臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

創新與創業精神一直被認為是社會經濟成長與發展的主要動力，因為它提供新的工作機會、多樣的商品與服務，通常也帶來國家繁榮與競爭力提升。學術研究機構一直是科學技術的知識源泉，尤其在知識經濟發展下，學術界已不再單純只是教育與研究的場所，它們被要求要為區域經濟發展與就業機會創造負擔責任。然而，過去關於學術創新與創業研究僅以少數大學院校作為研究對象，忽略在此技術/知識移轉與商品化過程中，學術創業者扮演著最核心的角色。此外，過去研究亦忽略探討學術創業潮流對於國家知識/技術基礎的長遠影響。
本研究以台灣全體學術研究機構的學術創業家為研究對象，回顧有關影響學術創新與創業關鍵四構面(如體制環境、組織政策、外部夥伴關係及個人條件等)之研究，以期確認促進學術研究人員將學術研究成果用於發展學術創業之關鍵因素。本研究亦檢驗學術創新與創業之主要活動(如專利產出、授權產出、開創新公司、創業收入)與研究卓越表現的關係。此外，組織特性與個人特質亦加入分析來確認如何影響學術創新、學術創業及學術研究。
本研究的方法先後採問卷前段訪談、問卷調查與專家訪談及個案研究三階段研究方法。第一階段訪談八位有較多專利的學術研究者，以了解學術創業的重要議題與問卷設計能符合當前學術研究人員所楚的環境。第二階段以設計定量的問卷，主要目的是為針對文獻回顧及訪談結果，廣泛地蒐集學術創業的量化資料。根據2003年國科會專利資料庫，本研究針對擁有專利之學術研究人員共474人進行調查。經三波問卷回收，共收集229份有效問卷，回卷率為百分之48。第三階段針對研究發現與未符合預期之處，以錄音、半開放方式，深入訪談八位成功的創業學術家。最後，以三個成功學術創業之個案來說明學術創業的實際過程。
經由因素分析與迴歸分析，本研究確認五項促進台灣學術研究人員的創新與創業意願之因素。這五項因素分屬三個層次，包括體制層次(如創業正當性)、組織層次(如基礎建設支持及獎勵支持)，及個人層次(如創業網絡及創業意圖)。此外，本研究發現學術創新與創業各項活動(如專利產出、授權產出、開創新公司、創業收入)與研究卓越(如論文發表)之間維持正向關聯。尤其是，公立機關的學術研究人員有明顯較佳的創業收入。教授級的學術研究人員有顯著較多的論文發表、專利產出、授權產出及財富創造。工程領域的學術研究人員有顯著較多的專利產出與授權產出。南部的學術研究人員有顯著較多的授權產出。最後，本研究針對研究結果與發現提出管理及政策意涵。

Innovation and entrepreneurship are considered the key components of socio-economic growth and development. During the development of a knowledge-based economy, academia is being asked to be a responsible actor in regional economic development and in the creation of new employment opportunities. However, prior research tended to target specific research universities and to ignore the fundamental role of academic entrepreneurs (AEs). Also, research has not investigated how the emergent trend may alter the development of academic research. Thus, this study focused on the AE population in Taiwanese academic research institutions to bridge the gaps.
Based on the literature review, this study constructed four dimensions influencing academic innovation and entrepreneurship including institutional environments, organizational environments, external partnerships, and personal conditions. Each dimension was investigated for its possible influence on innovation and entrepreneurial activities in the context of AEs who use academia-based discoveries to exploit entrepreneurial success. Also, this study investigated the comprehensive relationship between entrepreneurial success and research excellence for AEs.
A three-stage research design was applied. The first stage included a pre-questionnaire, which was used to revise the original questionnaire design from the perspective of the AEs. The second stage was a large-scale quantitative survey, where the study identified the key factors fostering academic innovation and entrepreneurial willingness. Based on the 2003 Patent Database of the National Science Council in Taiwan, 474 AEs who owned patents in Taiwanese academic research institutions were identified and surveyed. 229 respondents returned useable questionnaires for a response rate of 48%. The last stage of this research involved in-depth, semi-structured interviews with eight AEs. Also, three case studies were presented to verify the practical entrepreneurial process of AEs.
Five key factors on three levels in fostering academic patenting, licensing, and entrepreneurial activities were identified and tested through statistical analysis. The levels influencing academic entrepreneurship in Taiwan included the institutional level (e.g., entrepreneurial legitimacy), the organizational level (e.g., infrastructure support, incentive support), and the individual level (e.g., entrepreneurial network, entrepreneurial orientation). Moreover, the positive relationships between entrepreneurial success and research excellence were clarified. Managerial and policy implications for the research findings were conclusions drawn from this research.

