臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

塞謬爾．貝克特是愛爾蘭現代小說家和荒謬戲劇作家。他戲劇的主題經常涉及人類苦難和存在的問題，其劇中人物多掙扎於無意義和虛無的世界。貝克特於1969年獲得諾貝爾獎。貝克特的思想在某種程度上和東方佛老思想有些相似的地方。本論文以佛老思想去闡述貝克特的兩個劇作。希望讀者能夠擷取東西方的智慧，滋養並開闊心胸
在第一章將介紹貝克特和他的戲劇，還有西方現代思潮。除此之外，我也會大略介紹釋迦牟尼和老子以及其思想。
第二章討論的主題是語言。貝克特和禪皆質疑語言的功能性，都認為語言有其不足之處；但是，一般人仰賴語言至深。為了要打破一般的觀念，貝克特和禪皆用反邏輯的方式引導人進入語言所無法傳達的境界。
第三章談到存在主義者和佛陀如何詮釋人生的苦難和虛無。他們皆認為
人生是痛苦的，只是以不同的方式去闡述。此外，我將會探討為何存在主
義者和佛陀對於人生會有不同的看法。如何處理人生的困境也是本章我探
討的主題之ㄧ。
最後，我總結禪和貝克特對語言的概念，同時我也指出哲學不只是探討關於抽象議題，更應該關切生活層面上的問題。經由以上的討論，我希望東方和西方可以互相彌補彼此的不足。

Samuel Beckett is an Irish modern novelist and playwright of the Theatre of the Absurd. His plays are concerned with human suffering and existence, and his characters are struggling with meaninglessness and the world of the Nothing. Beckett was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in1969. Beckett’s thought and the Eastern philosophy, in a sense, have some affinities with each other. Here in the thesis, I try to interpret Beckett’s plays in the light of Buddhist and Daoist thought to make the East and West meet with each other. It is hoped that readers can learn more wisdom from the East and the West to nourish and broaden their minds.
In the first chapter, I introduce Samuel Beckett and his two plays Waiting for Godot and Endgame, and the trend of Modern and Postmodern movement. Besides, I will briefly introduce Shakyamuni, Lao Tzu, Zen and their thoughts. Both Beckett and Zen masters are doubtful about the function of language. In the following chapter, I therefore focus on the discussion of language. They hold that language has its limitation. However, common people rely on language so deeply. In order to disintegrate common people’s viewpoint, Beckett and Zen both employ the way of anti-logic to guide people to the state which language fail to express.
The third chapter refers to the study of suffering and nothingness. According to Existentialist and the Buddhist philosophy, life is a matter of suffering, but they interpret the matter in different ways. Further, I will explore why there are dissimilar standpoints toward life between the Existentialists and the Buddhists. Besides, how the East and the West cope with the life difficulty is also one of the main concerns.
In the conclusion, I sum up Zen and Beckett’s attitude toward language. Comparing with Existentialism, Zen seems to be more concerned with life. It is hoped that the East and the West can share their cultural coincidence with each other.

Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction…………………………………………...... 1
Chapter 2 Language……………………………………................. 18
Chapter 3 Suffering and Nothingness…………………………….. 44
Chapter 4 Conclusion………………………………………………68
Works Cited………………………………………………………...73

