臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

　　一般常見的電動載具其傳動系統主要由電動馬達與機械式無段變速器構成，但由於無段變速器傳動效率較差，通常只有40%~80%，嚴重影響電動載具之續行力。本論文提出一種高效率、高速比之電子式自動換檔機制，藉由電子式開關之切換結合可變結構馬達之繞組改變，僅需使用六顆電子式開關即可實現三段變速，以達到低速高扭力、兼具高無載轉速之效果，使馬達之輸出特性符合一般中、小型電動載具所需要之動力須求。此外，實現過程中，並不需要複雜之數學運算，因此換相邏輯與換檔切換策略皆可由低成本之CPLD實現。

　　本論文並以實驗方式與目前廣為採用的相位超前控制方式進行綜合性的比較；由實驗結果發現，本論文所提之電子式無段變速器可使馬達之操作範圍較相位超前控制廣泛，且較無段變速器效率高出約30%左右，且具有實現較為容易、成本較低等優點，故可適用於許多需高速比的應用場合，如電動載具、主軸馬達等。

　The general power system of electric vehicles is comprised of an electric motor and a mechanical continuously variable transmission (CVT) device. However, because of the inherent low efficiency of the mechanical CVT, the cruising distance is limited and unsatisfactory. In order to improve the transmission efficiency and extend the speed ratio, this thesis proposes a novel electric multi-speed transmission system, which is comprised of a low cost relay-based switching board and a variable winding brushless DC (BLDC) motor. Since the low efficiency mechanical CVT is eliminated, the driving performance and transmission efficiency can be improved significantly. Moreover, a cost effective commutation algorithm for the variable winding BLDC motor is proposed, namely, the complex d-q based commutation is not needed. Therefore, a low cost CPLD can be adopted to execute the commutation and switching algorithms.

　In addition, several experiments are conducted to compare the performance of the proposed algorithm with that of the widely used phase-advance control algorithm. Experimental results reveal that the proposed method can be easily implemented to improve the transmission’s efficiency and extend the operating speed range. This method is cost effective when compared with conventional solutions. Because of these salient features , the proposed algorithm is particularly useful for most small to medium electric vehicles, and spindle motors for machine tools and etc.

目錄
中文摘要..........................................................I
英文摘要..........................................................II
誌謝 .............................................................III
目錄..............................................................IV
表目..............................................................VII
圖目錄............................................................VIII
符號表............................................................XIII

第一章 緒論...................................................1
1.1 前言......................................................1
1.2 研究動機..................................................2
1.3 章節概要..................................................4

第二章 無刷直流馬達之繞組結構與驅動方式.......................5
2.1 delta結線繞組與Y結線繞組之驅動方法............................6
2.2無刷直流馬達之Y-delta啟動法....................................16
2.3 無刷直流馬達之串並聯法........................................19
2.4 無刷直流馬達中央抽頭切換法....................................20

第三章 機械式無段變速器與電子式無段變速器.........................22
3.1 傳統機械式無段變速器的結構與動作原理..........................23
3.1.1 驅動輪盤....................................................25
3.1.2 被驅動皮帶輪................................................25
3.1.3 離合器......................................................26
3.1.4 V型皮帶.....................................................27
3.2 使用變結構馬達實現電子式無段變速器的原理與分析................27
3.2.1 硬體架構....................................................28
3.3 其它改變馬達轉矩常數與反電動勢常數的方法......................31
3.3.1 弱磁控制原理................................................32
3.3.2 調變轉子永久磁鐵的磁場......................................34
3.3.3 改變軸向磁通................................................36

第四章 智慧型電子式換檔策略的設計與實現...........................37
4.1智慧型電子式換檔策略的規劃.....................................37
4.1.1變結構馬達與電子式開關模組...................................38
4.1.2 速度估測器..................................................40
4.1.3 電流回授訊號................................................41
4.1.4電子式換檔分析...............................................42
4.1.4 自動換檔所需之保護機制......................................45
4.2 無刷直流馬達數學模型(Modeling of PM Brushless DC Motor) ......47
4.3 變結構馬達自動換檔模擬........................................49

第五章 實驗架構與結果.............................................51
5.1 系統硬體架構..................................................51
5.1量測不同繞組結構方式的馬達其反電動勢常數與轉矩常數.............57
5.3 量測不同繞組下馬達輸出特性曲線................................63
5.4 實現智慧型自動換檔............................................67
5.5 反電動勢三次諧波的影響........................................70
5.6無刷直流馬達相位超前控制性能評估...............................73
5.7 Delta結線繞組之電流量測......................................80
第六章 結論與未來研究方向.........................................82
6.1 結論..........................................................82
6.2 未來研究方向..................................................83
參考文獻..........................................................84

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