2.1.2.2 Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) 11
2.1.2.3 Generation of QoS Quantification 11
2.2 QoS Feedback 11
CHAPTER 3 FEEDBACK-BASED QOS CONTROL FRAMEWORK FOR UMTS 15
3.1 Integrated Services (IntServ) 15
3.2 Differentiated Services (DiffServ) 16
3.2.1 Classification 20
3.2.2 Marking 20
3.2.3 Metering 21
3.2.4 Forwarding 21
3.2.5 Shaping 21
3.2.6 Per-Hop Behavior (PHB) 22
3.3 Connectivity-Service Service Model 23
3.4 Mathematical Analysis 24
3.4.1 QoS Feedback Algorithm 26
3.4.2 QoS Tolerance 30
3.4.3 QoS Sensitivity 32
3.4.4 User Perception of Delay 33
3.4.5 Queuing Model 34
3.4.5.1 Class-Based Queuing (CBQ) 34
3.4.5.2 Hierarchical CBQ (HCBQ) 36
3.4.5.3 Per-Flow Queuing (PFQ) 37
3.4.5.4 Flow Control 38
3.4.6 Network Model 42
3.4.7 QoS Negotiation 44
3.4.7.1 Part 1: Sender Side Access Network 44
3.4.7.2 Part 2: Receiver Side Access Network 45
3.4.7.3 Part 3: Core Network 46
3.4.7.4 QoS Negotiation Algorithm 47
3.4.7.5 Part 4: Negotiation Broken 48
3.5 Enhanced Service Level Agreement (SLA) 48
3.5.1 Inter-Provider SLA 50
3.5.2 End User SLA 51
3.6 Feedback-Based QoS Control Framework 52
3.6.1 QoS Agent (QA) 53
3.6.1.1 QoS Monitor (QM) 53
3.6.1.2 Application Instance Register (AIR) 53
3.6.2 User Profile Management 54
3.6.3 SLA Management 54
3.6.4 Application Management 54
3.6.5 Application Instance Database (AIDB) 54
3.6.6 QoS Negotiator 55
3.6.7 External Info Provider 55
3.6.8 Network Monitor 55
3.6.9 Resource Management 55
3.6.10 Interfaces of Feedback-Based QoS Control 55
3.6.10.1 QoS Monitor Interface 56
3.6.10.2 QoS Feedback Interface 57
3.6.10.3 QoS Control Interface 58
3.6.10.4 QoS Requirement Interface 59
3.6.10.5 Network Interface 60
3.7 Mapping of Feedback-Based QoS control to UMTS 60
3.7.1 Translation functions (Trans.) 61
3.7.2 External DB 61
3.7.3 UMTS BS manager 62
3.7.4 RAB manager 63
3.7.5 Gateway UMTS BS manager 63
3.7.6 Other Lower Layers Manager 63
3.7.7 Mapping to IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) 64
CHAPTER 4 SIMULATION AND RESULTS ANALYSIS 67
4.1 Introduction to NS-2 67
4.2 Enhanced UMTS Radio Access Network Extensions (EURANE) 67
4.3 Simulation Scenario 68
4.3.1 Topology 68
4.3.2 Error Model 69
4.3.3 Application 70
4.3.3.1 Video Application 71
4.3.3.2 Traffic Model 71
4.4 Result Analysis 72
4.4.1 Throughput 72
4.4.2 Stability 72
4.4.2.1 Coefficient of Variation (CV) 73
4.4.2.2 CV to Frame Number 73
4.4.3 Robustness 74
4.4.4 Simulation and analysis 74
4.4.4.1 Simulation 1: Video flow without feedback-based QoS control 74
4.4.4.2 Simulation 2: Video flows with feedback-based QoS control 76
4.4.4.3 Simulation 3: Different QoS Sensitivity 79
4.4.4.4 Simulation 4: Robustness analysis without QoS feedback control 80
4.4.4.5 Simulation 5: Robustness Analysis with Feedback-Based QoS Control 84
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 89
5.1 Conclusion 89
5.2 Future Work 89
REFERENCE 91

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