Acknowledges………………………………………………………………… i
List of Tables………………………………………………………………v
List of Figures…………………………………………………………… vii
Abbreviation………………………………………………………………… viii
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………… ix
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION……………………………………………… 1
Research Background……………………………………………………… 1
Research Motivations…………………………………………………… 2
Research Purposes…………………………………………………………4
Research Methods………………………………………………………… 4
Significance………………………………………………………………… 5
Outline of the Dissertation………………………………………… 5
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………… 8
2.1 Academic Innovations…………………………………………8
2.1.1 Institutional Environments……………………………………8
2.1.2 Organizational Environments………………………………… 13
2.1.3 External Partnerships………………………………………… 19
2.1.4 Academia-based Discovery Commercialization………… 23
2.2 Academic Entrepreneurship………………………………… 28
2.2.1 The Origin and Development of Entrepreneurial Studies…28
2.2.2 Academic Entrepreneur: The Perspective of Various Schools…31
2.2.3 The Context of Academic Entrepreneurship: An Integrated Perspective…………………………………………………………………………36
2.2.4 The Process of Academic Entrepreneurship……………………38
2.2.5 Academic Entrepreneur on Timmons Entrepreneurial Model…41
2.3 The Knowledge Creation of Academic Researchers…………46
2.3.1 The Routines of Academic Researchers……………………………46
2.3.2 The Characters of Academic Knowledge Creation………………46
2.3.3 The Conflicts of Academic Researchers Being Academic Entrepreneurs………………………………………………………………………49
CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY….………………………………………… ……54
3.1 Conceptual Framework……………………………………………………54
3.2 The Construct of Research Hypotheses……………………………56
3.3 Research Principles and Methods……………………………………62
3.4 Operational Definition and Measurements of Investigating Variables……………………………………………………………………………66
3.4.1 Institutional Environments…………………………………………67
3.4.2 Organizational Environments………………………………………67
3.4.3 External Partnerships…………………………………………………70
3.4.4 Personal Conditions……………………………………………………71
3.4.5 Academic Innovation & Academic Entrepreneurship…………73
3.4.6 Academic Knowledge Creation………………………………………74
3.5 Questionnaire Survey……………………………………………………74
3.5.1 Questionnaire Design…………………………………………………74
3.5.2 The Population of AEs and Demographic Analysis…………77
3.6 Statistic Methods Applied……………………………………………88
3.6.1 Descriptive Statistic Analysis…………………………………88
3.6.2 Independent Sample T Test…………………………………………89
3.6.3 Factor Analysis………………………………………………………89
3.6.4 Reliability Test………………………………………………………89
3.6.5 Correlation Analysis………………………………………………90
3.6.6 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) …………………………………90
3.6.7 Scheffe Method………………………………………………………90
3.6.8 Multiple Regression Analysis…………………………………90
CHAPER FOUR RESEARCH RESULTS………………………………………… 92
4.1 Factor Analysis and Reliability Tests………………………92
4.2 Correlation Analysis……………………………………………… 97
4.2.1 Patent Creation and Investigating Variables…………97
4.2.2 License Creation and Investigating Variables………98
4.2.3 Start-up Creation and Investigating Variables………100
4.2.4 Wealth Creation and Investigating Variables…………100
4.2.5 Paper Publication and Investigating Variables………101
4.2.6 Interrelations of All Investigating Variables………101
4.3 Independent Sample T Test……………………………………… 104
4.4 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)………………………………… 106
4.5 Multiple Regression Analysis……………………………………114
CHAPTER FIVE DISCUSSIONS…………………………………………… 125
5.1 The Extracted Factors…………………………………………… 125
5.2 The Rank of the Extracted Factors……………………………130
5.3 The Relationships of Academic Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and Research Excellence……………………………………………………… 131
5.4 The Impacts of the Extracted Factors on Academic Innovation and Entrepreneurial Performance………………………………………… 133
CHAPTER SIX CONCLUSIONS……………………………………………… 140
6.1 Management and Policies Implications……………………… 141
6.2 Research Limitations and Future Research…………………143
REFERENCES………………………………………………………………… 145
APPENDIX 1. Academic Entrepreneurship Survey…………………162
APPENDIX 2. Factor Analysis of Investigating Variables…166
APPENDIX 3. The Questions of In-depth Interview……………167
APPENDIX 4. Contents of In-depth Interviews………………… 169
APPENDIX 5. Case Studies……………………………………………… 193

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