Works Cited
Acheson, James. “Chess with the Audience: Samuel Beckett’s Endgame.” Critical Quarterly 22.2(1980):33-43.
Anderson, Carol S. Pain and Its Ending. Great Britain: Curzon Press, 1999.
Artaud, Antonin. The Theatre and its Double. New York: Grove Press, 1958.
Astro, Alan. Understanding Samuel Beckett. Columbia: South Carolina University Press, 1990.
Birkett, Jennifer. Waiting for Godot. London: Macmillan Education, 1987
Bloom, Harold. ed. Modern Critical Interpretations: Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987.
---. ed. Samuel Beckett. New York: Chelsea House Publishers,1985.
---. ed. Modern Critical Interpretations Endgame. New York: Yale University, 1988.
---. ed. Samuel Beckett’s Endgame. New York :Chelsea House, 1988.
Brater, Enoch, Ruby Cohn. Ed. Around the Absurd: Essays on Modern and Postmodern Drama. USA: Michigan University,1990.
Breuer, Rolf. “The Solution as Problem: Beckett’s Waiting for Godot.” Modern Drama 19.3(1976):225-36.
Brienza, Susan D. Samuel Beckett's new worlds: style in metafiction.
Norman: Oklahoma University Press, 1987.
Camus, Albert. The Myth of Sisyphus and Other Essays. Trans. Justin O’Brien. New York: Knopf, 1955.
Calderwood, James L. “Ways of Waiting in Waiting for Godot.” Modern Drama 29.3 (1986): 363-75.
Cohn, Ruby. “Waiting Is All.” Modern Drama 3(1960):162-7
Connor, Steven. Samuel Beckett. N.Y.: Bali Blackwell, 1988.
Copeland, Hannah Case. Art and the Artist in the Works of Samuel Beckett. The Hangue and Paris: Mouton, 1975.
Cousineau, Thomas. Waiting for Godot: Form in Movement. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1990.
Cox, Rupert A. The Zen Arts. New York: Routledge Curzon, 2003.
Cronin, Anthony. Samuel Beckett: the Last Modernist. New York : Da Capo Press, 1999.
Eliopulous, James. Samuel Beckett’s Dramatic Language. The Hague: Mouton and Co.N.V. Pub., 1975.
Esslin, Martin. The Theatre of the Absurd. 3rd ed. London: Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books Ltd. 1980.
Foster, Paul. Beckett and Zen: A Study of Dilemma in the Novels of Samuel Beckett. London: Wisdom Publications, 1989.
Friedman, Melvin J. Samuel Beckett now. 2nd ed. London: The University of Chicago Press, 1975.
Fletcher, John and John Spurling. Beckett: A Study of His Plays. New York: Hill and Wang, 1972.
Gidal, Peter. Understanding Beckett : A Study of Monologue and Gesture in the Works of Samuel Beckett. Hampshire :Macmillan, 1986.
Gordon, Lois. The World of Samuel Beckett, 1906-1946. London: Yale University Press, 1996.
Haney, William. “Beckett Out of His Mind: The Theatre of the Absurd.” Studies in the Literary Imagination. 34.2 (2001):39-54.
Harrington, John P. The Irish Beckett. New York: Syracuse University Press, 1991.
Harmon, William and C. Hugh Holman. A Handbook to Literature. 8th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2000.
Heidegger, Martin. Being and Time. Trans. John Macquarrie and Edward Robinson. New York: Haper and Row, 1962.

June, Schlueter. Approaches to Teaching Beckett’s Waiting for Godot. New York: Mod. Lang. Assn. of Amer., 1991.
Kaufmann, Walter. Existentialism from Dostoevsky to Sartre. New York: World Publishing, 1972.
Knowlson, James. ed. Samuel Beckett: The Completed Dramatic Works. Great Britain: Faber and Faber Ltd, 1990.
Kroll, Norma. “Berkeley Inside Out: Existence and Destiny in Waiting for Godot.” Journal of English and Germanic Philosophy 94.4 (1995):530-3
Lyons, Charles R. Samuel Beckett. London: Macmillan Education Ld, 1988.
Mizuno, Kogen. The Beginnings of Buddhism. Trans. Richard L. Gage. Tokyo: Kosei, 1988.
Nealon, Jeffrey. “Samuel Beckett and the Postmodern: Language Games, Play and Waiting for Godot.” Modern Drama 31.4(1988):520-8
Piette, Adam. Remembering and the sound of words: Mallarmé, Proust, Joyce, Beckett. New York : Clarendon Press, 1996.
Pilling John. Ed. The Cambridge Companion to Beckett. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
Rahula, Walpola. What the Buddha Taught. 4th ed. Taipei: Torch of Wisdom Publishing House, 1991.
Ryan P, Michael. “Samsa and Samsara: Suffering, Death, and Rebirth in The Metamorphosis.” The German Quarterly 72.2 (1999):133-152.
Sartre, Jean-Paul. Being and Nothingness: A Phenomenological Essay on Ontology. Trans. Hazel E. Barnes. New York: Philosophical Library, 1996.
Seidensticker, Edward. Japan. Kaohsiung: Chongying Publishers(中英圖書出版社) 1969.
Smith, Joseph H. The World of Samuel Beckett. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1991
Smith, Stephani P. “Between Pozzo and Godot: Existence as Dilema.” French Review 47.5(1974):889-903.
Spanos, William V., ed. A Casebook on Existentialism. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell co., 1966.
Strickland, G.R. “The Seriousness of Beckett.” The Cambridge Quarterly 15.1 (1986): 13-32.
Suzuki, D. T. An Introduction to Zen Buddhism. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1991.
---. The Zen Doctrine of No Mind. London: Rider, 1991.
---. The Essence of Buddhism. London : Buddhist Society, 1983.
---. Zen Buddhism and Its Influence on Japanese Culture. Taipei: Southern Materials Center Ltd, 1979.
Yu-Lan Fung. A History of Chinese Philosophy. London: Collier Macmillan Publishers, 1966.
楊汝舟 <<老子道德經>>(通俗中英文本) 台北: 中華民國老莊學會中道雜誌社，民七十六。
葉明媚 <<禪藝與禪趣>> 台北: 周知文化事業公司，1996。