臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

　　本研究探討過硫酸鹽(Persulfate)對水中三氯乙烯(TCE)在不同氧化劑濃度 (Persulfate/TCE = 20及60)、離子強度及離子種類等熱催化氧化之動力。過硫酸鹽的分解反應乃遵循一階衰減，其在無磷酸緩衝溶液條件下的自解之反應速率約為0.0030 hr-1，比其在磷酸緩衝溶液條件下的自解0.0011 hr-1來得快。此項差異可以歸諸於在緩衝溶液條件下，因為pH值變化固定於6.6，因此酸催化作用不明顯，以及離子強度增加之緣故。TCE在40oC及pH6.6 的氧化動力顯示其去除率與 P/T 莫耳比呈正相關，然過硫酸鹽的消耗對不同的P/T 莫耳比卻無顯著差異。研究中並提出三項模式，以模擬過硫酸鹽與TCE之反應動力數據。其中模式3考量過硫酸鹽自解、甲醇氧化及TCE氧化等三個機制，可以合理模擬所有觀測到的數據。該模式所得到之最佳化參數(0.016 M-1s-1、0.023 M-1s-1 TCE，及0.034 hr-1、0.050 hr-1 過硫酸鹽)在不同環境條件下相當接近，顯示可以跨系統使用。TCE的降解會受到水中離子濃度及種類影響。由於硝酸根離子屬最高氧化態，若與氯離子及溴離子比較，其對TCE氧化之影響則最小，僅止於離子濃度效應，相對而言，鹵素離子(如氯離子及溴離子)，除離子濃度效應外，因為是自由基的攜帶者，會降低過硫酸鹽的自解速率，同時亦降低TCE的去除。然而，在非常高濃度的氯存在下，反應經過20小時後，TCE的去除卻大幅提升，此可能因高濃度的氯離子反應後產生的Cl2-•會繼續與污染物起反應並去除之。由簡化模式(模式2)模擬的結果得知，模式與實驗結果相當吻合。TCE的降解速率(k3)與無三種離子狀況下比較(k3 = 0.023 M-1s-1)，在氯離子為0.01 M、0.1M及0.5M情況下，降低為0.0044 M-1s-1, 0.0004 M-1s-1及0.0006 M-1s-1。在溴離子及硝酸鹽為0.5M情況下，降低為0.0003 M-1s-1及 0.009 M-1s-1。雖然這些k3在不同條件下不同，但是可以提供在不同陰離子條件下之氧化動力參考數值。

　The kinetics on heat-assisted persufate oxidation of trichloroethene (TCE) in aqueous solutions at various oxidant concentrations (persulfate/TCE ratio = 20 and 60), ionic strength and ionic kinds was studied. The decomposition of persulfate was found to follow a first-order decay kinetic model in deionized water, and the rate constant was larger in unbuffered condition of at around 0.0030 hr-1 than that in buffered condition at 0.0011 hr-1. The difference may be attributed to that no acid-catalyzed reaction was present in the buffered condition as the pH remained always constant at 6.6, and higher ionic strength in the condition. A higher persulfate/TCE molar ratio in the oxidation experiments resulted higher efficiencies of TCE destruction by persulfate at 40 �aC. Three models were proposed to simulate the kinetic data of both persulfate and TCE. Model 3, which considered the effect of persulfate decomposition, methanol oxidation, and TCE degradation, was able to simulate all the experimental data to a reasonable degree. The determined rate constants (0.016 M-1s-1 and 0.023 M-1s-1 for TCE, and 0.034 hr-1 and 0.050 hr-1 for persulfate), were close in different experimental conditions, indicating that the model and the extracted parameters may be appropriate for extrapolating into other systems. The oxidation of TCE by persulfate was influenced at different degree by the presence of three anions, nitrate, chloride, and bromide. For nitrate, the influence is the smallest and may be attributed to the effect of increasing ionic strength. For both chloride and bromide, in addition to the ionic strength effect, it is speculated that the two anions were radical scavengers that caused additional reduction of reaction rates. A simplified model (model 2) was employed to simulate the kinetics of both persulfate and TCE concentration changes with the presence of the three anions in the systems. Excellent model fits to the experimental data was obtained in this study. Compared to the case without the presence of the three anions (k3 = 0.023 M-1s-1), the rate constants for TCE degradation were much smaller at 0.0044 M-1s-1, 0.0004 M-1s-1 and 0.0006 M-1s-1 for chloride cases at 0.01, 0.1, and 0.5 M, respectively, and were 0.0003 M-1s-1 and 0.009 M-1s-1, for bromide and nitrate cases at 0.5M, respectively. Although the rate constants are different under different experimental conditions, the determined rate constants may provide basis for estimating the reaction rate under the influence of different anions.

CONTENTS
中文摘要 I
Abstract II
Acknowledgement IV
Contents V
Table contents VII
Figure contents VIII
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Research Objectives 2
Chapter 2 Literature Review 3
2.1 Evolution of ISCO for site remediation 3
2.2 Oxidation potential of ISCO 4
2.3 Description of the four oxidants 6
2.3.1 Hydrogen peroxide and Fenton’s reagent 6
2.3.2 Ozone 7
2.3.3 Permanganate 8
2.3.4 Persulfate 12
2.3.5 Major field factors influencing the operation of ISCO 13
2.3.6 The advantages and disadvantages of the four oxidants 14
2.4 Decomposition of persulfate in water 15
2.4.1 The physical characteristics of persulfate 15
2.4.2 Decomposition of persulfate in water 15
2.4.3 Effect of temperature on persulfate decomposition 17
2.4.4 Effect of pH on Persulfate Decomposition 17
2.4.5 Photolysis of persulfate 18
2.5 Characteristics of TCE 19
2.6 Persulfate oxidation of organic substances 21
2.6.1 Effect of temperature 21
2.6.2 Effect of pH 22
2.6.3 Effect of metal catalysts 22
2.6.4 Effect of anions 23
2.6.4.1 Halogen ions 23
2.6.4.2 Carbonate and bicarbonate ions 24
2.6.5 Effect molar ratio between oxidant and contaminant 25
2.6.6 The reaction of organic radicals (propagation) 27
Chapter 3 Materials and Methods 28
3.1 Materials 28
3.2 Analysis 29
3.2.1 Preparation and Analysis of Persulfate Solution 29
3.2.2 Sulfate 30
3.2.3 Preparation and Analysis of TCE 31
3.2.4 Measurement of pH and ORP 33
3.3 Experimental Procedures 34
3.3.1 Thermal decomposition of persulfate in water 34
3.3.2 Oxidation of methanol 35
3.3.3 Oxidation experiment of TCE 36
3.4 Mass Balance of Sulfur in the System 38
Chapter 4 Results and discussions 39
4.1 Kinetics of Persulfate Decomposition in Deionized Water 39
4.2 Kinetics of Persulfate Decomposition and TCE Oxidation 42
4.3 Kinetics of Persulfate Decomposition and Methanol Oxidation 45
4.4 Effects of Chloride on the Reaction 47
4.5 Effects of Bromide and Nitrate on TCE Oxidation 51
4.6 Kinetic Models of Persulfate Decomposition in Deionized Water 55
4.7 Kinetic Models of Persulfate Decomposition and TCE Oxidation 56
4.7.1 Kinetic Model 1 56
4.7.2 Kinetic Model 2 62
Chapter 5 Conclusions and Suggestions 67
5.1 conclusions 67
5.2 Suggestions 69
Reference 70
Appendix 78

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